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Vokoun D, Samal S, Stachiv I. Impact of Initial Cyclic Loading on Mechanical Properties and Performance of Nafion. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1488. [PMID: 36772526 PMCID: PMC9920180 DOI: 10.3390/s23031488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nafion possesses many interesting properties such as a high ion-conductivity, hydrophilicity, and thermal and chemical stability that make this material highly suitable for many applications including fuel cells and various (bio-)chemical and physical sensors. However, the mechanical properties of a Nafion membrane that are known to be affected by the viscoplastic characteristics of the material itself have a strong impact on the performance of Nafion-based sensors. In this study, the mechanical properties of Nafion under the cyclic loading have been investigated in detail. After cyclic tensile loading (i.e., maximum elongation about 25% at a room temperature and relative humidity about 40%) a time-dependent recovery comes into play. This recovery process is also shown being strain-rate dependent. Our results reveal that the recovery behavior weakens after performing several stress-strain cycles. Present findings can be of a great importance in future design of various chemical and biological microsensors and nanosensors such as hydrogen or glucose ones.
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2
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Shi S, Liu Z, Lin Q, Chen X, Kusoglu A. Role of ionic interactions in the deformation and fracture behavior of perfluorosulfonic-acid membranes. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1653-1667. [PMID: 31965137 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01964b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stability of ion-conductive membranes, such as perfluorosulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes, as a solid-electrolyte separator in energy devices is strongly linked to their mechanical properties, the characterization of which presents challenges, especially in the presence of ionic interactions. Ionomer membranes' elastic properties are affected by cations; however, their influence on deformation at small and large strains is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we report the stress-strain response and fracture behavior of Nafion membranes exchanged with various cations examined in three deformation regimes. In the small-strain regime, the Young's modulus is strongly dependent on cation size, due to the reduced mobility and local stiffening of polymer chains. The Young's modulus, yield limit and strain-hardening modulus all increase with monovalent cation size in the order H+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+, but with varying dependence. In the failure regime, however, the break strain and fracture energy of the membrane decrease in the presence of larger cations, which promote deformation instability while decreasing plastic dissipation energy during crack propagation, thereby leading to more brittle fracture. These results not only demonstrate the trade-off between strength and fracture toughness, but also reveal how it is altered by the ionic interactions, which also dictate the inverse relationship between stretchability and stiffness. Moreover, the measured stress-strain data are reproduced by the constitutive relations to extract parameters that are correlated to the fracture energy through craze instability. Such relationships provide insight into how parameters extracted from tensile testing can be used to assess membrane stability and the role of ionic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Akhmetova I, Beyer S, Schutjajew K, Tichter T, Wilke M, Prinz C, Martins ICB, Al-Sabbagh D, Roth C, Emmerling F. Cadmium benzylphosphonates – the close relationship between structure and properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure-properties relationship of new Cd-benzylphosphonates differing in their fluorine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Akhmetova
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Beyer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Konstantin Schutjajew
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tim Tichter
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Manuel Wilke
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Swiss Light Source, Material Science Beamline
- Paul Scherrer Institute
| | - Carsten Prinz
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Inês C. B. Martins
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Dominik Al-Sabbagh
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Christina Roth
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
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4
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5
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Kwasny MT, Zhu L, Hickner MA, Tew GN. Thermodynamics of Counterion Release Is Critical for Anion Exchange Membrane Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7961-7969. [PMID: 29901997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the field of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) employs an increasing variety of cations, a critical understanding of cation properties must be obtained, especially as they relate to membrane ion conductivity. Here, to elucidate such properties, metal cation-based AEMs, featuring bis(norbornene) nickel, ruthenium, or cobalt complexes, were synthesized and characterized. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to probe counterion exchange thermodynamics in order to understand previously reported differences in conductivity. The ion conductivity data reported here further demonstrated that nickel-complex cations had higher conductivity as compared to their ruthenium and cobalt counterparts. Surprisingly, bulk hydration number, ion concentration, ion exchange capacity, and activation energy were not sufficient to explain differences in conductivity, so the thermodynamics of metal cation-counterion association were explored using ITC. Specifically, for the nickel cation as compared to the other two metal-based cations, a larger thermodynamic driving force for chloride counterion release was observed, shown through a smaller Δ Htot for counterion exchange, which indicated weaker cation-counterion association. The use of ITC to study cation-counterion association was further exemplified by characterizing more traditional AEM cations, such as quaternary ammoniums and an imidazolium cation, which demonstrated small variances in their enthalpic response, but an overall Δ Htot similar to that of the nickel-based cation. The cation hydration, rather than its hydration shell or the bulk hydration of the membrane, likely played the key role in determining the strength of the initial cation-counterion pair. This report identifies for the first time how ITC can be used to experimentally determine thermodynamic quantities that are key parameters for understanding and predicting conductivity in AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Michael A Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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6
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Kwasny MT, Zhu L, Hickner MA, Tew GN. Utilizing thiol–ene chemistry for crosslinked nickel cation‐based anion exchange membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Massachusetts01003
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPennsylvania16802
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPennsylvania16802
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Massachusetts01003
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7
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Han J, Zhu L, Pan J, Zimudzi TJ, Wang Y, Peng Y, Hickner MA, Zhuang L. Elastic Long-Chain Multication Cross-Linked Anion Exchange Membranes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Han
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jing Pan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tawanda J. Zimudzi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanqiu Peng
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical
Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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8
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Mondal AN, He Y, Ge L, Wu L, Emmanuel K, Hossain MM, Xu T. Preparation and characterization of click-driven N-vinylcarbazole-based anion exchange membranes with improved water uptake for fuel cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel click mediated AEM with improved water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek N. Mondal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Yubin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Liang Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Liang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Kamana Emmanuel
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Md. Masem Hossain
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
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10
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Kim S, Kim JH, Oh JG, Jang KL, Jeong BH, Hong BK, Kim TS. Mechanical Behavior of Free-Standing Fuel Cell Electrodes on Water Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15391-15398. [PMID: 27183314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes as free-standing materials is essential to develop mechanically robust fuel cells. However, this has been a significant challenge due to critical difficulties, such as separating the pristine electrode from the substrate without damage and precisely measuring the mechanical properties of the very fragile and thin electrodes. We report the mechanical behavior of free-standing fuel cell electrodes on the water surface through adopting an innovative ice-assisted separation method to separate the electrode from decal transfer film. It is found that doubling the ionomer content in electrodes increases not only the tensile stress at the break and the Young's modulus (E) of the electrodes by approximately 2.1-3.5 and 1.7-2.4 times, respectively, but also the elongation at the break by approximately 1.5-1.7 times, which indicates that stronger, stiffer, and tougher electrodes are attained with increasing ionomer content, which have been of significant interest in materials research fields. The scaling law relationship between Young's modulus and density (ρ) has been unveiled as E ∼ ρ(1.6), and it is compared with other materials. These findings can be used to develop mechanically robust electrodes for fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanwi Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Oh
- Fuel Cell Vehicle Team 1, Eco-Technology Center, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Lim Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Heon Jeong
- Fuel Cell Vehicle Team 1, Eco-Technology Center, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ki Hong
- Fuel Cell Vehicle Team 1, Eco-Technology Center, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Liu F, Knauss DM. Sulfonated poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide)s as proton exchange membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Daniel M. Knauss
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
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12
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Lai AN, Zhou K, Zhuo YZ, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Ye ML, Liu QL. Anion exchange membranes based on carbazole-containing polyolefin for direct methanol fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Melchior JP, Bräuniger T, Wohlfarth A, Portale G, Kreuer KD. About the Interactions Controlling Nafion’s Viscoelastic Properties and Morphology. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Melchior
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Bräuniger
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Wohlfarth
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- DUBBLE, BM26 at
ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus-Dieter Kreuer
- Max Planck Institute
for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.
