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Faubel JL, Wei W, Curtis JE. Sculpting Enzyme-Generated Giant Polymer Brushes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4268-4276. [PMID: 33617223 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple yet versatile method for sculpting ultra-thick, enzyme-generated hyaluronan polymer brushes with light. The patterning mechanism is indirect, driven by reactive oxygen species created by photochemical interactions with the underlying substrate. The reactive oxygen species disrupt the enzyme hyaluronan synthase, which acts as the growth engine and anchor of the end-grafted polymers. Spatial control over the grafting density is achieved through inactivation of the enzyme in an energy density dose-dependent manner, before or after polymerization of the brush. Quantitative variation of the brush height is possible using visible wavelengths and illustrated by the creation of a brush gradient ranging from 0 to 6 μm in height over a length of 56 μm (approximately a 90 nm height increase per micron). Building upon the fundamental insights presented in this study, this work lays the foundation for the flexible and quantitative sculpting of complex three-dimensional landscapes in enzyme-generated hyaluronan brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Faubel
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wenbin Wei
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer E Curtis
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Park CH, Kim T, Lee GH, Ku KH, Kim SH, Kim BJ. Fluorescent Polymer-MoS 2-Embedded Microgels for Photothermal Heating and Colorimetric Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35415-35423. [PMID: 32662977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal heating with accurate monitoring of local temperature in complex biological fluids is crucial for therapeutic accuracy. Herein, photothermal microgels are developed to heat microscopic volumes through photothermal conversion and report the local temperature with a colorimetric response. The microgels consist of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels, which integrate temperature-responsive block-copolymer-grafted MoS2 nanosheets (BCP-grafted MoS2 NSs). The MoS2 NSs are used as a fluorescence quencher as well as an efficient photothermal agent, with their surface decorated with three distinct temperature-responsive BCPs containing blue-, green-, and red-fluorescent dyes. Upon irradiation of near-infrared light, MoS2 NSs convert the radiation into heat, and the BCPs change their conformation depending on the local temperature, selectively activating Förster resonance energy transfer of the three dyes. The use of three distinct BCPs and dyes enables the measurement of temperature in a wide range (i.e., from 25 to 50 °C). Importantly, the hydrogel matrix excludes molecules larger than the limiting mesh size so that BCP-grafted MoS2 NSs remain free from contamination against large adhesive proteins such as albumin, thus maintaining their sensitivity even in complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Ku
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mei S, Li CY. Terraced and Smooth Gradient Polymer Brushes via a Polymer Single-Crystal Assisted Grafting-To Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15758-15761. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Christopher Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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4
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Mei S, Li CY. Terraced and Smooth Gradient Polymer Brushes via a Polymer Single-Crystal Assisted Grafting-To Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Christopher Y. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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5
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Parihar V, Bandyopadhyay S, Das S, Mukherjee R, Chakraborty S, Dasgupta S. Tailored topography: a novel fabrication technique using an elasticity gradient. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7034-7044. [PMID: 30109884 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A facile methodology to create a wrinkled surface with a tailored topography is presented herein. The dependency of the elasticity of poly(dimethyl)siloxane (PDMS) on the curing temperature has been exploited to obtain a substrate with an elasticity gradient. The temperature gradient across the length of PDMS is created by a novel set-up consisting of a metal and insulator connected to a heater and the highest usable (no degradation of PDMS) temperature gradient is used. The time-dependent temperature distributions along the substrate are measured and the underlying physics of the dependence of the PDMS elasticity on the curing temperature is addressed. The PDMS substrate with the elasticity gradient is first stretched and subsequently oxidized by oxygen plasma. Upon relaxation, an ordered wrinkled surface with continuously varying wavelength and amplitude along the length of PDMS is obtained. The extent of hydrophobicity recovery of this plasma oxidized PDMS with varying elasticity has been studied. The change in the wavelength and amplitude of the regular patterns on the substrate can be controlled by varying operational parameters like applied pre-strain, plasma power and the heater temperature. It has been found that the spatial distributions of the topography and the hydrophobicity collectively decide the resultant wettability of the substrate. Such surfaces with gradients in the substructure dimensions demonstrate different wetting characteristics that may lead to a wide gamut of applications including droplet movement, cell adhesion and proliferation, diffraction grating etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Parihar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Chen WL, Cordero R, Tran H, Ober CK. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Polymer Brushes: Novel Surfaces for Future Materials. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roselynn Cordero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hai Tran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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7
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Kühn PT, de Miranda BS, van Rijn P. Directed Autonomic Flow: Functional Motility Fluidics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7401-7406. [PMID: 26467031 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unidirectional coherent motion of a self-moving droplet is achieved and combined in a functional motility fluidic chip for chemical reactions via a novel and straightforward approach. The droplet shows both increased movement speeds and displacement distances without any input of energy. Nanoparticle synthesis is performed using the autonomous movement in a fluidic chip that induces transport, mixing, and collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp T Kühn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Santos de Miranda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Kim S, Nam J, Yeo WS. A Method for Generation and Characterization of Orthogonal Three-Component Gradient Surfaces. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Jungchan Nam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
