1
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El-Sayed NM, El-Bakary MA, Ibrahim MA, Elgamal MA, ElZorkany HE, Elshoky HA. Synthesis and characterization of mussel-inspired nanocomposites based on dopamine-chitosan-iron oxide for wound healing: In vitro study. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122538. [PMID: 36586630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are many challenges faced the soft tissue adhesives in the medical application field. For example, there is a limited effective binding between the medical adhesive and different types of soft tissues. Chitosan (CS) and dopamine (DA) were used as structural units for synthesizing nanocomposites utilized as a wet tissue adhesive. To produce dopamine-chitosan-iron oxide nanocomposites (DA-CS-Fe3O4 NCs), DA was loaded onto chitosan-iron oxide nanocomposites. The nanocomposites have been prepared using ionic gelation method under vigorous homogenization and characterized by different techniques. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have shown that DA-CS- Fe3O4 NCs could attach to the tissue through two possible functional groups, namely, the catechol and amine groups. The results of in vitro scratch wound-healing assay suggested that the prepared DA-CS- Fe3O4 NCs facilitate cell migration (the wound-closure percentage reached 96% at 72 h). All experimental results confirm that DA-CS- Fe3O4 NCs are strongly recommended for use as a soft medical tissue adhesive in wound healing and surgeries such as vascular surgery. In addition, the results of the whole blood clotting, antibacterial assessment, live and dead assay, cytotoxicity test, and wound-healing assay indicate that DA-CS-Fe3O4 NCs can be used as a multifunctional biomedical adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayera M El-Sayed
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A El-Bakary
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Medhat A Ibrahim
- Molecular Spectroscopy and Modeling Unit, Spectroscopy Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elgamal
- Congenital and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Heba ElSayed ElZorkany
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab. (NAMCL), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Elshoky
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab. (NAMCL), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Tumor Biology Research Program, Basic Research Unit, Department of Research, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo 11441, Egypt.
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2
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Park J, Park E, Choi SQ, Wu J, Park J, Lee H, Kim H, Lee H, Seo M. Biodegradable Block Copolymer-Tannic Acid Glue. JACS AU 2022; 2:1978-1988. [PMID: 36186559 PMCID: PMC9516699 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioadhesives are becoming an essential and important ingredient in medical science. Despite numerous reports, developing adhesive materials that combine strong adhesion, biocompatibility, and biodegradation remains a challenging task. Here, we present a biocompatible yet biodegradable block copolymer-based waterborne superglue that leads to an application of follicle-free hair transplantation. Our design strategy bridges self-assembled, temperature-sensitive block copolymer nanostructures with tannic acid as a sticky and biodegradable polyphenolic compound. The formulation further uniquely offers step-by-step increases in adhesion strength via heating-cooling cycles. Combining the modular design with the thermal treating process enhances the mechanical properties up to 5 orders of magnitude compared to the homopolymer formulation. This study opens a new direction in bioadhesive formulation strategies utilizing block copolymer nanotechnology for systematic and synergistic control of the material's properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Siyoung Q. Choi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST
Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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3
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Shokri M, Dalili F, Kharaziha M, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Ahmadi Tafti H. Strong and bioactive bioinspired biomaterials, next generation of bone adhesives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102706. [PMID: 35623113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The bone adhesive is a clinical requirement for complicated bone fractures always articulated by surgeons. Applying glue is a quick and easy way to fix broken bones. Adhesives, unlike conventional fixation methods such as wires and sutures, improve healing conditions and reduce postoperative pain by creating a complete connection at the fractured joint. Despite many efforts in the field of bone adhesives, the creation of a successful adhesive with robust adhesion and appropriate bioactivity for the treatment of bone fractures is still in its infancy. Because of the resemblance of the body's humid environment to the underwater environment, in the latest decades, researchers have pursued inspiration from nature to develop strong bioactive adhesives for bone tissue. The aim of this review article is to discuss the recent state of the art in bone adhesives with a specific focus on biomimetic adhesives, their action mechanisms, and upcoming perspective. Firstly, the adhesive biomaterials with specific affinity to bone tissue are introduced and their rational design is studied. Consequently, various types of synthetic and natural bioadhesives for bone tissue are comprehensively overviewed. Then, bioinspired-adhesives are described, highlighting relevant structures and examples of biomimetic adhesives mainly made of DOPA and the complex coacervates inspired by proteins secreted in mussel and sandcastle worms, respectively. Finally, this article overviews the challenges of the current bioadhesives and the future research for the improvement of the properties of biomimetic adhesives for use as bone adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Shokri
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Faezeh Dalili
- School of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ahmadi Tafti
- Tehran Heart Hospital Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Kim M, Lee H, Krecker MC, Bukharina D, Nepal D, Bunning TJ, Tsukruk VV. Switchable Photonic Bio-Adhesive Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103674. [PMID: 34476859 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A soft photonic bio-adhesive material is designed with real-time colorimetrical monitoring of switchable adhesion by integrating a responsive bio-photonic matrix with mobile hydrogen-binding networking. Synergetic materials sequencing creates a unique iridescent appearance directly coupled with both adhesive ability and shearing strength, in a highly reversible manner. The responsive photonic materials, having a physically hydrogen-bonded chiral nematic organization, vary their adhesion strength due to a transition in cohesive and interfacial failure mechanism in humid surroundings. The bright color appearance shifts from blue to red to transparent and back due to a change in pitch length of the chiral helicoidal organization that also triggers coupled changes in both mechanical strength and interfacial adhesion. Such reversible strength-adhesion-iridescence triple-coupling phenomenon is further explored for design of super-strong switchable bio-adhesives for synthetic/biological surfaces with quick remotely triggered sticky-to-nonsticky transitions, removable conformal soft stickers, and wound dressings with visual monitoring of the healing process, to colorimetric stickers for contaminated respiratory masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hansol Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Michelle C Krecker
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daria Bukharina
