1
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Mohanraman R, Steiner P, Kocabas C, Kinloch IA, Bissett MA. Synergistic Improvement in the Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Boron Nitride Nanotube/Nanosheet Epoxy Composites. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:13142-13146. [PMID: 38912122 PMCID: PMC11190995 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Epoxy composites with excellent thermal properties are highly promising for thermal management applications in modern electronic devices. In this work, we report the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of two different nanocomposites, using epoxy resins LY564 (epoxy 1) and LY5052 (epoxy 2), by incorporating multiwalled boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) as fillers. The synergistic interaction between the 1D BNNT and 2D BNNS allows for improved thermal conductivity via several different mechanisms. The highest thermal conductivity was measured at a loading of 1/30 wt % of BNNT/BNNS, resulting in values of 2.6 and 3.4 Wm-1 K-1, respectively, for each epoxy matrix. This improvement is attributed to the formation of a three-dimensional heat flow path formed through intercalation of the nanotubes between the BNNS. The thermal conductivity of the epoxy 1 and 2 nanocomposites improved by 940 and 1500%, respectively, making them suitable as thermal interface materials in electronic applications requiring electrical resistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshkumar Mohanraman
- Department of Materials,
Henry Royce Institute, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Pietro Steiner
- Department of Materials,
Henry Royce Institute, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Coskun Kocabas
- Department of Materials,
Henry Royce Institute, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ian A. Kinloch
- Department of Materials,
Henry Royce Institute, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mark A. Bissett
- Department of Materials,
Henry Royce Institute, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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2
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Takezawa Y, Furukawa N, Nachimuthu S, Zhou R, Torbati A. Higher-Order Structural Analysis of a Transparent and Flexible High Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Sheet and Its Composite. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20839-20848. [PMID: 38770267 PMCID: PMC11105003 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Transparency, flexibility, and high thermal conductivity are trade-offs. Specifically, we have investigated a cross-linked acrylic liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) that exhibits both transparency and flexibility while maintaining a high level of thermal conductivity. The transparent monodomain LCE sheet was achieved through a process of stretching an initially opaque polydomain sheet to 80% elongation and subsequently subjecting it to photocuring. The thermal conductivity in the stretching direction (x) of the monodomain LCE sheet was found to be 1.8 times higher than that of the prestretched polydomain sheet, consistent with findings from previous studies. However, in the orthogonal direction (y) to the stretching (x) direction, the thermal conductivity exhibited an even higher value, being 1.7 times greater than in the x-direction, with a value of 3.0 W/(m·K). This unique observation prompted us to conduct further investigation through higher-order structural analysis of these LCE sheets using 2D wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis. In the transparent sheet, the LCE molecules were aligned in the sheet in the stretching x-direction (monodomain structure) for the out-of-plane direction. However, in the in-plane x-direction, the molecular plane spacing exhibited random orientation at a period of 0.45 nm. In contrast, within the y-direction of the inner layer, the molecular plane spacing exhibited a uniaxial horizontal orientation at the same period length as in the x-direction. The heat energy entering into the y-direction once spreads to the x-direction, but it was considered that the reason for the higher thermal conductivity to the y-direction would be forming covalent bonds that function as new heat transmission paths, in the direction intersecting to the x-direction during photocuring. Therefore, we concluded that the synergistic effect of the high level of the ordered inner structure and covalent bonding structure due to cross-linking in the y-direction contributes to its higher thermal conductivity compared to that in the x-direction, which exhibits a random in-plane structure. Additionally, we have fabricated an LCE composite sheet filled with 75 vol % of alumina particles using a polydomain-type LCE as the base material. The composite sheet exhibits remarkable thermal conductivity in the thickness direction, measuring at 9.8 W/(m·K), while maintaining a flexibility characterized by an elastic modulus of 70 MPa. This thermal conductivity surpasses that of a nonmesogenic acrylic composite sheet with identical alumina particle filling, which measured at 3.9 W/(m·K), more than twice as much. The presence of the mesogen skeleton has been demonstrated to enhance heat transfer, even within soft composites, by facilitating the formation of an ordered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Naoki Furukawa
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Senguttuvan Nachimuthu
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Risheng Zhou
- Impressio,
Inc., 7270 Gilpin Way,
Suite#120, Denver, Colorado 80229, United States
| | - Amir Torbati
- Impressio,
Inc., 7270 Gilpin Way,
Suite#120, Denver, Colorado 80229, United States
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3
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Tanaka S, Takezawa Y, Kanie K, Muramatsu A. Forming a Homeotropic SmA Structure of Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resin on an Amine-Modified Surface. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32365-32371. [PMID: 37720757 PMCID: PMC10500675 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular orientation of a liquid crystalline (LC) epoxy resin (LCER) on silane coupling surfaces of amorphous soda-lime-silica glass substrates was investigated. The LC epoxy monomer on the silane coupling surfaces of the substrates was revealed to form a smectic A (SmA) phase with planar alignments because of the relatively low surface free energy. An LCER with a curing agent, however, formed a homeotropically aligned SmA structure by curing on a substrate surface modified using a silane coupling agent with amino groups. This formation of homeotropic alignment was considered due to the attribution of the reaction between the amino group on the surface of the substrate and the epoxy group of the LCER. The homeotropic alignment had a relatively high orientation parameter of 0.95. Therefore, it is expected to possess high thermal conductivity and be applied as high-thermal-conductivity adhesives or packaging materials for electrical and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tanaka
