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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Telaretti Leggieri MR, Kaldéus T, Johansson M, Malmström E. PDMAEMA from α to ω chain ends: tools for elucidating the structure of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate). Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01604d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth characterization of PDMAEMA prepared by ATRP was conducted, with a focus on end group analysis. This work discusses analytical tools providing essential information about the extent of control over DMAEMA polymerization and chain extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosella Telaretti Leggieri
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tahani Kaldéus
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Johansson
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56–58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Hu Q, Chen M, Yan M, Wang P, Lei H, Xue H, Ma Q. Comprehensive analysis of Sini decoction and investigation of acid-base self-assembled complexes using cold spray ionization mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Sensing Techniques for Organochlorides through Intermolecular Interaction with Bicyclic Amidines. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110413. [PMID: 34821631 PMCID: PMC8615940 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxic organochloride molecules are widely used in industry for various purposes. With their high volatility, the direct detection of organochlorides in environmental samples is challenging. Here, a new organochloride detection mechanism using 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) is introduced to simplify a sensing method with higher detection sensitivity. Three types of organochloride compounds-trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloromethane (DCM), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)—were targeted to understand DCM conjugation chemistry by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS). 13C-NMR spectra and LC-MS data indicated that DBN can be labeled on these organochloride compounds by chlorine–nitrogen interaction. Furthermore, to demonstrate the organochloride sensing capability, the labeling yield and limit of detection were determined by a colorimetric assay as well as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The interaction with DBN was most appreciable for TCE, among other organochlorides. TCE was detected at picomolar levels, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum contaminant level set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. MEKC, in conjunction with this DBN-labeling method, enables us to develop a field-deployable sensing platform for detecting toxic organochlorides with high sensitivity.
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Velázquez A, Grande D, Elizalde LE. Evaluation of halogen chain-end functionality in 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate esters of poly(oxyalkylene) polymers by MALDI-TOF spectroscopy. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Nitsche T, Sheil MM, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C, Blanksby SJ. Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid End-Groups. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2123-2134. [PMID: 34242006 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of low-charging synthetic polymers typically produces mass spectra exhibiting a bias toward the low-mass region of the polymer mass distribution. To examine the origin(s) of this ionization bias, narrow dispersity polystyrene polymers (Đ < 1.10) were prepared with ionizable carboxylic acid end-groups at one or both chain termini. The mixture complexity was further reduced through preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and these well-defined polymers were subjected to negative ion ESI-MS on a high-resolution instrument with a mass-to-charge (m/z) range up to 8000. Incorporation of one carboxylic acid end-group facilitated the generation of singly charged [M - H]- ions across the entire range of the mass analyzer. The comparison of mass spectra with size-exclusion chromatograms of the same polymer revealed an ionization bias toward lower masses, which was partially overcome through fractionation, modification of electrospray solvent, and increased declustering potentials. Incorporation of a second ionizable moiety within polymers of equivalent size facilitated multiply charged [M - 2H]2- ion formation with significantly improved ionization efficiency, spectral coverage of the molar mass distribution, and minimal cluster ion formation. These findings indicate that increased charging of polymers through multiple, well-defined sites of ionization can enhance volatilization and ionization of higher-mass polymers. Generation of higher-molecular-weight polymers in low-charge states-while possible under ideal conditions-competes ineffectively with either nonspecific, multiple-charging of similar sized polymers or ionization of the smaller polymers in the distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Margaret M Sheil
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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7
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M, Valenti G. Mass spectrometry in bioresorbable polymer development, degradation and drug-release tracking. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8697. [PMID: 31834664 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of polymeric matrices and appropriate degradation monitoring techniques are required to sustain the development of new materials as well as to enlarge the applications of the old ones. In fact, polymer analysis is essential for the clarification of the intrinsic relationship between structure and properties that ascertains the industrial applications in diverse fields. In bioresorbable and biodegradable polymers, the role of analytical methods is dual since it is pointed both at the polymeric matrices and at degradation tracking. The structural architectures, the mechanical and morphological properties, and the degradation rate, are of outstanding importance for a specific application. In some cases, the complexity of the polymer structure, the processes of decomposition or the low concentration of the degradation products need the concurrent use of different complementary analytical techniques to give detailed information of the reactions taking place. Several analytical methods are used in bioresorbable polymer development and degradation tracking. Among them, mass spectrometry (MS) plays an essential role and it is used to refine polymer syntheses, for its high sensitivity, to highlight degradation mechanism by detecting compounds present in trace amounts, or to track the degradation product profile and to study drug release. In fact, elucidation of reaction mechanisms and polymer structure, attesting to the purity and detecting defects as well as residual catalysts, in biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers, requires sensitive analytical characterization methods that are essential in providing an assurance of safety, efficacy and quality. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS strategies used to support research and development of resorbable polymers as well as to investigate their degradation mechanisms. It is focused on the most significant studies concerning synthetic bioresorbable matrices (polylactide, polyglycolide and their copolymers, polyhydroxybutyrate, etc.), published in the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Graziella Valenti
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
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8
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De Bruycker K, Welle A, Hirth S, Blanksby SJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry as a tool to advance polymer science. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:257-268. [PMID: 37127980 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to natural polymers, which have existed for billions of years, the first well-understood synthetic polymers date back to just over one century ago. Nevertheless, this relatively short period has seen vast progress in synthetic polymer chemistry, which can now afford diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities. To keep pace with this synthetic progress, there have been commensurate developments in analytical chemistry, where mass spectrometry has emerged as the pre-eminent technique for polymer analysis. This Perspective describes present challenges associated with the mass-spectrometric analysis of synthetic polymers, in particular the desorption, ionization and structural interrogation of high-molar-mass macromolecules, as well as strategies to lower spectral complexity. We critically evaluate recent advances in technology in the context of these challenges and suggest how to push the field beyond its current limitations. In this context, the increasingly important role of high-resolution mass spectrometry is emphasized because of its unrivalled ability to describe unique species within polymer ensembles, rather than to report the average properties of the ensemble.
