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He G, Churchill EM, Parenti KR, Zhang J, Narayanan P, Namata F, Malkoch M, Congreve DN, Cacciuto A, Sfeir MY, Campos LM. Promoting multiexciton interactions in singlet fission and triplet fusion upconversion dendrimers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6080. [PMID: 37770472 PMCID: PMC10539328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet fission and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion are two multiexciton processes intimately related to the dynamic interaction between one high-lying energy singlet and two low-lying energy triplet excitons. Here, we introduce a series of dendritic macromolecules that serve as platform to study the effect of interchromophore interactions on the dynamics of multiexciton generation and decay as a function of dendrimer generation. The dendrimers (generations 1-4) consist of trimethylolpropane core and 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) dendrons that provide exponential growth of the branches, leading to a corona decorated with pentacenes for SF or anthracenes for TTA-UC. The findings reveal a trend where a few highly ordered sites emerge as the dendrimer generation grows, dominating the multiexciton dynamics, as deduced from optical spectra, and transient absorption spectroscopy. While the dendritic structures enhance TTA-UC at low annihilator concentrations in the largest dendrimers, the paired chromophore interactions induce a broadened and red-shifted excimer emission. In SF dendrimers of higher generations, the triplet dynamics become increasingly dominated by pairwise sites exhibiting strong coupling (Type II), which can be readily distinguished from sites with weaker coupling (Type I) by their spectral dynamics and decay kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying He
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Emily M Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kaia R Parenti
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jocelyn Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Faridah Namata
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Malkoch
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Angelo Cacciuto
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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2
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3
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Ahmad W, Wang J, Li H, Ouyang Q, Wu W, Chen Q. Strategies for combining triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion sensitizers and acceptors in a host matrix. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Olesund A, Gray V, Mårtensson J, Albinsson B. Diphenylanthracene Dimers for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion: Mechanistic Insights for Intramolecular Pathways and the Importance of Molecular Geometry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5745-5754. [PMID: 33835789 PMCID: PMC8154513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Novel approaches
to modify the spectral output of the sun have
seen a surge in interest recently, with triplet–triplet annihilation
driven photon upconversion (TTA-UC) gaining widespread recognition
due to its ability to function under low-intensity, noncoherent light.
Herein, four diphenylanthracene (DPA) dimers are investigated to explore
how the structure of these dimers affects upconversion efficiency.
Also, the mechanism responsible for intramolecular upconversion is
elucidated. In particular, two models are compared using steady-state
and time-resolved simulations of the TTA-UC emission intensities and
kinetics. All dimers perform TTA-UC efficiently in the presence of
the sensitizer platinum octaethylporphyrin. The meta-coupled dimer
1,3-DPA2 performs best yielding a 21.2% upconversion quantum
yield (out of a 50% maximum), which is close to that of the reference
monomer DPA (24.0%). Its superior performance compared to the other
dimers is primarily ascribed to the longer triplet lifetime of this
dimer (4.7 ms), thus reinforcing the importance of this parameter.