- Research
& Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 7-1-1 Omika, Hitachi 319-1292, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Advanced
Technology Research & Development Center, Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd., 48 Wadai, Tsukuba 300-4247, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
- International
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muramatsu
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
- International
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
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4
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Feng Z, Liu X, Liu J, Chen X, Chen B, Liang L. Liquid crystal epoxy composites based on functionalized boron nitride: Synthesis and thermal properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- China National Chemistry Southern Construction & Investment Co., Ltd Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Bifang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
- CASH GCC Shaoguan Research Institute of Advanced Materials Nanxiong People's Republic of China
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5
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Li Y, Gong C, Hou Z, Zhou W, Liu C, Peng L, Wu Y, Shi Q, Cheng Q. Flexible epoxy‐dispersed liquid crystal membranes of intrinsic thermal conductivity with high voltage orientation molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Changdan Gong
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhenzhong Hou
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Longgui Peng
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Qin Shi
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Qiwei Cheng
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
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6
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Shundo A, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Network Formation and Physical Properties of Epoxy Resins for Future Practical Applications. JACS AU 2022; 2:1522-1542. [PMID: 35911459 PMCID: PMC9327093 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are used in various fields in a wide range of applications such as coatings, adhesives, modeling compounds, impregnation materials, high-performance composites, insulating materials, and encapsulating and packaging materials for electronic devices. To achieve the desired properties, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how the network formation and physical state change involved in the curing reaction affect the resultant network architecture and physical properties. However, this is not necessarily easy because of their infusibility at higher temperatures and insolubility in organic solvents. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge related to these issues which has been gathered using various experimental techniques in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. This should provide useful ideas for researchers who aim to design and construct various thermosetting polymer systems including currently popular materials such as vitrimers over epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuomi Shundo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and
Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y. State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Bottom-up Synthesis of Polymers with High Thermal Conductivity. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to metals, polymers are predominantly thermal and electrical insulators. With their unparalleled advantages such as light weight, turning polymer insulators into heat conductors with metal-like thermal conductivity is...
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8
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Tang N, Tanaka S, Takezawa Y, Kanie K. Highly anisotropic thermal conductivity of mesogenic epoxy resin film through orientation control. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Research & Development Group Hitachi, Ltd Hitachi Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Research & Development Group Hitachi, Ltd Hitachi Japan
- Advanced Technology Research & Development Center Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd Tsukuba Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Advanced Technology Research & Development Center Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material Tohoku University Sendai Japan
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9
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Hasegawa M, Nagai S, Sokabe S, Ikeda K, Ishii J. Liquid‐crystalline behavior and thermal conductivity of vinyl polymers containing benzoxazole side groups. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunjiro Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Toho University Chiba Japan
| | - Seina Sokabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Toho University Chiba Japan
| | - Keita Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Toho University Chiba Japan
| | - Junichi Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Toho University Chiba Japan
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10
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Hong Y, Goh M. Advances in Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins for High Thermal Conductivity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081302. [PMID: 33921153 PMCID: PMC8071481 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) is one of the most famous thermoset materials. In general, because EP has a three-dimensional random network, it possesses thermal properties similar to those of a typical heat insulator. Recently, there has been substantial interest in controlling the network structure of EP to create new functionalities. Indeed, the modified EP, represented as liquid crystalline epoxy (LCE), is considered promising for producing novel functionalities, which cannot be obtained from conventional EPs, by replacing the random network structure with an oriented one. In this paper, we review the current progress in the field of LCEs and their application to highly thermally conductive composite materials.