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10
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Gunnewiek MK, Di Luca A, Bollemaat HZ, van Blitterswijk CA, Vancso GJ, Moroni L, Benetti EM. Creeping proteins in microporous structures: polymer brush-assisted fabrication of 3D gradients for tissue engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1169-74. [PMID: 25676461 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of rapid prototyping techniques and surface-confined polymerizations allows the fabrication of 3D multidirectional gradients of biomolecules within microporous scaffolds. The compositional gradients can be tailored by polymer-brush-assisted diffusion of protein solutions. This technique allows spatial control over stem cells manipulation within 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Di Luca
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Hermannes Z. Bollemaat
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration; MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration; MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LSST); Department of Materials, ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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11
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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12
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de León AS, del Campo A, Cortajarena AL, Fernández-García M, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Formation of Multigradient Porous Surfaces for Selective Bacterial Entrapment. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3338-48. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500824d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto S. de León
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo del Campo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV-CSIC), C/Kelsen 5, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, and CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit “Unidad de Nanobiotecnología”, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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13
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Rasi Ghaemi S, Harding FJ, Delalat B, Gronthos S, Voelcker NH. Exploring the mesenchymal stem cell niche using high throughput screening. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7601-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Mangindaan D, Kuo WH, Wang MJ. Two-dimensional amine-functionality gradient by plasma polymerization. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Clements LR, Wang PY, Tsai WB, Thissen H, Voelcker NH. Electrochemistry-enabled fabrication of orthogonal nanotopography and surface chemistry gradients for high-throughput screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1480-1486. [PMID: 22395420 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gradient surfaces are emerging tools for investigating mammalian cell-surface interactions in high throughput. We demonstrate the electrochemical fabrication of an orthogonal gradient platform combining a porous silicon (pSi) pore size gradient with an orthogonal gradient of peptide ligand density. pSi gradients were fabricated via the anodic etching of a silicon wafer with pore sizes ranging from hundreds to tens of nanometers. A chemical gradient of ethyl-6-bromohexanoate was generated orthogonally to the pSi gradient via electrochemical attachment. Subsequent hydrolysis and activation of the chemical gradient allowed for the generation of a cyclic RGD gradient. Whilst mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were shown to respond to both the topographical and chemical cues arising from the orthogonal gradient, the MSC's responded more strongly to changes in RGD density than to changes in pore size during short-term culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Clements
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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16
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Genzer J, Arifuzzaman S, Bhat RR, Efimenko K, Ren CL, Szleifer I. Time dependence of lysozyme adsorption on end-grafted polymer layers of variable grafting density and length. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2122-30. [PMID: 22181708 PMCID: PMC3269559 DOI: 10.1021/la2038747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical approach establishes the long-lived nature of protein adsorption on surfaces coated with chemically grafted macromolecules. Specifically, we monitor the time dependence of adsorption of lysozyme on surfaces comprising polymer assemblies made of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) brushes grafted onto flat silica surfaces such that they produce patterns featuring orthogonal and gradual variation of the chain length (N) and grafting density (σ). We show that in the kinetically controlled regime, the amount of adsorbed protein scales universally with the product σN, while at equilibrium the amount of adsorbed protein is governed solely by σ. Surprisingly, for moderate concentrations of protein in solution, adsorption takes more than 72 h to reach an equilibrium, or steady state. Our experimental findings are corroborated with predictions using molecular theory that provides further insight into the protein adsorption phenomenon. The theory predicts that the universal behavior observed experimentally should be applicable to polymers in poor and theta solvents and to a limited extent also to good solvent conditions. Our combined experimental and theoretical findings reveal that protein adsorption is a long-lived phenomenon, much longer than generally assumed. Our studies confirm the previously predicted important differences in behavior for the kinetic versus thermodynamic control of protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shafi Arifuzzaman
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rajendra R. Bhat
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kirill Efimenko
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chun-lai Ren
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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17
