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Ahn KH, Jang KL, Kim JH, Kim TS. Unraveling the Intrinsic Thermal Behavior of Freestanding Ionomer Films Depending on Thickness from Commercial Membrane to Nanofilm. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:18503-18511. [PMID: 39177148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for automotive applications are required to achieve mechanical reliability at various temperatures ranging from subfreezing to 80 °C. The thermal behavior of the electrode should be considered at the initial design stage to design a robust automotive fuel cell electrode. Recently, a behavior different from that of the bulk state has been reported for ionomers with a few nanometers of thickness. Therefore, the intrinsic thermal behavior of ionomer films with thicknesses from micrometers to nanometers is quantitatively investigated in this study. By introducing the fabrication of a pseudo-freestanding Nafion thin film and in-plane thermal strain measurement method on the water surface, the thermal expansion of the freestanding Nafion thin film was successfully measured with minimizing substrate constraints. Thermal strain measurement and X-ray scattering studies revealed that the weakening of intermolecular interaction within the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains in the Nafion thin film caused thermal expansion, and well-structured hydrophobic domains could suppress thermal expansion. The thermal expansion behavior with different heat treatments provides evidence of the thin-film-to-bulk transition of the fully hydrated Nafion film. Intrinsic thermal behavior without substrate interactions can facilitate an understanding of the thermal behavior of electrodes and provide insight into designing a robust PEMFC in temperature-varying environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Lim Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Pratama JN, Song H, Kim H, Lee H, Shin D, Bae B. Evaluating the Durability of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes in Fuel Cells Using Combined Open-Circuit Voltage-Accelerated Stability Testing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1348. [PMID: 38794541 PMCID: PMC11125022 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the chemical and mechanical durability of membranes used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, highlighting the essential role of electrochemical tests in understanding the relationship between durability and performance. Our methodology integrates various electrochemical evaluation techniques to assess the degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes. The results highlight the considerable improvement in the chemical and mechanical durability of annealed 3M PFSA-reinforced composite membranes (RCMs) compared with their non-annealed counterparts and other membrane types, indicating their superior resilience under challenging conditions. Moreover, the results of using a combined open-circuit voltage-accelerated stability testing protocol demonstrate that annealed 3M PFSA RCMs exhibit enhanced resilience, reaching 18,000 cycles before failure, considerably outperforming NR 211 (5000 cycles) and other membranes. In addition, membrane deterioration over time can be precisely measured by interpreting electrochemical indicators (electrochemically active surface area, circuit resistance, high-frequency resistance, and proton resistance). This approach provides a clear relationship between electrochemical data and durability, offering a comprehensive understanding of how different membranes withstand operational stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juniko Nur Pratama
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; (J.N.P.); (H.S.); (D.S.)
- Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Song
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; (J.N.P.); (H.S.); (D.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hansung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; (J.N.P.); (H.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; (J.N.P.); (H.S.); (D.S.)
- Hydrogen Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungchan Bae
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; (J.N.P.); (H.S.); (D.S.)
- Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang C, Yang Y, Liu X, Mao M, Li K, Li Q, Zhang G, Wang C. Mobile energy storage technologies for boosting carbon neutrality. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100518. [PMID: 37841885 PMCID: PMC10568306 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon neutrality calls for renewable energies, and the efficient use of renewable energies requires energy storage mediums that enable the storage of excess energy and reuse after spatiotemporal reallocation. Compared with traditional energy storage technologies, mobile energy storage technologies have the merits of low cost and high energy conversion efficiency, can be flexibly located, and cover a large range from miniature to large systems and from high energy density to high power density, although most of them still face challenges or technical bottlenecks. In this review, we provide an overview of the opportunities and challenges of these emerging energy storage technologies (including rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical and dielectric capacitors). Innovative materials, strategies, and technologies are highlighted. Finally, the future directions are envisioned. We hope this review will advance the development of mobile energy storage technologies and boost carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Minglei Mao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kanghua Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wenzhou Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325035, China
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4