Comparisons between simulations and experiments reveal that the double-sensitization
mechanism is part of the mechanism of intramolecular upconversion
and that this additional pathway could be of great significance under
specific conditions. The results from this study can thus act as a
guide not only in terms of annihilator design but also for the design
of future solid-state systems where intramolecular exciton migration
is anticipated to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 532, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerker Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Sotani T, Mizokuro T, Yajima T, Sogawa H, Sanda F. Highly photoluminescent poly(norbornene)s carrying platinum–acetylide complex moieties in their side chains: evaluation of oxygen sensing and TTA–UC. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(norbornene)s carrying platinum–acetylide complex moieties change their photoluminescence colors in response to oxygen. The polymers serve as excellent sensitizers of TTA–UC with 9,10-diphenylanthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sotani
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Toshiko Mizokuro
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yajima
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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6
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Sittig M, Schmidt B, Görls H, Bocklitz T, Wächtler M, Zechel S, Hager MD, Dietzek B. Fluorescence upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation in all-organic poly(methacrylate)-terpolymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4072-4079. [PMID: 32031195 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation is demonstrated for a fully polymer-integrated material, i.e. in the limit of restricted diffusion. Organic sensitizer and acceptor are covalently attached to a poly(methacrylate) backbone, yielding a metal-free macromolecular all-in-one system for fluorescence upconversion. Due to the spatial confinement of the optically active molecular components, i.e. annihilator and sensitizer, UC by TTA in the constrained polymer system in solution is achieved at exceptionally low averaged annihilator concentrations. However, the UC quantum yield in the investigated systems is found to be low, highlighting that only chromophores in specific local surroundings yield upconversion in the limit of restricted diffusion. A photophysical model is proposed taking the heterogeneous local environment within the polymers into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sittig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Benny Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Martin D Hager
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Laboratory for Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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7
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Pun AB, Sanders SN, Sfeir MY, Campos LM, Congreve DN. Annihilator dimers enhance triplet fusion upconversion. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3969-3975. [PMID: 31015937 PMCID: PMC6457208 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical upconversion is a net process by which two low energy photons are converted into one higher energy photon. There is vast potential to exploit upconversion in applications ranging from solar energy and biological imaging to data storage and photocatalysis. Here, we link two upconverting chromophores together to synthesize a series of novel tetracene dimers for use as annihilators. When compared with the monomer annihilator, TIPS-tetracene, the dimers yield a strong enhancement in the triplet fusion process, also known as triplet-triplet annihilation, as demonstrated via a large increase in upconversion efficiency and an order of magnitude reduction of the threshold power for maximum yield. Along with the ongoing rapid improvements to sensitizer materials, the dimerization improvements demonstrated here open the way to a wide variety of emerging upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Pun
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , USA .
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Photonics Initiative , Advanced Science Research Center , City University of New York , New York , New York 10031 , USA
- Department of Physics , Graduate Center , City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , USA
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , USA .
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8
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Askes SHC, Bonnet S. Solving the oxygen sensitivity of sensitized photon upconversion in life science applications. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Joarder B, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Solid-State Photon Upconversion Materials: Structural Integrity and Triplet-Singlet Dual Energy Migration. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4613-4624. [PMID: 30059619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process wherein longer-wavelength light (lower-energy photons) is converted into shorter-wavelength light (higher-energy photons) under low excitation intensity in multichromophore systems. There have been many reports on highly efficient TTA-UC in solution; however, significant challenges remain in the development of solid-state upconverters in order to explore real-world applications. In this Perspective, we discuss the advantages and challenges of different approaches for TTA-UC in solvent-free solid systems. We consider that the energy migration-based TTA-UC has the potential to achieve ideal materials with high UC efficiency at weak solar irradiance. While the UC performance of such systems is still limited at this moment, we introduce recently developed important concepts to improve it, including kinetic/thermodynamic donor dispersion in acceptor assemblies, defectless crystals, and triplet-singlet dual energy migration. Future integration of these concepts into a single material would realize the ideal TTA-UC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Joarder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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10
