1
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Ranucci E, Treccani S, Ferruti P, Alongi J. The Seed Germination Test as a Valuable Tool for the Short-Term Phytotoxicity Screening of Water-Soluble Polyamidoamines. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1744. [PMID: 38932092 PMCID: PMC11207469 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Six differently charged amphoteric polyamidoamines, synthesized by the polyaddition of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide to alanine, leucine, serine, arginine (M-ARG), glutamic acid (M-GLU) and a glycine/cystine mixture, were screened for their short-term phytotoxicity using a seed germination test. Lepidium sativum L. seeds were incubated in polyamidoamine water solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.156 to 2.5 mg mL-1 at 25 ± 1 °C for 120 h. The seed germination percentage (SG%), an indicator of acute toxicity, and both root and shoot elongation, related to plant maturation, were the considered endpoints. The germination index (GI) was calculated as the product of relative seed germination times relative radical growth. The SG% values were in all cases comparable to those obtained in water, indicating no detectable acute phytotoxicity of the polyamidoamines. In the short term, the predominantly positively charged M-ARG proved to be phytotoxic at all concentrations (GI < 0.8), whereas the predominantly negatively charged M-GLU proved to be biostimulating at intermediate concentrations (GI > 1) and slightly inhibitory at 2.5 mg mL-1 (0.8 < GI < 1). Overall, polyamidoamine phytotoxicity could be correlated to charge distribution, demonstrating the potential of the test for predicting and interpreting the eco-toxicological behavior of water-soluble polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.R.); (S.T.); (P.F.)
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2
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Śmigiel-Gac N, Smola-Dmochowska A, Jelonek K, Musiał-Kulik M, Barczyńska-Felusiak R, Rychter P, Lewicka K, Dobrzyński P. Bactericidal Biodegradable Linear Polyamidoamines Obtained with the Use of Endogenous Polyamines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2576. [PMID: 38473823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The work presents the synthesis of a series of linear polyamidoamines by polycondensation of sebacoyl dichloride with endogenous polyamines: putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and norspermidine-a biogenic polyamine not found in the human body. During the synthesis carried out via interfacial reaction, hydrophilic, semi-crystalline polymers with an average viscosity molecular weight of approximately 20,000 g/mol and a melting point of approx. 130 °C were obtained. The structure and composition of the synthesized polymers were confirmed based on NMR and FTIR studies. The cytotoxicity tests performed on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes showed that the polymers obtained with spermine and norspermidine were strongly cytotoxic, but only in high concentrations. All the other examined polymers did not show cytotoxicity even at concentrations of 2000 µg/mL. Simultaneously, the antibacterial activity of the obtained polyamides was confirmed. These polymers are particularly active against E. Coli, and virtually all the polymers obtained demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of cells of this strain. Antimicrobial activity of the tested polymer was found against strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The broadest spectrum of bactericidal action was demonstrated by polyamidoamines obtained from spermine, which contains two amino groups in the repeating unit of the chain. The obtained polymers can be used as a material for forming drug carriers and other biologically active compounds in the form of micro- and nanoparticles, especially as a component of bactericidal creams and ointments used in dermatology or cosmetology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Śmigiel-Gac
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Anna Smola-Dmochowska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jelonek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Musiał-Kulik
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Renata Barczyńska-Felusiak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Kamila Lewicka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrzyński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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3
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Drago S, Utzeri MA, Mauro N, Cavallaro G. Polyamidoamine-Carbon Nanodot Conjugates with Bioreducible Building Blocks: Smart Theranostic Platforms for Targeted siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1191-1204. [PMID: 38178792 PMCID: PMC10865362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on designing hybrid theranostic nanosystems, utilizing gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots decorated with bioreducible amphoteric polyamidoamines (PAAs). The objective is to synergize the exceptional theranostic properties of gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) with the siRNA complexation capabilities of PAAs. Linear copolymeric polyamidoamines, based on N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, arginine, and agmatine, were synthesized, resulting in three distinct amphoteric copolymers. Notably, sulfur bridges within the PAA repeating units confer pronounced susceptibility to glutathione-mediated degradation─a key attribute in the tumor microenvironment. This pathway enables controlled and stimuli-responsive siRNA release, theoretically providing precise spatiotemporal control over therapeutic interventions. The selected PAA, conjugated with CDs using the redox-sensitive spacer cystamine, formed the CDs-Cys-PAA conjugate with superior siRNA complexing capacity. Stable against polyanion exchange, the CDs-Cys-PAA/siRNA complex released siRNA in the presence of GSH. In vitro studies assessed cytocompatibility, internalization, and gene silencing efficacy on HeLa, MCF-7, and 16HBE cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore
Emanuele Drago
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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4
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Beduini A, Albanese D, Carosio F, Manfredi A, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Alongi J. On the Suitability of Phosphonate-Containing Polyamidoamines as Cotton Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081869. [PMID: 37112016 PMCID: PMC10144353 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel polyamidoamine (M-PCASS) bearing a disulfide group and two phosphonate groups per repeat unit was obtained by reacting N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide with a purposely designed bis-sec-amine monomer, namely, tetraethyl(((disulfanediylbis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(azanediyl))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(phosphonate) (PCASS). The aim was to ascertain whether the introduction of phosphonate groups, well-known for inducing cotton charring in the repeat unit of a disulfide-containing PAA, increased its already remarkable flame retardant efficacy for cotton. The performance of M-PCASS was evaluated by different combustion tests, choosing M-CYSS, a polyamidoamine containing a disulfide group but no phosphonate groups, as a benchmark. In horizontal flame spread tests (HFSTs), M-PCASS was a more effective flame retardant than M-CYSS at lower add-ons with no afterglow. In vertical flame spread tests, the only effect was afterglow suppression with no self-extinguishment even at add-ons higher than in HFSTs. In oxygen-consumption cone calorimetry tests, M-PCASS decreased the heat release rate peak of cotton by 16%, the CO2 emission by 50%, and the smoke release by 83%, leaving a 10% residue to be compared with a negligible residue for untreated cotton. Overall, the set of results obtained envisage that the newly synthesized phosphonate-containing PAA M-PCASS may be suitable for specific applications as flame retardant, where smoke suppression or reduction of total gas released is a key requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Beduini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Albanese