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11
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Kang DG, Park M, Ko H, Rim M, Park S, Tran DT, Yoo MJ, Kim N, Jeong KU. Thermal Energy Harvest and Reutilization by the Combination of Thermal Conducting Reactive Mesogens and Heat-Storage Mesogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13637-13647. [PMID: 33703879 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a newly programmed and synthesized heat storage mesogen (HSM) and reactive mesogen (RM), advanced heat managing polymer alloys that exhibit high thermal conductivity, high latent heat, and phase transition at high temperatures were developed for use as smart thermal energy harvesting and reutilization materials. The RM in the heat-managing RM-HSM polymer alloy was polymerized to form a robust polymeric network with high thermal conductivity. The phase-separated HSM domains between RM polymeric networks absorbed and released a lot of thermal energy in response to changes in the surrounding temperature. For the fabrication of smart heat-managing RM-HSM polymer alloys, the composition and polymerization temperature were optimized based on the constructed phase diagram and thermal energy managing properties of the RM-HSM mixture. From morphological investigation and thermal analysis, it was realized that the heat storage capacity of polymer alloys depends on the size of the phase-separated HSM domain. The structure-morphology-property relationship of the heat managing polymer alloys was built based on the combined techniques of thermal, scattering, and morphological analysis. The newly developed mesogen-based polymer alloys can be used as smart thermal energy-harvesting and reutilization materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gue Kang
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, California, United States
| | - Hyeyoon Ko
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Rim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy Thanh Tran
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Myong-Jae Yoo
- Electronic Convergence Materials & Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Smart Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan 31214, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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12
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Tanaka S, Takezawa Y, Kanie K, Muramatsu A. Homeotropically Aligned Monodomain-like Smectic-A Structure in Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Films: Analysis of the Local Ordering Structure by Microbeam Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20792-20799. [PMID: 32875213 PMCID: PMC7450511 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the development of functional thin films with high thermal conductivity, the local ordering structure of a cured liquid crystalline epoxy resin (LCER) droplet was investigated by using synchrotron radiation microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering. The cured LCER in the vicinity of a substrate with low surface free energy was revealed to form a polydomain smectic-A (SmA) structure in which the normal direction of the layers was random in each domain, although the alignment was planar near the air interface. On the other hand, the cured LCER on a substrate with high surface free energy formed a homeotropically aligned SmA structure in the region within 21 μm from the surface of the substrate. Therefore, a 20 μm thick LCER film was fabricated and found to form a homeotropically aligned monodomain-like SmA structure throughout the whole film with a high thermal conductivity (0.81-5.8 W m-1 K-1). This film with a high thermal conductivity is expected to be applicable for adhesion and precoating materials for electrical and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tanaka
- Advanced
Technology Research & Development Center, Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd., 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
- Research
& Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 7-1-1 Omika, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1292, Japan
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Advanced
Technology Research & Development Center, Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd., 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muramatsu
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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13
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Hoekstra DC, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. Epoxide and oxetane based liquid crystals for advanced functional materials. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5106-5119. [PMID: 32459272 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) and liquid crystalline networks (LCNs) are classes of polymers very suitable for fabricating advanced functional materials. Two main pathways to obtain LCEs and LCNs have gained the most attention in the literature, namely the two-step crosslinking of LC side-chain polymers and the photoinitiated free-radical polymerisation of acrylate LC monomers. These liquid crystal polymers have demonstrated remarkable properties resulting from their anisotropic shapes, being used in soft robotics, responsive surfaces and as photonic materials. In this review, we will show that LCs with cyclic ethers as polymerisable groups can be an attractive alternative to the aforementioned reactive acrylate mesogens. These epoxide and oxetane based reactive mesogens could offer a number of advantages over their acrylate-based counterparts, including oxygen insensitivity, reduced polymerisation shrinkage, improved alignment, lower processing viscosity and potentially extended resistivity. In this review, we summarise the research on these materials from the past 30 years and offer a glimpse into the potential of these cyclic ether mesogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey C Hoekstra