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Wang H, Wang L, Zhang S, Zhang W, Li J, Han Y. Mussel‐inspired polymer materials derived from nonphytogenic and phytogenic catechol derivatives and their applications. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Liuliu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Yanming Han
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
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6
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Schönemann E, Koc J, Karthäuser JF, Özcan O, Schanzenbach D, Schardt L, Rosenhahn A, Laschewsky A. Sulfobetaine Methacrylate Polymers of Unconventional Polyzwitterion Architecture and Their Antifouling Properties. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1494-1508. [PMID: 33709699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combining high hydrophilicity with charge neutrality, polyzwitterions are intensely explored for their high biocompatibility and low-fouling properties. Recent reports indicated that in addition to charge neutrality, the zwitterion's segmental dipole orientation is an important factor for interacting with the environment. Accordingly, a series of polysulfobetaines with a novel architecture was designed, in which the cationic and anionic groups of the zwitterionic moiety are placed at equal distances from the backbone. They were investigated by in vitro biofouling assays, covering proteins of different charges and model marine organisms. All polyzwitterion coatings reduced the fouling effectively compared to model polymer surfaces of poly(butyl methacrylate), with a nearly equally good performance as the reference polybetaine poly(3-(N-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)propanesulfonate). The specific fouling resistance depended on the detailed chemical structure of the polyzwitterions. Still, while clearly affecting the performance, the precise dipole orientation of the sulfobetaine group in the polyzwitterions seems overall to be only of secondary importance for their antifouling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jana F Karthäuser
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Özcan
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Schanzenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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7
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Schönemann E, Koc J, Aldred N, Clare AS, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A, Wischerhoff E. Synthesis of Novel Sulfobetaine Polymers with Differing Dipole Orientations in Their Side Chains, and Their Effects on the Antifouling Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900447. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry Universität Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry ‐ Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Anthony S. Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry Universität Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry ‐ Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
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8
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Schönemann E, Laschewsky A, Wischerhoff E, Koc J, Rosenhahn A. Surface Modification by Polyzwitterions of the Sulfabetaine-Type, and Their Resistance to Biofouling. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1014. [PMID: 31181764 PMCID: PMC6631746 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Films of zwitterionic polymers are increasingly explored for conferring fouling resistance to materials. Yet, the structural diversity of polyzwitterions is rather limited so far, and clear structure-property relationships are missing. Therefore, we synthesized a series of new polyzwitterions combining ammonium and sulfate groups in their betaine moieties, so-called poly(sulfabetaine)s. Their chemical structures were varied systematically, the monomers carrying methacrylate, methacrylamide, or styrene moieties as polymerizable groups. High molar mass homopolymers were obtained by free radical polymerization. Although their solubilities in most solvents were very low, brine and lower fluorinated alcohols were effective solvents in most cases. A set of sulfabetaine copolymers containing about 1 mol % (based on the repeat units) of reactive benzophenone methacrylate was prepared, spin-coated onto solid substrates, and photo-cured. The resistance of these films against the nonspecific adsorption by two model proteins (bovine serum albumin-BSA, fibrinogen) was explored, and directly compared with a set of references. The various polyzwitterions reduced protein adsorption strongly compared to films of poly(nbutyl methacrylate) that were used as a negative control. The poly(sulfabetaine)s showed generally even somewhat higher anti-fouling activity than their poly(sulfobetaine) analogues, though detailed efficacies depended on the individual polymer-protein pairs. Best samples approach the excellent performance of a poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate) reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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9
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Chandrasekharan A, Seong KY, Yim SG, Kim S, Seo S, Yoon J, Yang SY. In situ
photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based surgical glue with tunable mechanical properties and high adhesive strength. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeesh Chandrasekharan
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute; Pusan National University; Miryang 50463 Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Yong Seong
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute; Pusan National University; Miryang 50463 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute; Pusan National University; Miryang 50463 Republic of Korea
| | - Sodam Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute; Pusan National University; Miryang 50463 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbaek Seo
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute; Pusan National University; Miryang 50463 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry Education; Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute; Pusan National University; Miryang 50463 Republic of Korea
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Vázquez-Lasa B, San Román J. Bioactive and Bioadhesive Catechol Conjugated Polymers for Tissue Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070768. [PMID: 30960693 PMCID: PMC6403640 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of chronic wounds constitutes one of the most common worldwide healthcare problem due to the presence of high levels of proteases, free radicals and exudates in the wound, which constantly activate the inflammatory system, avoiding tissue regeneration. In this study, we describe a multifunctional bioactive and resorbable membrane with in-built antioxidant agent catechol for the continuous quenching of free radicals as well as to control inflammatory response, helping to promote the wound-healing process. This natural polyphenol (catechol) is the key molecule responsible for the mechanism of adhesion of mussels providing also the functionalized polymer with bioadhesion in the moist environment of the human body. To reach that goal, synthesized statistical copolymers of N-vinylcaprolactam (V) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (H) have been conjugated with catechol bearing hydrocaffeic acid (HCA) molecules with high yields. The system has demonstrated good biocompatibility, a sustained antioxidant response, an anti-inflammatory effect, an ultraviolet (UV) screen, and bioadhesion to porcine skin, all of these been key features in the wound-healing process. Therefore, these novel mussel-inspired materials have an enormous potential for application and can act very positively, favoring and promoting the healing effect in chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca Vázquez-Lasa
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio San Román
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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