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Lim HJ, Kim G, Yun GJ. Durability and Performance Analysis of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Hydrogen Fuel Cells by a Coupled Chemo-mechanical Constitutive Model and Experimental Validation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24257-24270. [PMID: 37179493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a chemo-mechanically coupled behavior of Nafion 212 is investigated through predictive multiphysics modeling and experimental validation. Fuel cell performance and durability are critically determined by the mechanical and chemical degradation of a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane. However, how the degree of chemical decomposition affects the material constitutive behavior has not been clearly defined. To estimate the degradation level quantitatively, fluoride release is measured. The PFSA membrane in tensile testing shows nonlinear behavior, which is modeled by J2 plasticity-based material modeling. The material parameters, which contain hardening parameters and Young's modulus, are characterized in terms of fluoride release levels by inverse analysis. In the sequel, membrane modeling is performed to investigate the life prediction due to humidity cycling. A continuum-based pinhole growth model is adopted in response to mechanical stress. As a result, validation is conducted in comparison with the accelerated stress test (AST) by correlating the size of the pinhole with the gas crossover generated in the membrane. This work provides a dataset of degraded membranes for performance and suggests the quantitative understanding and prediction of fuel cell durability with computational simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jun Lim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Kim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Jin Yun
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang J, Yang W, Geng J, Shao Z, Song W. Experimental investigation on degradation mechanism of membrane electrode assembly at different humidity under automotive protocol. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Yang D, Tan Y, Li B, Ming P, Xiao Q, Zhang C. A Review of the Transition Region of Membrane Electrode Assembly of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Design, Degradation, and Mitigation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030306. [PMID: 35323781 PMCID: PMC8952641 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As the core component of a proton exchange fuel cell (PEMFC), a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consists of function region (active area), structure region, and transition region. Situated between the function and structure regions, the transition region influences the reliability and durability of the MEA. The degradation of the electrolyte membrane in this region can be induced by mechanical stress and chemical aggression. Therefore, prudent design, reliable and robust structure of the transition region can greatly help avoid early failure of MEAs. This review begins with the summarization of current structural concepts of MEAs, focusing on the transition region structures. It can be seen that aiming at better repeatability and robustness, partly or total integration of the materials in the transition region is becoming a development trend. Next the degradation problem at the transition region is introduced, which can be attributed to the hygro-thermal environment, free radical aggression, air pressure shock, and seal material decomposition. Finally, the mitigation approaches for the deterioration at this region are summarized, with a principle of avoiding the exposure of the membrane at the edge of the catalyst-coated membrane (CCM). Besides, durability test methods of the transition region are included in this review, among which temperature and humidity cycling are frequently used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6958-3891
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7
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Xie M, Chu T, Wang T, Wan K, Yang D, Li B, Ming P, Zhang C. Preparation, Performance and Challenges of Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34832108 PMCID: PMC8617821 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the composition, function and structure of the catalyst layer (CL) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are summarized. The hydrogen reduction reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) processes and their mechanisms and the main interfaces of CL (PEM|CL and CL|MPL) are described briefly. The process of mass transfer (hydrogen, oxygen and water), proton and electron transfer in MEA are described in detail, including their influencing factors. The failure mechanism of CL (Pt particles, CL crack, CL flooding, etc.) and the degradation mechanism of the main components in CL are studied. On the basis of the existing problems, a structure optimization strategy for a high-performance CL is proposed. The commonly used preparation processes of CL are introduced. Based on the classical drying theory, the drying process of a wet CL is explained. Finally, the research direction and future challenges of CL are pointed out, hoping to provide a new perspective for the design and selection of CL materials and preparation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiankuo Chu
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Kechuang Wan
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Daijun Yang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Pingwen Ming
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Cunman Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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8
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Akrout A, Delrue A, Zatoń M, Duquet F, Spanu F, Taillades-Jacquin M, Cavaliere S, Jones D, Rozière J. Immobilisation and Release of Radical Scavengers on Nanoclays for Chemical Reinforcement of Proton Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E208. [PMID: 32872314 PMCID: PMC7559798 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical and chemical stability of proton exchange membranes are crucial requirements for the development of fuel cells for durable energy conversion. To tackle this challenge, bi-functional nanoclays grafted with amino groups and with embedded radical scavengers, that is, CeO2 nanoparticles were incorporated into Aquivion® ionomer. The composite membranes presented high proton conductivity and increased stability to radical attack compared to non-modified Aquivion membranes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach based on radical scavenger immobilisation and release from clay nanocontainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Akrout
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Aude Delrue
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Marta Zatoń
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Fanny Duquet
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Francesco Spanu
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Mélanie Taillades-Jacquin
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Sara Cavaliere
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Deborah Jones
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacques Rozière
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5253, Aggregates Interfaces and Materials for Energy, University of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34095 Montpellier, France; (A.A.); (A.D.); (M.Z.); (F.D.); (F.S.); (M.T.-J.); (D.J.); (J.R.)