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
There is a significant effort in miniaturizing nanodevices, such as semi-conductors, currently underway. However, a major challenge that is a significant bottleneck is dissipating heat generated in these energy-intensive nanodevices. In addition to being a serious operational concern (high temperatures can interfere with their efficient operation), it is a serious safety concern, as has been documented in recent reports of explosions resulting from many such overheated devices. A significant barrier to heat dissipation is the interfacial films present in these nanodevices. These interfacial films generally are not an issue in macro-devices. The research presented in this paper was an attempt to understand these interfacial resistances at the molecular level, and present possibilities for enhancing the heat dissipation rates in interfaces. We demonstrated that the thermal resistances of these interfaces were strongly anisotropic; i.e., the resistance parallel to the interface was significantly smaller than the resistance perpendicular to the interface. While the latter is well-known—usually referred to as Kapitza resistance—the anisotropy and the parallel component have previously been investigated only for solid-solid interfaces. We used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the density profiles at the interface as a function of temperature and temperature gradient, to reveal the underlying physics of the anisotropy of thermal conductivity at solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid interfaces.
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15
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Yamazaki S, Tokita M. A Correlation between Thermal Diffusivity and Long Period in Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamazaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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16
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Kuenstler AS, Kim H, Hayward RC. Liquid Crystal Elastomer Waveguide Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901216. [PMID: 31012181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While most photomechanical materials developed to date have relied on free-space illumination to drive actuation, this strategy fails when direct line-of-site access is precluded. In this study, waveguided light is harnessed by liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) nanocomposites to drive actuation. Using photo-chemical reduction of gold salts to plasmonic nanoparticles, prescription of photoresponsive regions within fibers of mono-domain LCEs is demonstrated with control over both the location along the fiber axis, as well as in the azimuthal direction. Due to localized photothermal heating provided by plasmonic absorption of waveguided light and resulting inhomogeneous thermally induced deformation of the LCE, reversible bending along multiple axes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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17
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Shen W, Wang L, Cao Y, Zhang L, Yang Z, Yuan X, Yang H, Jiang T, Chen H. Cationic photopolymerization of liquid crystalline epoxide in mesogenic solvents and its application in polymer-stabilized liquid crystals. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Chen G, Zhang Q, Hu Z, Wang S, Wu K, Shi J, Liang L, Lu M. Liquid crystalline epoxies bearing biphenyl ether and aromatic ester mesogenic units: Synthesis and thermal properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1581578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guokang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuorong Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mangeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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19
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Shen W, Wang L, Chen G, Li C, Zhang L, Yang Z, Yang H. A facile route towards controllable electric-optical performance of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal via the implantation of liquid crystalline epoxy network in conventional resin. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Jeong I, Kim CB, Kang DG, Jeong KU, Jang SG, You NH, Ahn S, Lee DS, Goh M. Liquid crystalline epoxy resin with improved thermal conductivity by intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iseul Jeong
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Wanju Jeonbuk 55324 Republic of Korea
- Department of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Bin Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Wanju Jeonbuk 55324 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Gyu Jang
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Wanju Jeonbuk 55324 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Ho You
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Wanju Jeonbuk 55324 Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhoon Ahn
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Wanju Jeonbuk 55324 Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Soo Lee
- Department of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Wanju Jeonbuk 55324 Republic of Korea
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21