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Via T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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5
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Ferruti P, Alongi J, Barabani E, Manfredi A, Ranucci E. Silk/Polyamidoamine Membranes for Removing Chromium VI from Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081871. [PMID: 37112018 PMCID: PMC10147069 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine hydrogels prepared by the radical post-polymerization of α,ω-bisacrylamide-terminated M-AGM oligomers, in turn obtained by the polyaddition of 4-aminobutylguanidine with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, were reinforced with raw silk fibers, which can establish covalent bonds with the polyamidoamine matrix via reaction of the amine groups in the lysine residues with the acrylamide terminals of the M-AGM oligomer. Silk/M-AGM membranes were prepared by impregnating silk mats with M-AGM aqueous solutions and subsequent crosslinking by UV irradiation. The guanidine pendants of the M-AGM units imparted the ability to form strong but reversible interactions with oxyanions, including the highly toxic chromate ions. The potential of the silk/M-AGM membranes to purify Cr(VI)-contaminated water down to the drinkability level, that is, below 50 ppb, was tested by performing sorption experiments both in static (Cr(VI) concentration 20-2.5 ppm) and flow conditions (Cr(VI) concentration 10-1 ppm). After static sorption experiments, the Cr(VI)-loaded silk/M-AGM membranes could easily be regenerated via treatment with a 1 M sodium hydroxide solution. Dynamic tests performed using two stacked membranes and a 1 ppm Cr(VI) aqueous solution reduced Cr(VI) concentration down to 4 ppb. Remarkably, the use of renewable sources, the environmentally friendly preparation process, and the goal achieved meet eco-design requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Barabani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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6
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Rodrigues AF, Rebelo C, Simões S, Paulo C, Pinho S, Francisco V, Ferreira L. A Polymeric Nanoparticle Formulation for Targeted mRNA Delivery to Fibroblasts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205475. [PMID: 36529964 PMCID: PMC9929262 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapies offer enhanced control over the production of therapeutic proteins for many diseases. Their clinical implementation warrants formulations capable of delivering them safely and effectively to target sites. Owing to their chemical versatility, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed by combinatorial synthesis of different ionizable, cationic, and aromatic moieties to modulate cell targeting, using inexpensive formulation steps. Herein, 152 formulations are evaluated by high-throughput screening using a reporter fibroblast model sensitive to functional delivery of mRNA encoding Cre recombinase. Using in vitro and in vivo models, a polymeric nanoformulation based on the combination of 3 specific monomers is identified to transfect fibroblasts much more effectively than other cell types populating the skin, with superior performance than lipid-based transfection agents in the delivery of Cas9 mRNA and guide RNA. This tropism can be explained by receptor-mediated endocytosis, involving CD26 and FAP, which are overexpressed in profibrotic fibroblasts. Structure-activity analysis reveals that efficient mRNA delivery required the combination of high buffering capacity and low mRNA binding affinity for rapid release upon endosomal escape. These results highlight the use of high-throughput screening to rapidly identify chemical features towards the design of highly efficient mRNA delivery systems targeting fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Catarina Rebelo
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
- Faculty of MedicinePólo das Ciências da SaúdeUnidade CentralUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐354Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Cristiana Paulo
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Sónia Pinho
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Vítor Francisco
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC–Center for Neurosciences and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐517Portugal
- Faculty of MedicinePólo das Ciências da SaúdeUnidade CentralUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3000‐354Portugal
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7
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Hamelmann NM, Uijttewaal S, Hujaya SD, Paulusse JMJ. Enhancing Cellular Internalization of Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles via Polyplex Formation. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5036-5042. [PMID: 36383472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles is crucial in nanomedicine to reach optimal delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents. Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are an interesting class of nanoparticles due to their unique site range of 5-20 nm. The intracellular delivery of SCNPs can be enhanced by using delivery agents. Here, a positive polymer is used to form polyplexes with SCNPs, similar to the strategy of protein and gene delivery. The size and surface charge of the polyplexes were evaluated. The cellular uptake showed rapid uptake of SCNPs via polyplex formation, and the cytosolic delivery of the SCNPs was presented by confocal microscopy. The ability of SCNPs to act as nanocarriers was further explored by conjugation of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Hamelmann
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Uijttewaal
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sry D Hujaya
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M J Paulusse
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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8
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Maggi F, Manfredi A, Carosio F, Maddalena L, Alongi J, Ferruti P, Ranucci E. Toughening Polyamidoamine Hydrogels through Covalent Grafting of Short Silk Fibers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227808. [PMID: 36431909 PMCID: PMC9696315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linear amphoteric polyamidoamines (PAAs) are usually water-soluble, biodegradable and biocompatible. Crosslinked PAAs form in water hydrogels, retaining most of the favorable properties of their linear counterparts. The hydrogels prepared by the radical post-polymerization of the oligo-α,ω-bisacrylamido-terminated PAA called AGMA1, obtained by the polyaddition of 4-aminobutylguanidine (agmatine) with 2,2-bis(acrylamido)acetic acid, exhibit excellent cell-adhesion properties both in vitro and in vivo. However, due to their low mechanical strength, AGMA1 hydrogels cannot be sewn to biological tissues and need to be reinforced with fibrous materials. In this work, short silk fibers gave excellent results in this sense, proving capable of establishing covalent bonds with the PAA matrix, thanks to their lysine content, which provided amino groups capable of reacting with the terminal acrylamide groups of the AGMA1 precursor in the final crosslinking phase. Morphological analyses demonstrated that the AGMA1 matrix was intimately interconnected and adherent to the silk fibers, with neither visible holes nor empty volumes. The silk/H-AGMA1 composites were still reversibly swellable in water. In the swollen state, they could be sewn and showed no detachment between fibers and matrix and exhibited significantly improved mechanical properties compared with the plain hydrogels, particularly as regards their Young's modulus and elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Maggi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lorenza Maddalena
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250314132
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9