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9
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10
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Wang Y, Eikerling M. Fracture dynamics of correlated percolation on ionomer networks. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:042603. [PMID: 32422712 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.042603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a random network model to the study fracture dynamics on a scaffold of charged and elastic ionomer bundles that constitute the stable skeleton of a polymer electrolyte membrane. The swelling pressure upon water uptake by this system creates the internal stress under which ionomer bundles undergo breakage. Depending on the local stress and the strength of bundle-to-bundle correlations, different fracture regimes can be observed. We use kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to study these dynamics. The breakage of individual bundles is described with an exponential breakdown rule and the stress transfer from failed to intact bundles is assumed to exhibit a power-law-type spatial decay. A central property considered in the analysis is the frequency distribution of percolation thresholds, which is employed to analyze fracture regimes as a function of the stress and the effective range of stress transfer. Based on this distribution, we introduce an order parameter for the transition from random breakage to crack growth regimes. Moreover, as a practically important outcome, the time to fracture is analyzed as a descriptor for the lifetime of polymer electrolyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wang
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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11
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Vincent I, Lee EC, Kim HM. Solutions to the water flooding problem for unitized regenerative fuel cells: status and perspectives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16844-16860. [PMID: 35521448 PMCID: PMC9053628 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00434k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFC) are capable of generating, storing, and releasing energy on demand in a sustainable manner. Water management is of vital importance to achieve maximum performance, durability, and round-trip efficiency in URFCs. However, URFCs suffer from critical issues related to their mode-switching process, water flooding, and membrane dehydration. The essential problem of water management is maintaining a subtle equilibrium between membrane drying and liquid water flooding to prevent membrane dehydration and ensure high URFC performance. This paper provides an overview of the operating principle of URFCs and describes the underlying phenomena related to water management issues. It also summarizes state-of-the-art studies of water management with a focus on recent developments and discusses the technical challenges of water management strategies. In addition, we propose a novel system design to address these critical water management issues. Overall, this review identifies the gaps in the research and development of URFC water management and identifies several essential future developments and research directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Vincent
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, High Safety Vehicle Core Technology Research Center, INJE University 607 Eobang-Dong Gimhae-si Gyongsangnam-do 621-749 Republic of Korea +82 55 324 1723 +82 55 320 3666
| | - Eun-Chong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, High Safety Vehicle Core Technology Research Center, INJE University 607 Eobang-Dong Gimhae-si Gyongsangnam-do 621-749 Republic of Korea +82 55 324 1723 +82 55 320 3666
| | - Hyung-Man Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, High Safety Vehicle Core Technology Research Center, INJE University 607 Eobang-Dong Gimhae-si Gyongsangnam-do 621-749 Republic of Korea +82 55 324 1723 +82 55 320 3666
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12
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Feng C, Li Y, Qu K, Zhang Z, He P. Mechanical behavior of a hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid membrane at meso and nano scales. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9594-9603. [PMID: 35520728 PMCID: PMC9062152 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) is widely used as the membrane material for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, and its mechanical properties directly affect the stability and the life of the internal structure of the proton exchange membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Kunnan Qu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - Pengfei He
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
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13
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A comprehensive evaluation framework to evaluate energy management strategies of fuel cell electric vehicles. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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One-step fabrication and characterization of reinforced microcomposite membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kumar R, Ahmed M, Garudachari B, Thomas JP. Evaluation of the Forward Osmosis Performance of Cellulose Acetate Nanocomposite Membranes. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-3048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Local Impact of Pt Nanodeposits on Ionomer Decomposition in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Price SC, Ren X, Savage AM, Beyer FL. Synthesis and characterization of anion-exchange membranes based on hydrogenated poly(norbornene). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenated poly(norbornene) functionalized with a trimethylammonium cation microphase separates and has excellent OH− conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Price
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory
- Weapons & Materials Research Directorate
- Aberdeen Proving Ground
- USA
| | - X. Ren
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory
- Sensors and Electronic Devices Directorate
- Adelphi
- USA
| | - A. M. Savage
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory
- Weapons & Materials Research Directorate
- Aberdeen Proving Ground
- USA
| | - F. L. Beyer
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory
- Weapons & Materials Research Directorate
- Aberdeen Proving Ground
- USA
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19
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Feng C, He PF. Moisture and thermal expansion properties and mechanism of interaction between ions of a Nafion-based membrane electrode assembly. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04191h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The coefficient of moisture and thermal expansion for each layer of membrane electrode assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Key Lab of Metal Functional Materials
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- China
| | - P. F. He
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
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20
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21
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El Kaddouri A, Perrin JC, Colinart T, Moyne C, Leclerc S, Guendouz L, Lottin O. Impact of a Compressive Stress on Water Sorption and Diffusion in Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells. A 1H NMR Study in Vapor-Equilibrated Nafion. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Assma El Kaddouri