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Kang DG, Ko H, Koo J, Lim SI, Kim JS, Yu YT, Lee CR, Kim N, Jeong KU. Anisotropic Thermal Interface Materials: Directional Heat Transfer in Uniaxially Oriented Liquid Crystal Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35557-35562. [PMID: 30088761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For the development of anisotropic thermal interface materials (TIMs), a rod-shaped reactive monomer PNP-6MA is newly designed and successfully synthesized. PNP-6MA reveals a smectic A (SmA) mesophase between crystalline (K) and isotropic (I) phases. PNP-6MA can be oriented under a magnetic field ( B = 2 T), and its macroscopic orientation can be robustly stabilized by in situ polymerization. Even without macroscopic orientations, the fabricated thermal conducting liquid crystal (TCLC) films show the outstanding thermal conductivity of 1.21 W/m K, which is higher than conventional organic materials. The thermal conductivity of uniaxially and macroscopically oriented TCLC films can be 2.5 W/m K along the long axis of mesogenic core. The newly developed TCLC film can be used as a TIM between a high-power light-emitting diode and a heat sink.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Namil Kim
- Smart Materials R&D Center , Korea Automotive Technology Institute , Cheonan 31214 , Republic of Korea
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22
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Islam AM, Lim H, You NH, Ahn S, Goh M, Hahn JR, Yeo H, Jang SG. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resin using Controlled Linear Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1180-1185. [PMID: 35651269 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A powerful strategy to enhance the thermal conductivity of liquid crystalline epoxy resin (LCER) by simply replacing the conventional amine cross-linker with a cationic initiator was developed. The cationic initiator linearly wove the epoxy groups tethered on the microscopically aligned liquid crystal mesogens, resulting in freezing of the ordered LC microstructures even after curing. Owing to the reduced phonon scattering during heat transport through the ordered LC structure, a dramatic improvement in the thermal conductivity of neat cation-cured LCER was achieved to give a value ∼141% (i.e., 0.48 W/mK) higher than that of the amorphous amine-cured LCER. In addition, at the same composite volume fraction in the presence of a 2-D boron nitride filler, an approximately 130% higher thermal conductivity (maximum ∼23 W/mK at 60 vol %) was observed. The nanoarchitecture effect of the ordered LCER on the thermal conductivity was then examined by a systematic investigation using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal conductivity measurements. The linear polymerization of LCER can therefore be considered a practical strategy to enable the cost-efficient mass production of heat-dissipating materials, due to its high efficiency and simple process without the requirement for complex equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akherul Md. Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Jae Ryang Hahn
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonuk Yeo
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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23
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Hasegawa M, Shigeta K, Ishii J. Thermosets containing benzoxazole units: Liquid-crystalline behavior and thermal conductivity. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Kasumi Shigeta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Junichi Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Toho University; 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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24
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25
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Tanaka S, Hojo F, Takezawa Y, Kanie K, Muramatsu A. Highly Oriented Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Film: Robust High Thermal-Conductive Ability. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3562-3570. [PMID: 31458608 PMCID: PMC6641456 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecular orientation effect of a liquid crystalline (LC) epoxy resin (LCER) on thermal conductivity was investigated, with the thermal conductivity depending on the surface free energy of amorphous soda-lime-silica glass substrate surfaces modified using physical surface treatments. The LC epoxy monomer was revealed to form a smectic A (SmA) phase with homeotropic alignments on the surfaces of substrates that possess high surface free energies of 71.3 and 72.7 mN m-1, but forming a planar alignment on the surface of a substrate that possesses a relatively low surface free energy of 46.3 mN m-1. The optical microscopy observations and the X-ray analyses revealed that the LC epoxy monomer also induced a homeotropically aligned SmA structure due to cross-linking with a curing agent on the high-free-energy surface. The orientational order parameter of the resulting homeotropic SmA structure was calculated from the grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering patterns to be 0.73-0.75. The thermal conductivity of the cross-linked LCER forming a homeotropically aligned SmA structure was also estimated to be 2.0 and 5.8 W m-1 K-1 for the average and maximum in the direction of the Sm layer normal. The value of the thermal conductivity was remarkable among the thermosetting polymers and ceramic glass, and the LCER could be applied for high-thermal-conductive adhesives and packaging materials in electrical and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tanaka
- Research
& Development group, Hitachi, Ltd., 7-1-1 Omika, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1292, Japan
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Fusao Hojo
- Research
& Development group, Hitachi, Ltd., 7-1-1 Omika, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Advanced