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Mauro N, Giammona G, Ranucci E, Ferruti P. Synthesis of Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polyamidoamines Microgels via a Simple and Reliable Statistical Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7280. [PMID: 36295345 PMCID: PMC9611214 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyamidoamines (PAAs) are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers with a huge potential as biomaterials for pharmaceutical applications. They are obtained by the step-wise aza-Michael polyaddition of bifunctional or multifunctional amines with bisacrylamides in water. To the best of our knowledge, no synthetic protocols leading to hyperbranched PAAs as well as PAA microgels have been published so far. To fill this gap, a statistical approach was established in this work to fine-tune the aza-Michael polyaddition stoichiometry when a multifunctional co-monomer (bf) is added to a mixture of bifunctional monomers with complementary functions (a2 + b2), possibly even in presence of a monofunctional co-monomer (b1), for obtaining either microgels or hyperbranched polymers by a one-pot reaction. For this purpose, two new equations, obtained by reworking the classic Flory-Stockmayer equations, were successfully applied to the synthesis of different model systems, obtaining biocompatible microgels with tunable size distribution (200-500 nm) and properly designed end-chains in a simple and straightforward way. The same mathematical approach allowed us to empirically evaluate the actual number of active reactive functions of the co-monomers. A number of selected systems, being evaluated for their cytotoxicity in vitro, proved highly cytocompatible and, therefore, endowed with great potential for pharmaceutical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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L-Arginine-Derived Polyamidoamine Oligomers Bearing at Both Ends β-Cyclodextrin Units as pH-Sensitive Curcumin Carriers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153193. [PMID: 35956707 PMCID: PMC9371169 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aza-Michael polyaddition of L-arginine and N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide gives the biocompatible and easily cell-internalized polyamidoamine ARGO7. By controlled synthesis, two ARGO7 oligomers, namely a trimer and a pentamer, bearing acrylamide terminal units, were obtained as precursors of the β-cyclodextrin-end-terminated oligomers P3 and P5, which have been shown to encapsulate curcumin at both pH 7.4 and 4.5. After lyophilization, P3- and P5-curcumin complexes gave stable water solutions. The apparent solubility of encapsulated curcumin was in the range 20–51 μg mL−1, that is, three orders of magnitude higher than the water solubility of free curcumin (0.011 μg mL−1). The drug release profiles showed induction periods both at pH levels 4.5 and 7.4, suggesting a diffusive release mechanism, as confirmed by kinetic studies. The release rate of curcumin was higher at pH 7.4 than at pH 4.5 and, in both cases, it was higher for the P5 complex. Encapsulated curcumin was more photostable than the free drug. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations explain at atomistic level the formation of aggregates due to favorable van der Waals interactions. The drug molecules interact with the external surface of carriers or form inclusion complexes with the β-cyclodextrin cavities. The aggregate stability is higher at pH 4.5.
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11
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Falletta E, Rossi M, Della Pina C. The versatility of gold: From heterogeneous catalysis to biomedicine. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Naki T, Matshe W, Ubanako P, Adeyemi SA, Balogun M, Sinha Ray S, Choonara YE, Aderibigbe BA. Dopamine-Loaded Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Potential Synergistic Anti-Cancer Treatment. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2029895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobeka Naki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - W. Matshe
- Polymer and Composites, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Philemon Ubanako
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samson A. Adeyemi
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M.O. Balogun
- Polymer and Composites, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S. Sinha Ray
- DST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Chang T, Yan X, Li Y, Hao Y, Fu X, Liu X, Panchal B, Qin S, Zhu Z. Quaternary ammonium immobilized PAMAM as efficient catalysts for conversion of carbon dioxide. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Alongi J, Costantini A, Ferruti P, Ranucci E. Evaluation of the eco-compatibility of polyamidoamines by means of seed germination test. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Coelho F, Salonen LM, Silva BFB. Hemiacetal-linked pH-sensitive PEG-lipids for non-viral gene delivery. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02217f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipid–DNA complexes containing a novel hemiacetal PEG-lipid for endosomal escape were characterized in terms of pH-response, stability, and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Coelho
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura M. Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno F. B. Silva
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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16
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Zhou Y, Wang L, Zhang H. Enhancing the performances of physically cross-linked photodeformable main-chain azobenzene poly(ester-amide)s via chemical structure engineering. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00492e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of physically cross-linked photodeformable main-chain azobenzene poly(ester-amide)s with enhanced performances via chemical structure engineering and obtention of their detailed structure–property relationship are first described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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17
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Nanosized T1 MRI Contrast Agent Based on a Polyamidoamine as Multidentate Gd Ligand. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010174. [PMID: 35011405 PMCID: PMC8746954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A linear polyamidoamine (PAA) named BAC-EDDS, containing metal chelating repeat units composed of two tert-amines and four carboxylic groups, has been prepared by the aza-Michael polyaddition of ethylendiaminodisuccinic (EDDS) with 2,2-bis(acrylamido)acetic acid (BAC). It was characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), FTIR, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopies. The pKa values of the ionizable groups of the repeat unit were estimated by potentiometric titration, using a purposely synthesized molecular ligand (Agly-EDDS) mimicking the structure of the BAC-EDDS repeat unit. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ζ-potential analyses revealed the propensity of BAC-EDDS to form stable nanoaggregates with a diameter of approximately 150 nm at pH 5 and a net negative charge at physiological pH, in line with an isoelectric point <2. BAC-EDDS stably chelated Gd (III) ions with a molar ratio of 0.5:1 Gd (III)/repeat unit. The stability constant of the molecular model Gd-Agly-EDDS (log K = 17.43) was determined as well, by simulating the potentiometric titration through the use of Hyperquad software. In order to comprehend the efficiency of Gd-BAC-EDDS in contrasting magnetic resonance images, the nuclear longitudinal (r1) and transverse (r2) relaxivities as a function of the externally applied static magnetic field were investigated and compared to the ones of commercial contrast agents. Furthermore, a model derived from the Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan theory for the field dependence of the NMR relaxivity curves was applied and allowed us to evaluate the rotational correlation time of the complex (τ = 0.66 ns). This relatively high value is due to the dimensions of Gd-BAC-EDDS, and the associated rotational motion causes a peak in the longitudinal relaxivity at ca. 75 MHz, which is close to the frequencies used in clinics. The good performances of Gd-BAC-EDDS as a contrast agent were also confirmed through in vitro magnetic resonance imaging experiments with a 0.2 T magnetic field.