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
- CNRS,
LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Perrin
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
- CNRS,
LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Thibaut Colinart
- Univ. Bretagne Sud, FRE CNRS 3744, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Christian Moyne
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
- CNRS,
LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Sébastien Leclerc
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
- CNRS,
LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Laouès Guendouz
- Institut
Jean-Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Olivier Lottin
- Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
- CNRS,
LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
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22
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Wu B, Parkes MA, de Benedetti L, Marquis AJ, Offer GJ, Brandon NP. Real-time monitoring of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack failure. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-016-0995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Kusoglu A, Weber AZ. Electrochemical/mechanical coupling in ion-conducting soft matter. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4547-4552. [PMID: 26510390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and electrochemical phenomena exhibit many interesting multidirectional couplings in ion-exchange soft matter due to their intrinsic material physiochemical states and responses to environmental stressors. In this Perspective, such coupling is explored in terms of recent studies with a focus on the degradation of polymer-electrolyte fuel-cell membranes. In addition, (electro)chemical-mechanical coupling of ion-conducting polymers in other applications is also introduced, as there is a research need to explore the interactions between these often wrongly assumed disparate fields in order to optimize, exploit, and discover new technologies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Page KA, Shin JW, Eastman SA, Rowe BW, Kim S, Kusoglu A, Yager KG, Stafford GR. In Situ Method for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Nafion Thin Films during Hydration Cycles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:17874-17883. [PMID: 26258630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated ionomers, in particular Nafion, are an essential component in hydrogen fuel cells, as both the proton exchange membrane and the binder within the catalyst layer. During normal operation of a hydrogen fuel cell, the ionomer will progressively swell and deswell in response to the changes in hydration, resulting in mechanical fatigue and ultimately failure over time. In this study, we have developed and implemented a cantilever bending technique in order to investigate the swelling-induced stresses in biaxially constrained Nafion thin films. When the deflection of a cantilever beam coated with a polymer film is monitored as it is exposed to varying humidity environments, the swelling induced stress-thickness product of the polymer film is measured. By combining the stress-thickness results with a measurement of the swelling strain as a function of humidity, as measured by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and X-ray reflectivity (XR), the swelling stress can be determined. An estimate of the Young's modulus of thin Nafion films as a function of relative humidity is obtained. The Young's modulus values indicate orientation of the ionic domains within the polymer films, which were confirmed by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). This study represents a measurement platform that can be expanded to incorporate novel ionomer systems and fuel cell components to mimic the stress state of a working hydrogen fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt A Page
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jae Wook Shin
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Scott A Eastman
- ‡United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Brandon W Rowe
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sangcheol Kim
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- §Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin G Yager
- ∥Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Gery R Stafford
- †Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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25
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26
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Herbst DC, Witten TA, Tsai TH, Coughlin EB, Maes AM, Herring AM. Water uptake profile in a model ion-exchange membrane: Conditions for water-rich channels. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:114906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Herbst
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
| | - Thomas A. Witten
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
| | - Tsung-Han Tsai
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, USA
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, USA
| | - Ashley M. Maes
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401,
USA
| | - Andrew M. Herring
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401,
USA
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27
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Wong KH, Kjeang E. Mitigation of chemical membrane degradation in fuel cells: understanding the effect of cell voltage and iron ion redox cycle. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1072-1082. [PMID: 25708935 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical membrane degradation through the Fenton's reaction is one of the main lifetime-limiting factors for polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. In this work, a comprehensive, transient membrane degradation model is developed to capture and elucidate the complex in situ degradation mechanism. A redox cycle of iron ions is discovered within the membrane electrolyte assembly, which sustains the Fe(II) concentration and results in the most severe chemical degradation at open circuit voltage. The cycle strength is critically reduced at lower cell voltages, which leads to an exponential decrease in Fe(II) concentration and associated membrane degradation rate. When the cell voltage is held below 0.7 V, a tenfold reduction in cumulative fluoride release is achieved, which suggests that intermediate cell voltage operation would efficiently mitigate chemical membrane degradation and extend the fuel cell lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hung Wong
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102 Avenue, Surrey, BC V3T0A3 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 778-782-7514
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28
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Wang Y, Xu T. Anchoring hydrophilic polymer in substrate: An easy approach for improving the performance of TFC FO membrane. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Eslamibidgoli MJ, Melchy PÉA, Eikerling MH. Modeling the local potential at Pt nanoparticles in polymer electrolyte membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9802-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a physical–analytical model for the potential distribution at Pt nanodeposits in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM).