1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Ahn J, Lee H, Yang TH, Kim CS, Bae B. Synthesis and characterization of multiblock sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membranes with different hydrophilic moieties for application in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Ahn
- Fuel Cell Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER); 152, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon 305-343 Korea
- Renewable Energy Engineering; University of Science and Technology (UST); 217, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER); 152, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon 305-343 Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yang
- Fuel Cell Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER); 152, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon 305-343 Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Fuel Cell Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER); 152, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon 305-343 Korea
| | - Byungchan Bae
- Fuel Cell Laboratory; Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER); 152, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon 305-343 Korea
- Renewable Energy Engineering; University of Science and Technology (UST); 217, Gajeong, Yuseong Daejeon Korea
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15
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Page KA, Kusoglu A, Stafford CM, Kim S, Kline RJ, Weber AZ. Confinement-driven increase in ionomer thin-film modulus. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2299-2304. [PMID: 24773397 DOI: 10.1021/nl501233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ion-conductive polymers, or ionomers, are critical materials for a wide range of electrochemical technologies. For optimizing the complex heterogeneous structures in which they occur, there is a need to elucidate the governing structure-property relationships, especially at nanoscale dimensions where interfacial interactions dominate the overall materials response due to confinement effects. It is widely acknowledged that polymer physical behavior can be drastically altered from the bulk when under confinement and the literature is replete with examples thereof. However, there is a deficit in the understanding of ionomers when confined to the nanoscale, although it is apparent from literature that confinement can influence ionomer properties. Herein we show that as one particular ionomer, Nafion, is confined to thin films, there is a drastic increase in the modulus over the bulk value, and we demonstrate that this stiffening can explain previously observed deviations in materials properties such as water transport and uptake upon confinement. Moreover, we provide insight into the underlying confinement-induced stiffening through the application of a simple theoretical framework based on self-consistent micromechanics. This framework can be applied to other polymer systems and assumes that as the polymer is confined the mechanical response becomes dominated by the modulus of individual polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt A Page
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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16
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Melchy PÉA, Eikerling MH. Physical theory of ionomer aggregation in water. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:032603. [PMID: 24730868 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.032603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a physical theory for the aggregation of ionomer molecules in aqueous solution. To study this phenomenon, we consider a system of charged rigid rods with uniform surface charge immersed in water. The free-energy functional derived for this system consists of hydrophobic and direct electrostatic contributions as well as entropic terms. Energy minimization gives the stable aggregation number as a function of surface charge density, surface tension, geometric parameters, and density of rods in solution. We provide configuration diagrams of the system, which display the impact of the hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction strengths on the stabilization of finite-size bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-É A Melchy
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - M H Eikerling
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
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17
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Fast low-voltage electroactive actuators using nanostructured polymer electrolytes. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2208. [PMID: 23896756 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroactive actuators have received enormous interest for a variety of biomimetic technologies ranging from robotics and microsensors to artificial muscles. Major challenges towards practically viable actuators are the achievement of large electromechanical deformation, fast switching response, low operating voltage and durable operation. Here we report a new electroactive actuator composed of self-assembled sulphonated block copolymers and ionic liquids. The new actuator demonstrated improvements in actuation properties over other polymer actuators reported earlier, large generated strain (up to 4%) without any signs of back relaxation. In particular, the millimetre-scale displacements obtained for the actuators, with rapid response (<1 s) at sub-1-V conditions over 13,500 cycles in air, have not been previously reported in the literature. The key to success stems from the evolution of the unique hexagonal structure of the polymer layer with domain size gradients beneath the cathode during actuation, which promotes the bending motion of the actuators.
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18
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Shi S, Liu D, Liu D, Tae P, Gao CY, Yan L, An K, Chen X. Mechanical properties and microstructure changes of proton exchange membrane under immersed conditions. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouwen Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Dazhi Liu
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Patrick Tae
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Carrie Y. Gao
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Lei Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Science Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge; Tennessee 37831
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
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19
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Zhao Q, Benziger J. Mechanical properties of perfluoro sulfonated acids: The role of temperature and solute activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Jay Benziger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey 08544
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20
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Mohanty AK, Mistri EA, Banerjee S, Komber H, Voit B. Highly Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Copolymers: Synthesis and Evaluation of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie303380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna K. Mohanty
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ershad A. Mistri
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse
6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse
6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Abu-Abdeen M, Ayesh AS, Al Jaafari AA. Physical characterizations of semi-conducting conjugated polymer-CNTs nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Mikami T, Miyatake K, Watanabe M. Synthesis and properties of multiblock copoly(arylene ether)s containing superacid groups for fuel cell membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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24
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Chen L, Hallinan DT, Elabd YA, Hillmyer MA. Highly Selective Polymer Electrolyte Membranes from Reactive Block Polymers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901272s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel T. Hallinan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Yossef A. Elabd
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Bae B, Miyatake K, Watanabe M. Effect of the Hydrophobic Component on the Properties of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8026518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byungchan Bae
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
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Satterfield MB, Benziger JB. Viscoelastic properties of Nafion at elevated temperature and humidity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kusoglu A, Santare MH, Karlsson AM, Cleghorn S, Johnson WB. Micromechanics model based on the nanostructure of PFSA membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Park H, Freeman B, Zhang ZB, Sankir M, McGrath J. Highly Chlorine-Tolerant Polymers for Desalination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Park H, Freeman B, Zhang ZB, Sankir M, McGrath J. Highly Chlorine-Tolerant Polymers for Desalination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6019-24. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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