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9
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Initiation Mechanisms of Styrene with Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide-Cobalt System. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Niehaus M, Schnapp A, Koch A, Soltwisch J, Dreisewerd K. New Insights into the Wavelength Dependence of MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28636332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between the wavelength of the laser and the absorption profile of the matrix constitutes a crucial factor in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Numerous studies have shown that typically best analytical results are obtained if the laser wavelength matches the UV absorption band of the matrix in the solid state well. However, many powerful matrices exhibit peak absorptions which differ notably from the standard MALDI laser wavelengths of 337, 349, and 355 nm, respectively. Here we used two wavelength-tunable lasers to investigate the MALDI wavelength dependence with a selected set of such matrices. We studied 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA), 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenon (THAP), dithranol (1,8-dihydroxy-10H-anthracen-9-on), 2-(4'-hydroxybenzeneazo)benzoic acid (HABA), and 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT). For analyte systems we investigated DNA oligomers (3-HPA), phospholipids (dithranol, THAP, HABA), and non-covalent peptide-peptide and protein-peptide complexes (ATT). We recorded analyte ion and total ion counts as a function of wavelength and laser fluence between 213 and 600 nm. Although the so-generated comprehensive heat maps generally corroborated the previously made findings, several fine features became notable. For example, despite a still high optical absorption exhibited by some of the matrices in the visible wavelength range, ion yields generally dropped strongly, indicating a change in ionization mechanism. Moreover, the non-covalent complexes were optimally detected at wavelengths corresponding to a relatively low optical absorptivity of the ATT matrix, presumably because of ejection of a particular cold MALDI plume. Our comprehensive data shed useful light into the MALDI mechanisms and could assist in further methodological advancement of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Niehaus
- Institute for Hygiene, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnapp
- Institute for Hygiene, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Koch
- Institute for Hygiene, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute for Hygiene, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute for Hygiene, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Cecchini MM, Reale S, Manini P, d'Ischia M, De Angelis F. Modeling Fungal Melanin Buildup: Biomimetic Polymerization of 1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene Mapped by Mass Spectrometry. Chemistry 2017; 23:8092-8098. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Maya Cecchini
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Via Vetoio Coppito, L'Aquila Italy
| | - Samantha Reale
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Via Vetoio Coppito, L'Aquila Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”-; Faculties of Monte Sant'Angelo; Via Cinthia Naples Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”-; Faculties of Monte Sant'Angelo; Via Cinthia Naples Italy
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Via Vetoio Coppito, L'Aquila Italy
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12
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Fülöp A, Sammour DA, Erich K, von Gerichten J, van Hoogevest P, Sandhoff R, Hopf C. Molecular imaging of brain localization of liposomes in mice using MALDI mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33791. [PMID: 27650487 PMCID: PMC5030664 DOI: 10.1038/srep33791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids have excellent biocompatibility and are therefore often used as main components of liposomal drug carriers. In traditional bioanalytics, the in-vivo distribution of liposomal drug carriers is assessed using radiolabeled liposomal constituents. This study presents matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) as an alternative, label-free method for ex-vivo molecular imaging of liposomal drug carriers in mouse tissue. To this end, indocyanine green as cargo and two liposomal markers, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine conjugated with monodisperse polyethylene glycol (PEG36-DSPE) were incorporated into liposomal carriers and administered to mice. We used MALDI MSI of the two lipid markers in both positive and negative ion mode for visualization of liposome integrity and distribution in mouse organs. Additional MSI of hemoglobin in the same tissue slice and pixel-by-pixel computational analysis of co-occurrence of lipid markers and hemoglobin served as indicator of liposome localization either in parenchyma or in blood vessels. Our proof-of-concept study suggests that liposomal components and indocyanine green distributed into all investigated organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Fülöp
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Erich
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna von Gerichten
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter van Hoogevest
- Phospholipid Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Pichavant L, Guillermain C, Harakat D, Coqueret X. Photo-initiated copolymerization of allyl and vinyl ethers with dialkyl fumarates: A mechanistic investigation by ESI mass spectrometry. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Mizukado J, Sato H, Chen L, Suzuki Y, Yamane S, Aoyama Y, Suda H. High-resolution MALDI-TOF MS study on analysis of low-molecular-weight products from photo-oxidation of poly(3-hexylthiophene). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1006-1012. [PMID: 28338270 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) was used for the analysis of the low-molecular-weight products from the photo-oxidation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in solution and thin film. Eight new peak series were observed in the low-mass range of the mass spectra of the products degraded in solution, and the formulas of the eight components were determined from the accurate mass. From SEC/MALDI-TOF MS, two components were identified as the degraded products, and the other six components were derived from the fragmentation of the degraded products during the MALDI process. A mechanism for the formation of these components was proposed on the basis of the results of MALDI-TOF MS. For the thin film degradation, a part of products in the solution degradation were observed, which supports that the oxidation of P3HT in solution and thin film proceeded in the same mechanism. This study shows that high-resolution MALDI-TOF MS is effective for the analysis of the low-molecular-weight products from P3HT photo-oxidation and expected to be feasible for the degradation analyses of other polymers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Mizukado