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18
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The Thermo-Oxidative Behavior of Cotton Coated with an Intumescent Flame Retardant Glycine-Derived Polyamidoamine: A Multi-Technique Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244382. [PMID: 34960933 PMCID: PMC8707849 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear polyamidoamines (PAAs) derived from the polyaddition of natural α-amino acids and N,N′-methylene bis(acrylamide) are intumescent flame retardants for cotton. Among them, the glycine-derived M-GLY extinguished the flame in horizontal flame spread tests at 4% by weight add-on. This paper reports on an extensive study aimed at understanding the molecular-level transformations of M-GLY-treated cotton upon heating in air at 300 °C, 350 °C and 420 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) identified different thermal-oxidative decomposition stages and, coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, allowed the volatile species released upon heating to be determined, revealing differences in the decomposition pattern of treated and untreated cotton. XPS analysis of the char residues of M-GLY-treated cotton revealed the formation of aromatic nanographitic char at lower temperature with respect to untreated cotton. Raman spectroscopy of the char residues provided indications on the degree of graphitization of treated and untreated cotton at the three reference temperatures. Solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) provided information on the char structure as a function of the treatment temperature, clearly indicating that M-GLY favors the carbonization of cotton with the formation of more highly condensed aromatic structures.
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19
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Beduini A, Carosio F, Ferruti P, Ranucci E, Alongi J. Polyamidoamines Derived from Natural α-Amino Acids as Effective Flame Retardants for Cotton. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213714. [PMID: 34771271 PMCID: PMC8588117 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, bioinspired polyamidoamines (PAAs) were synthesized from N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and nine natural α-amino acids: L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine (M-LEU), L-histidine, L-serine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine (M-GLN), L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid (M-GLU) and their performance as flame retardants (FRs) for cotton were determined. The aim was to ascertain if the ability to protect cotton from fire by the process of intumescing, previously found for the glycine-derived M-GLY, was a general feature of α-amino acid-derived PAAs. None of the PAAs ignited by flame impingement, apart from M-LEU, which burned for a few seconds leaving 93% of residue. All of them formed carbon- and oxygen-rich, porous chars with a graphitic structure in the air at 350 °C, as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All samples were tested as FRs for cotton by horizontal flame spread tests. At a 5% add-on, M-GLU and M-GLN extinguished the flame. The same results were obtained with all the other PAAs at a 7% add-on. The α-amino acid residues influenced the FR performance. The most effective were those that, by heating, were most suitable for producing thermally stable cyclic aromatic structures. All PAA-treated cotton samples, even when burning, left significant residues, which, according to scanning electron microscopy analysis, maintained the original cotton texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Beduini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, viale T. Michel, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39–02-50314108
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20
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Guven MN, Balaban B, Demirci G, Yagci Acar H, Okay O, Avci D. Bisphosphonate-functionalized poly(amido amine) crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel as tissue engineering scaffold. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Bergamonti L, Gentili S, Acquotti D, Tegoni M, Lottici PP, Graiff C. Toxic metal sequential sequestration in water using new amido-aminoacid ligand as a model for the interaction with polyamidoamines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124585. [PMID: 33288336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyamidoamines are low cost and easily synthesized materials that may find applications in cations sequestration and water treatment. In this paper a new amido-aminoacid ligand containing methionine has been designed as a monomeric model of the corresponding polyamidoamine. The amido-aminoacid ligand has been synthesized in high yield, by reacting acrylamide and methionine via aza-Michael addition in water and mild temperature conditions. The reaction has been monitored by NMR and Raman spectroscopies and the crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The coordination ability of the ligand towards Cu2+ cations in water, as well as its affinity for Ni2+ and Co2+ has been studied by potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques. The divalent metal cations sequestration from water may occur with sequential selection by changing the pH of the solution. The copper complex with two coordinated ligands has been fully characterized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results are discussed with a view to use these materials in the treatment of water contaminated by toxic transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergamonti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Domenico Acquotti
- Centro di Servizi e Misure, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Lottici
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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22
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Marcioni M, Alongi J, Ranucci E, Malinconico M, Laurienzo P, Ferruti P, Manfredi A. Semi-Crystalline Hydrophobic Polyamidoamines: A New Family of Technological Materials? Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071018. [PMID: 33806055 PMCID: PMC8036605 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hitherto known polyamidoamines (PAAs) are not suitable as structural materials because they are usually water-soluble or swellable in water. This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of semi-crystalline hydrophobic PAAs (H-PAAs) by combining different bis-sec-amines with bis-acrylamides obtained from C6–C12 bis-prim-amines. H-PAAs were initially obtained in a solution of benzyl alcohol, a solvent suitable for both monomers and polymers. Their number average molecular weights, M¯n, which were determined with 1H-NMR by evaluating the percentage of their terminal units, varied from 6000 to >10,000. The solubility, thermal properties, ignitability and water resistance of H-PAAs were determined. They were soluble in organic solvents, semi-crystalline and thermally stable. The most promising ones were also prepared using a bulk process, which has never been previously reported for PAA synthesis. In the form of films, these H-PAAs were apparently unaffected by water. The films underwent tensile and wettability tests. They showed similar Young moduli (260–263 MPa), whereas the maximum stress and the stress at break depended on the number of methylene groups of the starting bis-acrylamides. Their wettability was somewhat higher than that of common Nylons. Interestingly, none of the H-PAAs considered, either as films or powders, ignited after prolonged exposure to a methane flame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marcioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (J.A.); (E.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale T. Michel, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (J.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (J.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Mario Malinconico
- Istituto Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Paola Laurienzo
- Istituto Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (J.A.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.F.); (A.M.); Tel.: +39-02-50314128 (P.F.); +39-02-50314181 (A.M.)
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (J.A.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.F.); (A.M.); Tel.: +39-02-50314128 (P.F.); +39-02-50314181 (A.M.)