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Ogawa T, Hosoyamada M, Yurash B, Nguyen TQ, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Donor–Acceptor–Collector Ternary Crystalline Films for Efficient Solid-State Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8788-8796. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosoyamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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Towards efficient solid-state triplet–triplet annihilation based photon upconversion: Supramolecular, macromolecular and self-assembled systems. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Westbrook EG, Zhang P. Plasmon-enhanced triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of post-modified polymeric acceptors. Dalton Trans 2018. [PMID: 29541706 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-enhanced triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) of polymeric acceptors containing high percentages of acceptor units. A poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-(glycidyl methacrylate)] copolymer series with increasing glycidyl methacrylate ratio was prepared using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. After post-modification of the glycidyl group with anthracene, the acceptor unit, a series of poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-(2-hydroxypropyl-9-anthroate methacrylate)] (polyACA) was produced with different numbers of acceptor units. These polymeric acceptors were grafted to silver nanoparticles in order to enhance the TTA-UC intensity in the polymers with higher percentages of acceptor units, where concentration quenching usually dominates. With the assistance of the silver nanoparticle LSPR, TTA-UC intensity was enhanced from the polymeric acceptor nanocomposites using platinum octaethylporphyrin as the sensitizer to form the TTA-UC systems. This method is anticipated to improve TTA-UC in the solid-state, where higher percentages of acceptor units are required, but usually cause chromophore concentration quenching, reducing TTA-UC efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Westbrook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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13
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Askes SH, Leeuwenburgh VC, Pomp W, Arjmandi-Tash H, Tanase S, Schmidt T, Bonnet S. Water-Dispersible Silica-Coated Upconverting Liposomes: Can a Thin Silica Layer Protect TTA-UC against Oxygen Quenching? ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:322-334. [PMID: 28317022 PMCID: PMC5350605 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Light upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) in nanoparticles has received considerable attention for bioimaging and light activation of prodrugs. However, the mechanism of TTA-UC is inherently sensitive for quenching by molecular oxygen. A potential oxygen protection strategy is the coating of TTA-UC nanoparticles with a layer of oxygen-impermeable material. In this work, we explore if (organo)silica can fulfill this protecting role. Three synthesis routes are described for preparing water-dispersible (organo)silica-coated red-to-blue upconverting liposomes. Their upconversion properties are investigated in solution and in A549 lung carcinoma cells. Although it was found that the silica offered no protection from oxygen in solution and after uptake in A549 cancer cells, upon drying of the silica-coated liposome dispersion in an excess of (organo)silica precursor, interesting liposome-silica nanocomposite materials were obtained that were capable of generating blue light upon red light excitation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H.
C. Askes
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C. Leeuwenburgh
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Pomp
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hadi Arjmandi-Tash
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Tanase
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Turshatov A, Busko D, Kiseleva N, Grage SL, Howard IA, Richards BS. Room-Temperature High-Efficiency Solid-State Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Up-Conversion in Amorphous Poly(olefin sulfone)s. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8280-8286. [PMID: 28150940 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion (TTA-UC) is a developing technology that can enable spectral conversion under sunlight. Previously, it was found that efficient TTA-UC can be realized in polymer hosts for temperatures above the polymer's glass transition (T > Tg). In contrast, TTA-UC with high quantum yield for temperatures below Tg is rarely reported. In this article, we report new polymer hosts in which efficient TTA-UC is observed well below Tg, when the polymer is in a fully solid state. The four poly(olefin sulfone) hosts were loaded with upconversion dyes, and absolute quantum yields of TTA-UC (ηTTA-UC) were measured. The highest value of ηTTA-UC = 2.1% was measured for poly(1-dodecene sulfone). Importantly, this value was the same in vacuum and at ambient conditions, indicating that the host material acts as a good oxygen barrier. We performed time-resolved luminescence experiments in order to elucidate the impact of elementary steps of TTA-UC. In addition to optical characterization, we used magic angle spinning solid-state NMR experiments to estimate the T2 transverse relaxation time. Relatively long T2 times measured for poly(olefin sulfone)s indicate an enhanced nanoscale fluidity in the studied (co)polymers, which unexpectedly coexists with a rigidity on the macroscale. This would explain the exceptional triplet energy transfer between the guest molecules, despite the macroscopic rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Turshatov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Natalia Kiseleva
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephan L Grage
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological Interfaces IBG-2 , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ian A Howard
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Light Technology Institute , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Light Technology Institute , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Askes SH, Brodie P, Bruylants G, Bonnet S. Temperature Dependence of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Phospholipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:780-786. [PMID: 28059523 PMCID: PMC5330659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the temperature dependency of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is important for optimizing biological applications of upconversion. Here the temperature dependency of red-to-blue TTA-UC is reported in a variety of neutral PEGylated phospholipid liposomes. In these systems a delicate balance between lateral diffusion rate of the dyes, annihilator aggregation, and sensitizer self-quenching leads to a volcano plot, with the maximum upconversion intensity occurring near the main order-disorder transition temperature of the lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H.