Technology Research & Development Center, Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muramatsu
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material, Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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26
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Kato T, Uchida J, Ichikawa T, Sakamoto T. Von funktionellen Flüssigkristallen zur nächsten Generation von Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
- PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi 332-0012 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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27
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Kato T, Uchida J, Ichikawa T, Sakamoto T. Functional Liquid Crystals towards the Next Generation of Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29534321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the liquid-crystalline state in 1888, liquid crystal science has made great advances through fusion with various technologies and disciplines. Recently, new molecular design strategies and new self-assembled structures have been developed as a result of the progress made in synthetic procedures and characterization techniques. Since these liquid crystals exhibit new functions and properties derived from their nanostructures and alignment, a variety of new functions for liquid crystals, such as transport for energy applications, separation for environmental applications, chromism, sensing, electrooptical effects, actuation, and templating have been proposed. This Review presents recent advances of liquid crystals that should contribute to the next generation of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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28
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Liu H, Liu QQ, Tian L, Wang LY, Xu K, Chen QX, Ou BL. Structural effects of highly π-conjugated mesogenic Schiff-base moiety on the cationic polymerization of benzoxazine and formation of ordered morphologies. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Wan J, Song J, Yang Z, Kirsch D, Jia C, Xu R, Dai J, Zhu M, Xu L, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Hitz E, Lacey SD, Li Y, Yang B, Hu L. Highly Anisotropic Conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28922480 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Composite materials with ordered microstructures often lead to enhanced functionalities that a single material can hardly achieve. Many biomaterials with unusual microstructures can be found in nature; among them, many possess anisotropic and even directional physical and chemical properties. With inspiration from nature, artificial composite materials can be rationally designed to achieve this anisotropic behavior with desired properties. Here, a metallic wood with metal continuously filling the wood vessels is developed, which demonstrates excellent anisotropic electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The well-aligned metal rods are confined and separated by the wood vessels, which deliver directional electron transport parallel to the alignment direction. Thus, the novel metallic wood composite boasts an extraordinary anisotropic electrical conductivity (σ|| /σ⊥ ) in the order of 1011 , and anisotropic thermal conductivity (κ|| /κ⊥ ) of 18. These values exceed the highest reported values in existing anisotropic composite materials. The anisotropic functionality of the metallic wood enables it to be used for thermal management applications, such as thermal insulation and thermal dissipation. The highly anisotropic metallic wood serves as an example for further anisotropic materials design; other composite materials with different biotemplates/hosts and fillers can achieve even higher anisotropic ratios, allowing them to be implemented in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jianwei Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Dylan Kirsch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mingwei Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lisha Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Emily Hitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven D Lacey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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30
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Ge SJ, Zhao TP, Wang M, Deng LL, Lin BP, Zhang XQ, Sun Y, Yang H, Chen EQ. A homeotropic main-chain tolane-type liquid crystal elastomer film exhibiting high anisotropic thermal conductivity. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5463-5468. [PMID: 28726970 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of pure polymeric films with anisotropic thermal conductivities for electronic device packaging applications has attracted intense scientific attention. In order to enhance the polymeric film's normal-direction thermal conductivity, homeotropic alignment of macromolecular chains is the primary concern. One of the promising preparation strategies is to perform in situ photopolymerization of homeotropic-oriented liquid crystal monomers. In this work, we design and synthesize a novel tolane-core thiol-ene-tailed liquid crystal monomer. Benefitting from the conjugated and extended tolane π-system of the mesogenic core and length extension of the terminal aliphatic tails, the normal-to-plane thermal conductivity value and the thermal conductivity anisotropy value of the corresponding cross-linked main-chain end-on liquid crystal polymer (xMELCP) film reach 3.56 W m-1 K-1 and 15.0, respectively. Compared with the data of a previously reported ester-type thiol-ene xMELCP film, the two primary values of this novel tolane-type thiol-ene xMELCP material are increased dramatically by 46% and 29%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China.