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23
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Mascheroni L, Francia V, Rossotti B, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Maggioni D, Salvati A. Light-Triggered Trafficking to the Cell Nucleus of a Cationic Polyamidoamine Functionalized with Ruthenium Complexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34576-34587. [PMID: 32643926 PMCID: PMC7404250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for endosomal escape and access to the cell nucleus are highly sought for nanocarriers to deliver their load efficiently following endocytosis. In this work, we have studied the uptake and intracellular trafficking of a polycationic polyamidoamine (PAA) endowed with a luminescent Ru complex, Ru-PhenAN, that shows unique trafficking to the cell nucleus. Live cell imaging confirmed the capacity of this polymer to access the nucleus, excluding artifacts due to cell fixation, and clarified that the mechanism of escape is light-triggered and relies on the presence of the Ru complexes and their capacity to absorb light and act as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen production. These results open up the possibility to use PAA-ruthenium complexes for targeted light-triggered delivery of genetic material or drugs to the cytosol and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mascheroni
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Nanomedicine and Drug Targeting, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Francia
- Department of Nanomedicine and Drug Targeting, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Rossotti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Nanomedicine and Drug Targeting, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maggioni
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Salvati
- Department of Nanomedicine and Drug Targeting, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- a.salvati.@rug.nl
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24
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Arioli M, Manfredi A, Alongi J, Ferruti P, Ranucci E. Highlight on the Mechanism of Linear Polyamidoamine Degradation in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1376. [PMID: 32575401 PMCID: PMC7361999 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at elucidating the degradation mechanism of linear polyamidoamines (PAAs) in water. PAAs are synthesized by the aza-Michael polyaddition of prim-monoamines or bis-sec-amines with bisacrylamides. Many PAAs are water-soluble and have potential for biotechnological applications and as flame-retardants. PAAs have long been known to degrade in water at pH ≥ 7, but their degradation mechanism has never been explored in detail. Filling this gap was necessary to assess the suitability of PAAs for the above applications. To this aim, a small library of nine PAAs was expressly synthesized and their degradation mechanism in aqueous solution studied by 1H-NMR in different conditions of pH and temperature. The main degradation mechanism was in all cases the retro-aza-Michael reaction triggered by dilution but, in some cases, hints were detected of concurrent hydrolytic degradation. Most PAAs were stable at pH 4.0; all degraded at pH 7.0 and 9.0. Initially, the degradation rate was faster at pH 9.0 than at pH 7.0, but the percent degradation after 97 days was mostly lower. In most cases, at pH 7.0 the degradation followed first order kinetics. The degradation rates mainly depended on the basicity of the amine monomers. More basic amines acted as better leaving groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.A.); (A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.A.); (A.M.); (J.A.)
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25
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Bloise N, Massironi A, Della Pina C, Alongi J, Siciliani S, Manfredi A, Biggiogera M, Rossi M, Ferruti P, Ranucci E, Visai L. Extra-Small Gold Nanospheres Decorated With a Thiol Functionalized Biodegradable and Biocompatible Linear Polyamidoamine as Nanovectors of Anticancer Molecules. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:132. [PMID: 32195232 PMCID: PMC7065572 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are elective candidate for cancer therapy. Current efforts are devoted to developing innovative methods for their synthesis. Besides, understanding their interaction with cells have become increasingly important for their clinical application. This work aims to describe a simple approach for the synthesis of extra-small gold nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. In brief, a biocompatible and biodegradable polyamidoamine (named AGMA1-SH), bearing 20%, on a molar basis, thiol-functionalized repeat units, is employed to stabilize and coat extra-small gold nanospheres of different sizes (2.5, 3.5, and 5 nm in gold core), and to generate a nanoplatform for the link with Trastuzumab monoclonal antibody for HER2-positive breast cancer targeting. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, circular dichroism, protein quantification assays are used for the characterization. The targeting properties of the nanosystems are explored to achieve enhanced and selective uptake of AGMA1-SH-gold nanoparticles by in vitro studies against HER-2 overexpressing cells, SKBR-3 and compared to HER-2 low expressing cells, MCF-7, and normal fibroblast cell line, NIH-3T3. In vitro physicochemical characterization demonstrates that gold nanoparticles modified with AGMA1-SH are more stable in aqueous solution than the unmodified ones. Additionally, the greater gold nanoparticles size (5-nm) is associated with a higher stability and conjugation efficiency with Trastuzumab, which retains its folding and anticancer activity after the conjugation. In particular, the larger Trastuzumab functionalized nanoparticles displays the highest efficacy (via the pro-apoptotic protein increase, anti-apoptotic components decrease, survival-proliferation pathways downregulation) and internalization (via the activation of the classical clathrin-mediated endocytosis) in HER-2 overexpressing SKBR-3 cells, without eliciting significant effects on the other cell lines. The use of biocompatible AGMA1-SH for producing covalently stabilized gold nanoparticles to achieve selective targeting, cytotoxicity and uptake is completely novel, offering an important advancement for developing new anticancer conjugated-gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Biochemistry Unit, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessio Massironi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM PISA, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Della Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano e CNR-ISTM, Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stella Siciliani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano e CNR-ISTM, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Biochemistry Unit, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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26
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Alendronate-functionalized poly(amido amine) cryogels of high-toughness for biomedical applications. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Beduini A, Carosio F, Ferruti P, Ranucci E, Alongi J. Sulfur-Based Copolymeric Polyamidoamines as Efficient Flame-Retardants for Cotton. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1904. [PMID: 31752336 PMCID: PMC6918177 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamidoamine derived from N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (M) and glycine (G), M-G, has been shown to be an effective flame-retardant (FR) for cotton in horizontal flame spread tests (HFST), extinguishing the flame at 5% add-on. Its activity was attributed to its intrinsic intumescence. In vertical flame spread tests (VFST), M-G failed to extinguish the flame even at 30% add-on. Conversely, in VFST, the polyamidoamine derived from M and cystine (C), M-C, inhibited cotton combustion at 16% add-on, but in HFST failed to extinguish the flame below 12% add-on. Its activity was ascribed to the release of sulfur-containing volatiles acting as radical scavengers. In this work, the FR effectiveness of M-Gm-Cn copolymers with different G/C ratio was compared with that of the M-G and M-C homopolymers and of M-G/M-C blends of the same compositions. In HFST, both copolymers and blends extinguished the flame. In particular, M-G50-C50 and (M-G/M-C)50/50 extinguished the flame, even at 7% add-on. In VFST, the copolymers with ≥50% M-C units, similar to M-C, inhibited cotton combustion at 16% add-on. At the same add-on, the M-G/M-C blends failed to extinguish the flame. It may be concluded that, in contrast to blends, copolymers combined the merits of both homopolymers in all tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Beduini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria campus, viale T. Michel, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (P.F.); (E.R.)