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Srinivasan N, Kumar S. Ordered and disordered proteins as nanomaterial building blocks. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:204-18. [PMID: 22231983 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins possess a number of attractive properties that have contributed to their recent emergence as nanoscale building blocks for biomaterials and bioinspired materials. For instance, the amino acid sequence of a protein can be precisely controlled and manipulated via recombinant DNA technology, and proteins can be biosynthesized with very high purity and virtually perfect monodispersity. Most importantly, protein-based biomaterials offer the possibility of technologically harnessing the vast array of functions that these biopolymers serve in nature. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of protein-based biomaterials, with an overall theme of relating protein structure to material properties. We begin by discussing materials based on proteins that have well-defined three-dimensional structures, focusing specifically on elastin- and silk-like peptides. We then explore the newer field of materials based on intrinsically disordered proteins, using nucleoporin and neurofilament proteins as case studies. A key theme throughout the review is that specific environmental stimuli can trigger protein conformational changes, which in turn can alter macroscopic material properties and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Lin X, He Q, Li J. Complex polymer brush gradients based on nanolithography and surface-initiated polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3584-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Daniels CR, Reznik C, Kilmer R, Felipe MJ, Tria MCR, Kourentzi K, Chen WH, Advincula RC, Willson RC, Landes CF. Permeability of anti-fouling PEGylated surfaces probed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:31-8. [PMID: 21742471 PMCID: PMC5625349 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports on in situ observations of the interaction of organic dye probe molecules and dye-labeled protein with different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) architectures (linear, dendron, and bottle brush). Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single molecule event analysis were used to examine the nature and extent of probe-PEG interactions. The data support a sieve-like model in which size-exclusion principles determine the extent of probe-PEG interactions. Small probes are trapped by more dense PEG architectures and large probes interact more with less dense PEG surfaces. These results, and the tunable pore structure of the PEG dendrons employed in this work, suggest the viability of electrochemically-active materials for tunable surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Reznik
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, United States
| | - Rachel Kilmer
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, United States
| | - Mary Jane Felipe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | | | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Christy F. Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, United States
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Lane SM, Kuang Z, Yom J, Arifuzzaman S, Genzer J, Farmer B, Naik R, Vaia RA. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for Enzyme Immobilization: Impact on Activity and Stability of Horseradish Peroxidase. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1822-30. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200173y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Lane
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufactoring Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Zhifeng Kuang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufactoring Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Jeannie Yom
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufactoring Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Shafi Arifuzzaman
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Barry Farmer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufactoring Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Rajesh Naik
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufactoring Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufactoring Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
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21
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Beurer E, Venkataraman NV, Rossi A, Bachmann F, Engeli R, Spencer ND. Orthogonal, three-component, alkanethiol-based surface-chemical gradients on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:8392-8399. [PMID: 20166727 DOI: 10.1021/la904830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An orthogonal surface-chemical gradient composed of self-assembled monolayers on gold has been prepared by successive, controlled immersions in orthogonal directions into dilute solutions of dodecanethiol and perfluorododecanethiol. The resulting two-component orthogonal gradient in surface coverage was backfilled with 11-mercaptoundecanol, leading to a two-directional, three-component surface-chemical gradient. Water and hexadecane show distinctly different wetting behaviors on the gradient surface because of the differences in the hydrophobic and oleophobic natures of the three different constituents. These results are correlated with the chemical composition maps of the surface obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The homogeneity and the ordering of the self-assembled monolayer were investigated by dynamic water contact angle measurements and polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Beurer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Barbey R, Lavanant L, Paripovic D, Schüwer N, Sugnaux C, Tugulu S, Klok HA. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5437-527. [PMID: 19845393 DOI: 10.1021/cr900045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Barbey
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Gradient and Microfluidic Library Approaches to Polymer Interfaces. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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24
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25