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30
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Safronova E, Golubenko D, Pourcelly G, Yaroslavtsev A. Mechanical properties and influence of straining on ion conductivity of perfluorosulfonic acid Nafion®-type membranes depending on water uptake. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Colinart T, Perrin JC, Moyne C. Application of a micro/macro-homogenization procedure to the investigation of the mechanical behavior of ionomer membranes for fuel cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Perrin
- University Lorraine; UMR 7563, LEMTA F-54500 Vandoeuvre France
- CNRS; UMR 7563, LEMTA F-54500 Vandoeuvre France
| | - Christian Moyne
- University Lorraine; UMR 7563, LEMTA F-54500 Vandoeuvre France
- CNRS; UMR 7563, LEMTA F-54500 Vandoeuvre France
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32
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Ghelichi M, Melchy PÉA, Eikerling MH. Radically Coarse-Grained Approach to the Modeling of Chemical Degradation in Fuel Cell Ionomers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11375-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506333p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghelichi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
| | - Pierre-Éric Alix Melchy
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
| | - Michael H. Eikerling
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
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33
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Tarasevich MR, Korchagin OV. Rapid diagnostics of characteristics and stability of fuel cells with proton-conducting electrolyte. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193514080126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Avakov VB, Aliev AD, Beketaeva LA, Bogdanovskaya VA, Burkovskii EV, Datskevich AA, Ivanitskii BA, Kazanskii LP, Kapustin AV, Korchagin OV, Kuzov AV, Landgraf IK, Lozovaya OV, Modestov AD, Stankevich MM, Tarasevich MR, Chalykh AE. Study of degradation of membrane-electrode assemblies of hydrogen-oxygen (air) fuel cell under the conditions of life tests and voltage cycling. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193514080011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Zhang CL, Yu SH. Nanoparticles meet electrospinning: recent advances and future prospects. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4423-48. [PMID: 24695773 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanofibres can be fabricated by various methods and perhaps electrospinning is the most facile route. In past years, electrospinning has been used as a synthesis technique and the fibres have been prepared from a variety of starting materials and show various properties. Recently, incorporating functional nanoparticles (NPs) with electrospun fibres has emerged as one of most exciting research topics in the field of electrospinning. When NPs are incorporated, on the one hand the NPs endow the electrospun fibres/mats novel or better performance, on the other hand the electrospun fibres/mats could preserve the NPs from corrosion and/or oxidation, especially for NPs with anisotropic structures. More importantly, electrospinning shows potential applications in self-assembly of nanoscale building blocks for generating new functions, and has some obvious advantages that are not available by other self-assembly methods, i.e., the obtained free-standing hybrid mats are usually flexible and with large area, which is favourable for their commercial applications. In this critical review, we will focus on the fabrication and applications of NPs-electrospun fibre composites and give an overview on this emerging field combining nanoparticles and electrospinning. Firstly, two main strategies for producing NPs-electrospun fibres will be discussed, i.e., one is preparing the NPs-electrospun fibres after electrospinning process that is usually combined with other post-processing methods, and the other is fabricating the composite nanofibres during the electrospinning process. In particular, the NPs in the latter method will be classified and introduced to show the assembling effect of electrospinning on NPs with different anisotropic structures. The subsequent section describes the applications of these NPs-electrospun fibre mats and nanocomposites, and finally a conclusion and perspectives of the future research in this emerging field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ling Zhang
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.