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Alongi J, Ferruti P, Manfredi A, Carosio F, Feng Z, Hakkarainen M, Ranucci E. Superior flame retardancy of cotton by synergetic effect of cellulose-derived nano-graphene oxide carbon dots and disulphide-containing polyamidoamines. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mascheroni L, Dozzi MV, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Francia V, Salvati A, Maggioni D. Tuning Polyamidoamine Design To Increase Uptake and Efficacy of Ruthenium Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14586-14599. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mascheroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Vittoria Dozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Francia
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Salvati
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Maggioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Polyamidoamine-Drug Conjugates Containing Metal-Based Anticancer Compounds. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ferruti F, Alongi J, Manfredi A, Ranucci E, Ferruti P. Controlled Synthesis of Linear Polyamidoamino Acids. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1324. [PMID: 31398875 PMCID: PMC6722684 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamino acids (PAACs) are synthetic polymers prepared by the polyaddition of bisacrylamides with natural α-amino acids, which in the process maintain both their chirality and their amphoteric nature. This polymerization process is slow, but has the merits of taking place in water and of neither involving protection/de-protection steps nor releasing by-products. However, it leads to polydisperse polymers and, using α-amino acids mixtures, random copolymers. This paper presents a step-by-step polyaddition process leading to homo- and copolymeric PAACs with controlled sequences and controlled molecular weights. It exploits the much different rates of the two Michael addition steps of NH2 of α-amino acids with acrylamides, and the low solubility in organic solvents of the α-amino acid addition products. As a proof of principle, the controlled synthesis of the PAAC from l-arginine and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide was performed up to a monodisperse product with 11 monomeric units and molecular weight 1840. This synthetic procedure was also tested with l-alanine. All intermediates were isolated and characterized. Noticeably, all of them were α,ω-difunctionalized with either acrylamides or sec-amines and were, in fact, building blocks with potential for preparing complex macromolecular architectures. In a first instance, copolymers with controlled sequences of amidoamine- and amidoamino acid units were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Rondelli V, Cola ED, Koutsioubas A, Alongi J, Ferruti P, Ranucci E, Brocca P. Mucin Thin Layers: A Model for Mucus-Covered Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3712. [PMID: 31362433 PMCID: PMC6695901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of macromolecules of biological or pharmacological interest that enter the mucus barrier is a current field of investigation. Studies of the interaction between the main constituent of mucus, mucins, and molecules involved in topical transmucoidal drug or gene delivery is a prerequisite for nanomedicine design. We studied the interaction of mucin with the bio-inspired arginine-derived amphoteric polymer d,l-ARGO7 by applying complementary techniques. Small angle X-ray scattering in bulk unveiled the formation of hundreds of nanometer-sized clusters, phase separated from the mucin mesh. Quartz microbalance with dissipation and neutron reflectometry measurements on thin mucin layers deposited on silica supports highlighted the occurrence of polymer interaction with mucin on the molecular scale. Rinsing procedures on both experimental set ups showed that interaction induces alteration of the deposited hydrogel. We succeeded in building up a new significant model for epithelial tissues covered by mucus, obtaining the deposition of a mucin layer 20 Å thick on the top of a glycolipid enriched phospholipid single membrane, suitable to be investigated by neutron reflectometry. The model is applicable to unveil the cross structural details of mucus-covered epithelia in interaction with macromolecules within the Å discreteness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Rondelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Di Cola
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Alexandros Koutsioubas
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Brocca
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
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Giménez ME, Davrieux CF, Serra E, Palermo M, Houghton EJ, Alonci G, Piantanida E, Garcia Vazquez A, Lindner V, Dallemagne B, Diana M, Marescaux J, De Cola L. Application of a novel material in the inguinal region using a totally percutaneous approach in an animal model: a new potential technique? Hernia 2019; 23:1175-1185. [DOI: 10.1007/s10029-019-01999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lazzari F, Manfredi A, Alongi J, Marinotto D, Ferruti P, Ranucci E. d-, l- and d,l-Tryptophan-Based Polyamidoamino Acids: pH-Dependent Structuring and Fluorescent Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E543. [PMID: 30960527 PMCID: PMC6473350 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral polyamidoamino acids were obtained by polyaddition of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide with d-, d,l- and l-tryptophan (M-d-Trp, M-d,l-Trp and M-l-Trp). l-tryptophan/glycine copolymers, M-G-l-Trp₅, M-G-l-Trp10, M-G-l-Trp20 and M-G-l-Trp40, were prepared from l-tryptophan/glycine mixtures. These polymers were amphoteric, with acid-base properties similar to those of the parent amino acids. The l-tryptophan/glycine copolymers with high glycine content were water soluble in the pH range 2-12. M-G-l-Trp40 showed a solubility gap centred at pH 4.5 and all tryptophan homopolymers were soluble only at pH > 7. Dynamic light scattering measurements performed in their solubility ranges, namely 2-11 M-G-l-Trp₅, M-G-l-Trp10 and M-G-l-Trp20 and 7-11 for M-G-l-Trp40, M-d-Trp, M-l-Trp and M-d,l-Trp, showed that the size of all samples did not significantly vary with pH. Both M-l-Trp and M-G-l-Trp copolymers showed pH-dependent circular dichroism spectra in the wavelength interval 200⁻280 nm, revealing structuring. All samples were fluorescent. Their emission spectra were unstructured and, if normalized for their tryptophan content, almost superimposable at the same pH, providing evidence that only tryptophan governed the photoluminescence properties. Changing pH induced in all cases a slight shift of the emission wavelength maximum ascribed to the modification of the microenvironment surrounding the indole ring induced by different protonation degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lazzari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Ranucci E, Manfredi A. Polyamidoamines: Versatile Bioactive Polymers with Potential for Biotechnological Applications. CHEMISTRY AFRICA-A JOURNAL OF THE TUNISIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Galli M, Rossotti B, Arosio P, Ferretti AM, Panigati M, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Salvati A, Maggioni D. A new catechol-functionalized polyamidoamine as an effective SPION stabilizer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:260-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lazzari F, Manfredi A, Alongi J, Mendichi R, Ganazzoli F, Raffaini G, Ferruti P, Ranucci E. Self-Structuring in Water of Polyamidoamino Acids with Hydrophobic Side Chains Deriving from Natural α-Amino Acids. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1261. [PMID: 30961186 PMCID: PMC6401854 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on synthesis, acid-base properties and self-structuring in water of chiral polyamidoamino acids (PAACs) obtained by polyaddition of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide with l-alanine, l-valine and l-leucine (M-l-Ala, M-l-Val, M-l-Leu) with potential for selective interactions with biomolecules. The polymers maintained the acid-base properties of amino acids. In water, the circular dichroism spectra of PAACs revealed pH-dependent structuring in the range 3⁻11 and in the wavelength interval 200⁻280 nm. Taking as reference the values at pH 3, the differential molar ellipticities were plotted in the pH interval 3⁻11. Sigmoidal curves were obtained presenting inflection points at pH 8.1, 6.8 and 7.3 for M-l-Ala, M-l-Val and M-l-Leu, respectively, corresponding to the amine half-ionization. Theoretical modeling showed that PAACs assumed stable folded conformations. Intramolecular interactions led to transoid arrangements of the main chain reminiscent of protein hairpin motif. Oligomers with ten repeat units had simulated gyration radii consistent with the hydrodynamic radii obtained by dynamic light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lazzari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Fabio Ganazzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Raffaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Alonci G, Fiorini F, Riva P, Monroy F, López-Montero I, Perretta S, De Cola L. Injectable Hybrid Hydrogels, with Cell-Responsive Degradation, for Tumor Resection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1301-1310. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Alonci
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, CNRS, UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Federica Fiorini
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, CNRS, UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pietro Riva
- IHU, Strasbourg 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan López-Montero
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Avda. Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luisa De Cola
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, CNRS, UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Manfredi A, Carosio F, Ferruti P, Alongi J, Ranucci E. Disulfide-containing polyamidoamines with remarkable flame retardant activity for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Modular Synthesis of Bioreducible Gene Vectors through Polyaddition of N, N'-Dimethylcystamine and Diglycidyl Ethers. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060687. [PMID: 30966721 PMCID: PMC6404356 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreducible, cationic linear poly(amino ether)s (PAEs) were designed as promising gene vectors. These polymers were synthesized by the reaction of a disulfide-functional monomer, N,N'-dimethylcystamine (DMC), and several different diglycidyl ethers. The resulting PAEs displayed a substantial buffer capacity (up to 64%) in the endosomal acidification region of pH 7.4⁻5.1. The PAEs condense plasmid DNA into 80⁻200 nm sized polyplexes, and have surface charges ranging from +20 to +40 mV. The polyplexes readily release DNA upon exposure to reducing conditions (2.5 mM DTT) due to the cleavage of the disulfide groups that is present in the main chain of the polymers, as was demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Upon exposing COS-7 cells to polyplexes that were prepared at polymer/DNA w/w ratios below 48, cell viabilities between 80⁻100% were observed, even under serum-free conditions. These polyplexes show comparable or higher transfection efficiencies (up to 38%) compared to 25 kDa branched polyethylenimine (PEI) polyplexes (12% under serum-free conditions). Moreover, the PAE-based polyplexes yield transfection efficiencies as high as 32% in serum-containing medium, which makes these polymers interesting for gene delivery applications.
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Manfredi A, Carosio F, Ferruti P, Ranucci E, Alongi J. Linear polyamidoamines as novel biocompatible phosphorus-free surface-confined intumescent flame retardants for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fliervoet LAL, Engbersen JFJ, Schiffelers RM, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Polymers and hydrogels for local nucleic acid delivery. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5651-5670. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focusses on the rational design of materials (from polymers to hydrogel materials) to achieve successful local delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies A. L. Fliervoet
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3508 TB Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Johan F. J. Engbersen
- Department of Controlled Drug Delivery
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
| | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology
- University Medical Center Utrecht
- 3584 CX Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3508 TB Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3508 TB Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Nitrogen Polymers with Biomedical Applications Catalyzed by Lipases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1835:359-376. [PMID: 30109663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8672-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The application of Candida antarctica lipase B as catalyst in the synthesis of two examples of nitrogen polymers is described. Firstly, we report a novel linear polyamidoamine oligomer, obtained by polymerization of ethyl acrylate and N-methyl-1,3-diaminopropane, catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on polypropylene. The second part of the chapter describes an efficient route for the synthesis of a novel β-peptoid oligomer with hydroxyalkyl pendant groups in the nitrogen atom, through the polymerization of ethyl N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-β-alaninate catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B physically adsorbed within a macroporous poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) resin. Moreover, two derivatives of the β-peptoid oligomer were prepared: by acetylation and by grafting polycaprolactone. This last process was performed through ring-opening polymerization of caprolactone from the β-peptoid pendant hydroxyl groups and afforded a brush copolymer. The products were blended with polycaprolactone to make films by solvent casting. The inclusion of the acyl derivatives of the β-peptoid to polycaprolactone affected the morphology of the film yielding micro- and nanostructured patterns. The obtained products showed biomedical applications.