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Zhao P, Hua X, Wang Y, Zhu J, Niu F. UV-grafted gradient surface polyurethane membrane. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Diamanti S, Arifuzzaman S, Genzer J, Vaia RA. Tuning gold nanoparticle-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) brush interactions: from reversible swelling to capture and release. ACS NANO 2009; 3:807-818. [PMID: 19338284 DOI: 10.1021/nn800822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the interaction between surfaces and nanoparticles (NPs) affords great opportunities for a range of applications, including sensors, information storage, medical diagnostics, and filtration membranes. In addition to controlling local ordering and microscale patterning of the NPs, manipulating the temporal factors determining the strength of the interaction between NP and surface enables dynamic modulation of these structural characteristics. In this contribution we demonstrate robust polymer brush-NP hybrids that exhibit both reversible swelling and reversible NP adsorption/desorption. Polymer brush functionality is tailored through post-functionalization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes on flat solid substrates with alpha-amine conjugates ranging from perfluoro alkanes to poly(ethylene glycol) of varying molecular weights. The type of functionality controls NP affinity for the surfaces. In the case of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), the molecular weight (MW) of the PEG dictates adsorption and desorption phenomena. Higher MW PEG chains possess increased binding affinity toward NPs, which leads to higher relative Au-NP densities on the PHEMA-g-PEG brushes and concurrent sluggish desorption of NPs by thermal stimulus. Adsorption and desorption phenomena are further modulated by NP size yielding a system where adsorption and desorption are controlled by a delicate balance between the competitive energetics of polymer brush chelation versus solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Diamanti
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA
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27
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Vasina EN, Paszek E, Nicolau DV, Nicolau DV. The BAD project: data mining, database and prediction of protein adsorption on surfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:891-900. [PMID: 19294299 DOI: 10.1039/b813475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces is critical to many applications, including biomaterials, protein microarrays and lab-on-a-chip devices. Despite this general interest, and a large amount of research in the last half a century, protein adsorption cannot be predicted with an engineering level, design-orientated accuracy. Here we describe a Biomolecular Adsorption Database (BAD), freely available online, which archives the published protein adsorption data. Piecewise linear regression with breakpoint applied to the data in the BAD suggests that the input variables to protein adsorption, i.e., protein concentration in solution; protein descriptors derived from primary structure (number of residues, global protein hydrophobicity and range of amino acid hydrophobicity, isoelectric point); surface descriptors (contact angle); and fluid environment descriptors (pH, ionic strength), correlate well with the output variable-the protein concentration on the surface. Furthermore, neural network analysis revealed that the size of the BAD makes it sufficiently representative, with a neural network-based predictive error of 5% or less. Interestingly, a consistently better fit is obtained if the BAD is divided in two separate sub-sets representing protein adsorption on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, respectively. Based on these findings, selected entries from the BAD have been used to construct neural network-based estimation routines, which predict the amount of adsorbed protein, the thickness of the adsorbed layer and the surface tension of the protein-covered surface. While the BAD is of general interest, the prediction of the thickness and the surface tension of the protein-covered layers are of particular relevance to the design of microfluidics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Vasina
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
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28
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Singh M, Berkland C, Detamore MS. Strategies and applications for incorporating physical and chemical signal gradients in tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2008; 14:341-66. [PMID: 18803499 PMCID: PMC2737593 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
From embryonic development to wound repair, concentration gradients of bioactive signaling molecules guide tissue formation and regeneration. Moreover, gradients in cellular and extracellular architecture as well as in mechanical properties are readily apparent in native tissues. Perhaps tissue engineers can take a cue from nature in attempting to regenerate tissues by incorporating gradients into engineering design strategies. Indeed, gradient-based approaches are an emerging trend in tissue engineering, standing in contrast to traditional approaches of homogeneous delivery of cells and/or growth factors using isotropic scaffolds. Gradients in tissue engineering lie at the intersection of three major paradigms in the field-biomimetic, interfacial, and functional tissue engineering-by combining physical (via biomaterial design) and chemical (with growth/differentiation factors and cell adhesion molecules) signal delivery to achieve a continuous transition in both structure and function. This review consolidates several key methodologies to generate gradients, some of which have never been employed in a tissue engineering application, and discusses strategies for incorporating these methods into tissue engineering and implant design. A key finding of this review was that two-dimensional physicochemical gradient substrates, which serve as excellent high-throughput screening tools for optimizing desired biomaterial properties, can be enhanced in the future by transitioning from two dimensions to three dimensions, which would enable studies of cell-protein-biomaterial interactions in a more native tissue-like environment. In addition, biomimetic tissue regeneration via combined delivery of graded physical and chemical signals appears to be a promising strategy for the regeneration of heterogeneous tissues and tissue interfaces. In the future, in vivo applications will shed more light on the performance of gradient-based mechanical integrity and signal delivery strategies compared to traditional tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Singh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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29
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Formation and properties of multivariant assemblies of surface-tethered diblock and triblock copolymers. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Luzinov I, Minko S, Tsukruk VV. Responsive brush layers: from tailored gradients to reversibly assembled nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:714-725. [PMID: 32907173 DOI: 10.1039/b718999k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a condensed overview of the recent developments of novel responsive thin polymer films from end-tethered chains (polymer brushes), which are different from conventional, uniform, and planar brush layers. For this discussion, we selected two types of recently introduced surface layers: binary brush layers with variable chemical composition forming a controllable gradient of composition and properties in a selected direction and brush layers either grafted directly to inorganic nanoparticles to form hybrid core-shell structures or combined with inorganic nanoparticles embedded into this layer. Unlike traditional brush layers, such a design brings a novel set of responsive surface properties allowing for capillary-driven microfluidic motion, combinatorial-like multiplexing response, reversible aggregation and dis-assembly of nanoparticles, fabrication of ultrahydrophobic coatings, and switchable mass transport across interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Luzinov