C. Askes
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Brodie
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles Bruylants
- Engineering
of Molecular NanoSystems, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 50
av. F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Askes SHC, Meijer MS, Bouwens T, Landman I, Bonnet S. Red Light Activation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Prodrugs via Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: Feasibility in Air and through Meat. Molecules 2016; 21:E1460. [PMID: 27809290 PMCID: PMC6273732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a promising photophysical tool to shift the activation wavelength of photopharmacological compounds to the red or near-infrared wavelength domain, in which light penetrates human tissue optimally. However, TTA-UC is sensitive to dioxygen, which quenches the triplet states needed for upconversion. Here, we demonstrate not only that the sensitivity of TTA-UC liposomes to dioxygen can be circumvented by adding antioxidants, but also that this strategy is compatible with the activation of ruthenium-based chemotherapeutic compounds. First, red-to-blue upconverting liposomes were functionalized with a blue-light sensitive, membrane-anchored ruthenium polypyridyl complex, and put in solution in presence of a cocktail of antioxidants composed of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Upon red light irradiation with a medical grade 630 nm PDT laser, enough blue light was produced by TTA-UC liposomes under air to efficiently trigger full activation of the Ru-based prodrug. Then, the blue light generated by TTA-UC liposomes under red light irradiation (630 nm, 0.57 W/cm²) through different thicknesses of pork or chicken meat was measured, showing that TTA-UC still occurred even beyond 10 mm of biological tissue. Overall, the rate of activation of the ruthenium compound in TTA-UC liposomes using either blue or red light (1.6 W/cm²) through 7 mm of pork fillet were found comparable, but the blue light caused significant tissue damage, whereas red light did not. Finally, full activation of the ruthenium prodrug in TTA-UC liposomes was obtained under red light irradiation through 7 mm of pork fillet, thereby underlining the in vivo applicability of the activation-by-upconversion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H C Askes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessel Bouwens
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris Landman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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Askes SHC, Pomp W, Hopkins SL, Kros A, Wu S, Schmidt T, Bonnet S. Imaging Upconverting Polymersomes in Cancer Cells: Biocompatible Antioxidants Brighten Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5579-5590. [PMID: 27571308 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light upconversion is a very powerful tool in bioimaging as it can eliminate autofluorescence, increase imaging contrast, reduce irradiation damage, and increase excitation penetration depth in vivo. In particular, triplet-triplet annihilation upconverting (TTA-UC) nanoparticles and liposomes offer high upconversion efficiency at low excitation power. However, TTA-UC is quenched in air by oxygen, which also leads to the formation of toxic singlet oxygen. In this work, polyisobutylene-monomethyl polyethylene glycol block copolymers are synthesized and used for preparing polymersomes that upconvert red light into blue light in absence of oxygen. In addition, it is demonstrated that biocompatible antioxidants such as l-ascorbate, glutathionate, l-histidine, sulfite, trolox, or even opti-MEM medium, can be used to protect the TTA-UC process in these polymersomes resulting in red-to-blue upconversion under aerobic conditions. Most importantly, this approach is also functional in living cells. When A549 lung carcinoma cells are treated with TTA-UC polymersomes in the presence of 5 × 10-3 m ascorbate and glutathionate, upconversion in the living cells is one order of magnitude brighter than that observed without antioxidants. These results propose a simple chemical solution to the issue of oxygen sensitivity of TTA-UC, which is of paramount importance for the technological advancement of this technique in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H C Askes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Pomp
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, PO box 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha L Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Si Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, PO box 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Thévenaz DC, Lee SH, Guignard F, Balog S, Lattuada M, Weder C, Simon YC. Single-Component Upconverting Polymeric Nanoparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:826-32. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Thévenaz
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Soo Hyon Lee
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Florian Guignard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; The University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Dr. #5050 Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
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Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Recent emergence of photon upconversion based on triplet energy migration in molecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5354-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00089d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article reviews an emerging field of triplet energy migration-based photon upconversion (TEM-UC) that allows highly efficient photon upconversion at low excitation power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
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20
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Simon YC, Weder C. Metal-organic frameworks: Framing upconversion materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:864-865. [PMID: 26237126 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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