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Liang Chen
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Suzuki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shogo Yamane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aoyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Center for Photovoltaic Technologies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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Tesch M, Hepperle JAM, Klaasen H, Letzel M, Studer A. Alternierende Copolymerisation durch Nitroxid-vermittelte Polymerisation und anschließende orthogonale Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Tesch M, Hepperle JAM, Klaasen H, Letzel M, Studer A. Alternating copolymerization by nitroxide-mediated polymerization and subsequent orthogonal functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5054-9. [PMID: 25736073 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the preparation of functionalized alternating copolymers is presented. Nitroxide-mediated polymerization of hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate with 7-octenyl vinyl ether provides the corresponding alternating polymer, which can be chemically modified using two orthogonal polymer-analogous reactions. A thiol-ene click reaction followed by amidation provides dual-functionalized alternating copolymers. The potential of this method is illustrated by the preparation of a small library (15 examples) of functionalized alternating copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tesch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
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Iura T, Ohtani H. Fragmentation behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) during matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:155-162. [PMID: 25641490 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been widely utilized for the structural characterization of various synthetic polymers. However, polymer sample molecules can occasionally decompose even in the MALDI process depending on the measurement conditions. In this work, the fragmentation behavior of radically polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) during laser irradiation in MALDI was investigated in detail. METHODS Two types of PMMA samples with oligomeric molar mass were examined: Sample A was synthesized with an excess content of a chain transfer reagent to form simple molecules with less labile structures. Sample B was polymerized with a greater amount of a peroxide initiator without any chain transfer reagent, which resulted in the formation of various terminal and chain structures including relatively labile ones. The original components and fragment ions for the PMMA samples were precisely assigned using a high-resolution MALDI spiral time-of-flight MS system. Electrospray ionization MS measurements were also performed for comparison. RESULTS The PMMA chains underwent fragmentation during the MALDI process with high laser intensity even for the relatively stable sample A. The fragmentation reactions proceeded mainly through 1,5-hydrogen rearrangements via a six-membered intermediate structure. Furthermore, PMMA molecules formed via recombination termination in sample B selectively decomposed during the MALDI-MS measurements even with low laser intensity. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that the fragmentation reactions in the PMMA chains in MALDI with high laser power were generally the same as those in the post-source decay or collision-induced dissociation in MALDI-MS/MS measurements. Even with low laser intensity, less stable structures in the PMMA chain, especially head-to-head linkages, were readily decomposed during the MALDI process. Possible fragmentation, therefore, should be considered in the structural characterization of synthetic polymer samples by MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Iura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13010-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. “Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Locock KES, Meagher L, Haeussler M. Oligomeric cationic polymethacrylates: a comparison of methods for determining molecular weight. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2131-7. [PMID: 24483846 DOI: 10.1021/ac403735n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study compares three common laboratory methods, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), to determine the molecular weight of oligomeric cationic copolymers. The potential bias for each method was examined across a series of polymers that varied in molecular weight and cationic character (both choice of cation (amine versus guanidine) and relative proportion present). SEC was found to be the least accurate, overestimating Mn by an average of 140%, owing to the lack of appropriate cationic standards available, and the complexity involved in estimating the hydrodynamic volume of copolymers. MALDI-TOF approximated Mn well for the highly monodisperse (Đ < 1.1), low molecular weight (degree of polymerization (DP) <50) species but appeared unsuitable for the largest polymers in the series due to the mass bias associated with the technique. (1)H NMR was found to most accurately estimate Mn in this study, differing to theoretical values by only 5.2%. (1)H NMR end-group analysis is therefore an inexpensive and facile, primary quantitative method to estimate the molecular weight of oliogomeric cationic polymethacrylates if suitably distinct end-groups signals are present in the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E S Locock
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Rizzarelli P, Carroccio S. Modern mass spectrometry in the characterization and degradation of biodegradable polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:18-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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