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Caruso E, Ferrara S, Ferruti P, Manfredi A, Ranucci E, Orlandi VT. Enhanced photoinduced antibacterial activity of a BODIPY photosensitizer in the presence of polyamidoamines. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:1401-1407. [PMID: 29038970 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers belonging to the boron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) class were recently found endowed with good efficacy in the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this paper, we report on the remarkable adjuvant effect exerted in this respect by linear polyamidoamines (PAAs), a family of moderately basic polymers obtained by Michael-type polyaddition of amines to bisacrylamides. Three different PAAs (AGMA1, BP-AGMA, and BP-DMEDA) were studied, testing for each two different molecular weight samples (8000 and 24000 Da). At nontoxic concentrations (1 or 10 µg mL-1) all PAAs remarkably improved the killing efficacy of BODIPY upon irradiation with a green LED device (range: from 480 to 580 nm with λmax = 525 nm) up to an energy rate of 16.6 J cm-2. A 6-7 log unit decrease in bacteria survival was observed with concentrations of BODIPY of 1.0 and 0.1 µM in the case of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the statistical significance of different treatments (n ≥ 3). Thus, the PAA-photosensitizer combination warrants potentially as a new, effective, and mild method of killing bacteria. Moreover, the antibacterial treatment here reported might be successfully applied to defeat the bacterial resistance often encountered with many antibacterial drugs owing to the double action of this two-component treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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Peng B, Lai X, Chen L, Lin X, Sun C, Liu L, Qi S, Chen Y, Leong KW. Scarless Wound Closure by a Mussel-Inspired Poly(amidoamine) Tissue Adhesive with Tunable Degradability. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6053-6062. [PMID: 30023761 PMCID: PMC6044989 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Burn, trauma, and various medical conditions including bacterial infection, diabetes complication, and surgery could lead to an acute cutaneous wound and scar formation. Application of tissue glues instead of sutures could minimize the additional trauma and scar formation. Despite the countless efforts devoted to the development of high-strength tissue glues, little attention has been paid to their influence on the scar formation. Here, we report the development of a new tissue glue with excellent biocompatibility and tunable degradability for scarless wound closure. A series of catechol-containing poly(amidoamine) (CPAA) polymers were synthesized via the one-step Michael addition of dopamine and bisacrylamide. The tertiary amino group in the polymer backbone was used to introduce a zwitterionic sulfobetaine group by one-step ring-opening polymerization. The introduction of the zwitterionic sulfobetaine group could easily tune the hydrophilicity and the degradability of CPAA without influencing the density of the catechol group in the polymer. Lap-shear tests on the porcine skin demonstrated a high adhesion strength of 7 kPa at 1 h, rising to 24 kPa by 12 h. Addition of silica nanoparticles could further enhance the adhesion strength by 50%. In vivo studies further confirmed that the CPAA tissue glue could effectively accelerate the healing process of incisional wounds on the back of Sprague Dawley rats compared with suture and reduce the scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Center
of Functional Biomaterials, School of Material Science and
Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, United States
| | - Xinyi Lai
- Center
of Functional Biomaterials, School of Material Science and
Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department
of Burns Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Center
of Functional Biomaterials, School of Material Science and
Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengxin Sun
- Center
of Functional Biomaterials, School of Material Science and
Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Center
of Functional Biomaterials, School of Material Science and
Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaohai Qi
- Department
of Burns Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Center
of Functional Biomaterials, School of Material Science and
Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of
Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, United States
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47
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Manfredi A, Mauro N, Terenzi A, Alongi J, Lazzari F, Ganazzoli F, Raffaini G, Ranucci E, Ferruti P. Self-Ordering Secondary Structure of d- and l-Arginine-Derived Polyamidoamino Acids. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:987-991. [PMID: 35650880 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on synthesis, acid-base properties and pH-dependent structuring in water of d-, l- and d,l-ARGO7, bioinspired polymers obtained by polyaddition of the corresponding arginine stereoisomers with N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide). The circular dichroism spectra of d- and l-ARGO7 showed a peak at 228 nm and quickly and reversibly responded to pH changes, but were nearly unaffected by temperature, ionic strength, and denaturating agents. Theoretical modeling studies of L-ARGO7 showed that it assumed a folded structure. Intramolecular interactions led to transoid arrangements of the main chain reminiscent of the protein hairpin motif. Torsion angles showed a quite similar distribution at pH 6 and 14 consistent with the similarity of the CD spectra from pH 6 upward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Lazzari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ganazzoli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raffaini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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48
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Mukaya EH, Van Zyl R, Van Vuuren NJ, Yangkou Mbianda X. Polymeric prodrugs containing neridronate and ferrocene: Synthesis, characterization, and antimalarial activity. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1342248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hembe Mukaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Robyn Van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; WITS Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natasha Jansen Van Vuuren
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; WITS Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Xavier Yangkou Mbianda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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49
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Bergamonti L, Graiff C, Tegoni M, Predieri G, Bellot-Gurlet L, Lottici PP. Raman and NMR kinetics study of the formation of amidoamines containing N-hydroxyethyl groups and investigations on their Cu(II) complexes in water. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:515-524. [PMID: 27592056 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three amidoamines containing the N-hydroxyethyl group (HOEt), namely (HOEt)2N(CH2)2C(O)NH2 (1), [(HOEt)2N(CH2)2C(O)NH]2CH2 (2) and HOEtN[(CH2)2C(O)NH2]2 (3) have been synthesized by reacting diethanolamine HOEt2NH with acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (respectively 1 and 2) and ethanolamine HOEtNH2 with acrylamide (3). Four other compounds corresponding to 1 and 2, but derived from sec-amines Me2NH (4 and 5) and Et2NH (6 and 7) have been prepared for the sake of comparison of the spectroscopic features. All compounds have been obtained by the well-known aza-Michael addition between an N-nucleophile and an activated vinyl group. The reaction in water between diethanolamine and acrylamide leading to 1 has been monitored in situ by Raman and NMR spectroscopy, both techniques confirming second order kinetics and giving values for kinetic constants in excellent agreement. The coordination ability of 1 and 2 towards Cu2+ in water has been studied by the Job's plot method. Spectroscopic data indicate that ligand 1 prevalently forms a 4:1 Ligand/Metal complex with a (N,O3) coordination set on the equatorial plane of Cu2+, whereas ligand 2, containing two amide functionalities bridged by a methylene group, appears able to form a 1:1 Ligand/Metal chelate species, again with a (N,O3) donor set around copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergamonti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Predieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet
- Sorbonne Universités, MONARIS, UMR 8233 UPMC-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Pier Paolo Lottici
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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50
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Sun Y, Xian L, Yu J, Yang T, Zhang J, Yang Z, Jiang J, Cai C, Zhao X, Yang L, Ding P. Structure-Function Correlations of Poly(Amido Amine)s for Gene Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Lei Xian
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Husson University; Bangor ME 04401-2929 USA
| | - Jinmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jingzheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; School of life Science and Biopharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
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