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31
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Synthesis and characterization of new diamines containing rigid aromatic ester units as curing agent for high performance epoxy resin. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Luo F, Wu K, Huang X, Hu W, Lu M. Encapsulation of Graphite Nanoflakes for Improving Thermal Conductivity of Mesogenic Epoxy Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Luo
- Key
Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Touch Significant Devices Electronic Materials, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Touch Significant Devices Electronic Materials, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Mangeng Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
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33
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Kim Y, Yeo H, You NH, Jang SG, Ahn S, Jeong KU, Lee SH, Goh M. Highly thermal conductive resins formed from wide-temperature-range eutectic mixtures of liquid crystalline epoxies bearing diglycidyl moieties at the side positions. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline epoxy resins with a wide temperature range exhibit a high thermal conductivity of 0.4 W m−1 K−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsu Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composites Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju-gun
- Korea
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology
| | - Hyeonuk Yeo
- Institute of Advanced Composites Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju-gun
- Korea
| | - Nam-Ho You
- Institute of Advanced Composites Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju-gun
- Korea
| | - Se Gyu Jang
- Institute of Advanced Composites Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju-gun
- Korea
| | - Seokhoon Ahn
- Institute of Advanced Composites Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju-gun
- Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 561-756
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Institute of Advanced Composites Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Wanju-gun
- Korea
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34
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Kim DG, Kim YH, Shin TJ, Cha EJ, Kim DS, Kim BG, Yoo Y, Kim YS, Yi MH, Won JC. Highly anisotropic thermal conductivity of discotic nematic liquid crystalline films with homeotropic alignment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8227-8230. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Homeotropic alignment and photo-crosslinking of discotic nematic liquid crystals yield free-standing films with high in-plane thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity anisotropy.
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35
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Kang DG, Park M, Kim DY, Goh M, Kim N, Jeong KU. Heat Transfer Organic Materials: Robust Polymer Films with the Outstanding Thermal Conductivity Fabricated by the Photopolymerization of Uniaxially Oriented Reactive Discogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30492-30501. [PMID: 27762538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For the development of advanced heat transfer organic materials (HTOMs) with excellent thermal conductivities, triphenylene-based reactive discogens, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakis(but-3-enyloxy)triphenylene (HABET) and 4,4',4″,4‴,4'''',4'''''-(triphenylene-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaylhexakis(oxy))hexakis(butane-1-thiol) (THBT), were synthesized as discotic liquid crystal (DLC) monomers and cross-linkers, respectively. A temperature-composition phase diagram of HABET-THBT mixtures was first established based on their thermal and microscopic analyses. From the experimental results, it was realized that the thermal conductivity of DLC HTOM was strongly affected by the molecular organizations on a macroscopic length scale. Macroscopic orientation of self-assembled columns in DLC HTOMs was effectively achieved under the rotating magnetic fields and successfully stabilized by the photopolymerization. The DLC HTOM polymer-stabilized at the LC phase exhibited the remarkable thermal conductivity above 1 W/mK. When the DLC HTOM was macroscopically oriented, the thermal conductivity was estimated to be 3 W/mK along the in-plane direction of DLC molecule. The outstanding thermal conductivity of DLC HTOM should be originated not only from the high content of two-dimensional aromatic discogens but also from the macroscopically oriented and self-assembled DLC. The newly developed DLC HTOM with an outstanding thermal conductivity as well as with an excellent mechanical sustainability can be applied as directional heat dissipating materials in electronic and display devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gue Kang
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Minwook Park
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Jeonbuk 565-905, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Smart Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute , Cheonan 330-912, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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36
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Lin YS, Hsu SLC, Ho TH, Cheng SS, Hsiao YH. Synthesis, characterization, and thermomechanical properties of liquid crystalline epoxy resin containing ketone mesogen. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Lin
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 701-01 Taiwan, ROC
- Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc; Product Characterization; Kaohsiung 801-70 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Steve Lien-Chung Hsu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 701-01 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Han Ho
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences; Kaohsiung 807-78 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shi-Shiun Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences; Kaohsiung 807-78 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsiao
- Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc; Product Characterization; Kaohsiung 801-70 Taiwan, ROC