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36
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Krishnan NN, Henkensmeier D, Jang JH, Hink S, Kim HJ, Nam SW, Lim TH. Locally confined membrane modification of sulfonated membranes for fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Ghassemzadeh L, Peckham TJ, Weissbach T, Luo X, Holdcroft S. Selective formation of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals by electron beam irradiation and their reactivity with perfluorosulfonated acid ionomer. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15923-32. [PMID: 24074044 DOI: 10.1021/ja408032p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective formation and reactivity of hydrogen (H(•)) and hydroxyl (HO(•)) radicals with perfluorinated sulfonated ionomer membrane, Nafion 211, is described. Selective formation of radicals was achieved by electron beam irradiation of aqueous solutions of H2O2 or H2SO4 to form HO(•) and H(•), respectively, and confirmed by ESR spectroscopy using a spin trap. The structure of Nafion 211 after reaction with H(•) or HO(•) was determined using calibrated (19)F magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Soluble residues of degradation were analyzed by liquid and solid-state NMR. NMR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, together with determination of ion exchange capacity, water uptake, proton conductivity, and fluoride ion release, strongly indicate that attack by H(•) occurs at the tertiary carbon C-F bond on both the main and side chain; whereas attack by HO(•) occurs solely on the side chain, specifically, the α-O-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Ghassemzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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38
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Rodgers MP, Pearman BP, Mohajeri N, Bonville LJ, Slattery DK. Effect of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane equivalent weight on degradation under accelerated stress conditions. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Collette FM, Thominette F, Mendil-Jakani H, Gebel G. Structure and transport properties of solution-cast Nafion® membranes subjected to hygrothermal aging. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Rodgers MP, Bonville LJ, Kunz HR, Slattery DK, Fenton JM. Fuel cell perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane degradation correlating accelerated stress testing and lifetime. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6075-103. [PMID: 23061417 DOI: 10.1021/cr200424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne P Rodgers
- Florida Solar Energy Center, University of Central Florida, Cocoa, 32922-5703, United States.
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41
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Hou H, Di Vona ML, Knauth P. Durability of sulfonated aromatic polymers for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1526-1536. [PMID: 22006846 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As a key component of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) must continuously withstand very harsh environments during long-term fuel cell operations. With the coming commercialization of PEMFCs, investigations into the durability and degradation of PEMs are becoming more and more urgent and interesting. Herein, various recent attempts and achievements to improve the durability of sulfonated aromatic polymers (SAPs) are reviewed and some further developments are predicted. Extensive investigations into inexpensive SAPs as alternative electrolyte membranes include modification of available polymer materials; design, synthesis, and optimization of new macromolecules; durability testing; and exploring the degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Hou
- Université de Provence-CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Marseille, France
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42
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Ballengee JB, Pintauro PN. Composite Fuel Cell Membranes from Dual-Nanofiber Electrospun Mats. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201684j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Ballengee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Peter N. Pintauro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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43
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Kusoglu A, Santare MH, Karlsson AM. Aspects of fatigue failure mechanisms in polymer fuel cell membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Pinhole formation in PEMFC membrane after electrochemical degradation and wet/dry cycling test. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Pozio A, Cemmi A, Mura F, Masci A, Silva RF. Study on the Durability of Recast Nafion/Montmorillonite Composite Membranes in Low Humidification Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/252031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafion composite membranes were formed from a recasting procedure previously reported by the authors. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as a filler in the recasting procedure, and dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as the casting solvent. Fuel cell tests performed with the recast membrane showed that at low relative humidity (R.H.) the conductivity of the MMT-containing membranes is 10% higher than that of the MMT-free samples. In order to investigate the durability of such composite perfluorosulfonate membranes, long-term fuel cell experiments have been carried out. Results evidenced a strong effect of low RH on the lifetime of commercial polymer membranes, but the addition of a small silicate amount to the polymeric membrane reduced strongly the membrane degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pozio
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Cemmi
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Mura
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Masci
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - R. F. Silva
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
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46
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Mesoscale modeling of the influence of morphology on the mechanical properties of proton exchange membranes. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Pozio A, Cemmi A, Mura F, Masci A, Serra E, Silva RF. Long-term durability study of perfluoropolymer membranes in low humidification conditions. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Durability of PEM Fuel Cell Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98068-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Changes in the chemical structure and properties of a perfluorosulfonated acid membrane induced by fuel-cell operation. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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