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Sergiy Minko
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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31
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Morgenthaler S, Zink C, Spencer ND. Surface-chemical and -morphological gradients. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:419-434. [PMID: 32907200 DOI: 10.1039/b715466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface gradients of chemistry or morphology represent powerful tools for the high-throughput investigation of interfacial phenomena in the areas of physics, chemistry, materials science and biology. A wide variety of methods for the fabrication of such gradients has been developed in recent years, relying on principles ranging from diffusion to time-dependent irradiation in order to achieve a gradual change of a particular parameter across a surface. In this review we have endeavoured to cover the principal fabrication approaches for surface-chemical and surface-morphological gradients that have been described in the literature, and to provide examples of their applications in a variety of different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morgenthaler
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Zink
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Webster DC. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Methods in Macromolecular Materials Research and Development. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Potyrailo RA, Mirsky VM. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Development of Sensing Materials: The First 10 Years. Chem Rev 2008; 108:770-813. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zelzer M, Majani R, Bradley JW, Rose FR, Davies MC, Alexander MR. Investigation of cell–surface interactions using chemical gradients formed from plasma polymers. Biomaterials 2008; 29:172-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Webster DC, Chisholm BJ, Stafslien SJ. Mini-review: combinatorial approaches for the design of novel coating systems. BIOFOULING 2007; 23:179-92. [PMID: 17653929 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701250948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial and high throughput experimental methods are being applied to the design and development of novel polymers and coatings used in a number of application areas. Methods have been developed for polymer synthesis and screening and for the development of polymer thin film and coating libraries and the screening of these libraries for key properties such as surface energy and modulus. Combinatorial and high throughput methods enable the efficient exploration of a large number of compositional variables over a wide range. In the development of coatings for use in the marine environment, the key challenge is in the development of screening methods that can predict good performance. A number of assays are under development that will permit the rapid screening of the interaction of coatings with representative marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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36
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Genzer J, Efimenko K, Fischer DA. Formation mechanisms and properties of semifluorinated molecular gradients on silica surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:8532-41. [PMID: 16981773 DOI: 10.1021/la061016r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to elucidate the formation of molecular gradients made of semifluorinated organosilanes (SFOs) on flat substrates by using a methodology developed by Chaudhury and Whitesides (Science 1992, 256, 1539). We use surface-sensitive combinatorial near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (combi-NEXAFS) spectroscopy to measure the position-dependent concentration and orientation of SFO molecules in SFO molecular gradients on flat silica surfaces. Using the combi-NEXAFS data, we establish the correlation between the fraction of the F(CF(2))(8)(CH(2))(2)- species on the substrate and the average tilt angle of the -(CF(2))(8)F group in the SFO as a function of the deposition gas medium (air vs nitrogen) and the end group around the silicon atom (monofunctional vs trifunctional). In addition, we utilize the gradient geometry to comprehend the mechanism of formation of SFO self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Specifically, we provide evidence that depending on the nature of the end group in the SFO and the vapor phase the SFO molecules add themselves into the existing SAMs either as individual molecules or as multimolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA. Jan_Genzer@ ncsu.edu
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37
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Liu H, Xu J, Li Y, Li B, Ma J, Zhang X. Fabrication and Characterization of an Organic-Inorganic Gradient Surface made by Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ). Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Genzer J. In Silico Polymerization: Computer Simulation of Controlled Radical Polymerization in Bulk and on Flat Surfaces. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905
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Genzer J, Efimenko K. Recent developments in superhydrophobic surfaces and their relevance to marine fouling: a review. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:339-60. [PMID: 17110357 DOI: 10.1080/08927010600980223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, a brief synopsis of superhydrophobicity (i.e. extreme non-wettability) and its implications on marine fouling are presented. A short overview of wettability and recent experimental developments aimed at fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces by tailoring their chemical nature and physical appearance (i.e. substratum texture) are reviewed. The formation of responsive/"smart" surfaces, which adjust their physico-chemical properties to variations in some outside physical stimulus, including light, temperature, electric field, or solvent, is also described. Finally, implications of tailoring the surface chemistry, texture, and responsiveness of surfaces on the design of effective marine fouling coatings are considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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