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Maeda R, Okuhara K, Nakamura A, Hayakawa T, Uehara Y, Motoya T, Nobutoki H. Higher-order-structure Formation in Liquid Crystal Epoxy Thermosets Investigated by Synchrotron Radiation–Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang M, Wang J, Yang H, Lin BP, Chen EQ, Keller P, Zhang XQ, Sun Y. Homeotropically-aligned main-chain and side-on liquid crystalline elastomer films with high anisotropic thermal conductivities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4313-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Homeotropically-aligned main-chain and side-on liquid3crystalline elastomer films are reported. Their thermal conductivities in the normal direction are both dramatically higher than those along the horizontal direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics at the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
| | - Bao-Ping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics at the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Patrick Keller
- Institut Curie
- Centre De Recherche
- CNRS UMR 168
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie
- 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05
| | - Xue-Qin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
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Mossety-Leszczak B, Strachota B, Strachota A, Steinhart M, Šlouf M. The orientation-enhancing effect of diphenyl aluminium phosphate nanorods in a liquid-crystalline epoxy matrix ordered by magnetic field. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Harada M, Ando J, Yamaki M, Ochi M. Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties of a novel terphenyl liquid crystalline epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Harada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Junichiro Ando
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Motohiro Yamaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Mitsukazu Ochi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
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Ito M, Kawauchi T, Sakajiri K, Takeichi T. Synthesis of liquid–crystalline benzoxazines containing a biphenyl group in the mesogenic moiety. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shoji Y, Ishige R, Higashihara T, Morikawa J, Hashimoto T, Takahara A, Watanabe J, Ueda M. Cross-Linked Liquid Crystalline Polyimides with Siloxane Units: Their Morphology and Thermal Diffusivity. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302486s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shoji
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 H-120, O-okayama,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishige
- Institute for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 H-120, O-okayama,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi,
Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Junko Morikawa
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 H-120, O-okayama,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Hashimoto
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 H-120, O-okayama,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 H-120, O-okayama,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueda
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 H-120, O-okayama,
Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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In-situ analysis of the structural formation process of liquid–crystalline epoxy thermosets by simultaneous SAXS/WAXS measurements using synchrotron radiation. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hsu SH, Chen RS, Chang YL, Chen MH, Cheng KC, Su WF. Biphenyl liquid crystalline epoxy resin as a low-shrinkage resin-based dental restorative nanocomposite. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4151-61. [PMID: 22842038 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-shrinkage resin-based photocurable liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposite has been investigated with regard to its application as a dental restoration material. The nanocomposite consists of an organic matrix and an inorganic reinforcing filler. The organic matrix is made of liquid crystalline biphenyl epoxy resin (BP), an epoxy resin consisting of cyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (ECH), the photoinitiator 4-octylphenyl phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate and the photosensitizer champhorquinone. The inorganic filler is silica nanoparticles (∼70-100 nm). The nanoparticles were modified by an epoxy silane of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to be compatible with the organic matrix and to chemically bond with the organic matrix after photo curing. By incorporating the BP liquid crystalline (LC) epoxy resin into conventional ECH epoxy resin, the nanocomposite has improved hardness, flexural modulus, water absorption and coefficient of thermal expansion. Although the incorporation of silica filler may dilute the reinforcing effect of crystalline BP, a high silica filler content (∼42 vol.%) was found to increase the physical and chemical properties of the nanocomposite due to the formation of unique microstructures. The microstructure of nanoparticle embedded layers was observed in the nanocomposite using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This unique microstructure indicates that the crystalline BP and nanoparticles support each other and result in outstanding mechanical properties. The crystalline BP in the LC epoxy resin-based nanocomposite was partially melted during exothermic photopolymerization, and the resin expanded via an order-to-disorder transition. Thus, the post-gelation shrinkage of the LC epoxy resin-based nanocomposite is greatly reduced, ∼50.6% less than in commercialized methacrylate resin-based composites. This LC epoxy nanocomposite demonstrates good physical and chemical properties and good biocompatibility, comparable to commercialized composites. The results indicate that this novel LC nanocomposite is worthy of development and has potential for further applications in clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hao Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yoshihara S, Ezaki T, Nakamura M, Watanabe J, Matsumoto K. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Thermoplastics by Lamellar Crystal Alignment of Polymer Matrices. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hasegawa M, Suyama N, Shimoyama N, Aoki H, Nunokawa T, Kimura T. Enhanced thermal conductivity of semi-aliphatic liquid crystalline polybenzoxazoles using magnetic orientation. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Chen S, Hsu SH, Wu MC, Su WF. Kinetics studies on the accelerated curing of liquid crystalline epoxy resin/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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