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Sautaux J, Marx F, Gunkel I, Weder C, Schrettl S. Mechanically robust supramolecular polymer co-assemblies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:356. [PMID: 35042887 PMCID: PMC8766479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are formed through non-covalent, directional interactions between monomeric building blocks. The assembly of these materials is reversible, which enables functions such as healing, repair, or recycling. However, supramolecular polymers generally fail to match the mechanical properties of conventional commodity plastics. Here we demonstrate how strong, stiff, tough, and healable materials can be accessed through the combination of two metallosupramolecular polymers with complementary mechanical properties that feature the same metal-ligand complex as binding motif. Co-assembly yields materials with micro-phase separated hard and soft domains and the mechanical properties can be tailored by simply varying the ratio of the two constituents. On account of toughening and physical cross-linking effects, this approach affords materials that display higher strength, toughness, or failure strain than either metallosupramolecular polymer alone. The possibility to combine supramolecular building blocks in any ratio further permits access to compositionally graded objects with a spatially modulated mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sautaux
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Marx
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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2
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Pochivalov KV, Basko AV, Kudryavtsev YV. Binary mixtures of semicrystalline polymers with low-molecular-mass compounds: thermal behaviour and phase structure. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The results of phase equilibrium studies in mixtures of semicrystalline polymers with low-molecular-mass compounds are summarized and analyzed. A new classification of phase diagrams for such mixtures is proposed. Alternative points of view on the phase composition of semicrystalline polymers are presented. The phase structure evolution during the thermally induced phase separation of mixtures is monitored and the morphology of the forming capillary porous bodies as precursors of polymeric membranes is described. The general regularities concerning the influence of the nature of mixture components, polymer molecular mass, temperature scanning rate and other factors on the topology of phase diagrams are considered. Experimental methods used to construct the phase diagrams of mixtures and to study features of their phase structure are compared.
The bibliography includes 203 references.
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3
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Hohl DK, Ferahian AC, Montero de Espinosa L, Weder C. Toughening of Glassy Supramolecular Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1484-1490. [PMID: 35651179 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A modular approach for the design of two-component supramolecular polymer (SMP) networks is reported. A series of materials was prepared by blending two (macro)monomers based on trifunctional poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) cores that were end-functionalized with hydrogen-bonding 2-ureido-4[1H]pyrimidinone (UPy) groups. One monomer was based on a PPO core with a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 440 g mol-1. The SMP formed by this building block is a glassy, brittle material with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about 86 °C. The second monomer featured a PPO core with an Mn of 3000 g mol-1. The SMP formed by this building block adopts a microphase-segregated morphology that features a rubbery phase with a Tg of -58 °C and crystalline domains formed by the UPy assemblies, which act as physical cross-links and melt around 90-130 °C. Combining the two components allows access to microphase-segregated blends comprised of a rubbery phase constituted by the high-Mn cores, a glassy phase formed by the low-Mn component, and a crystalline phase formed by UPy groups. This allowed tailoring of the mechanical properties and afforded materials with storage moduli of 37-609 MPa, tensile strengths of 2.0-5.4 MPa, and melt viscosities of as low as 11 Pa s at 140 °C. The materials can be used as reversible adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kay Hohl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Cécile Ferahian
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Xu WS, Freed KF. Self-assembly and glass-formation in a lattice model of telechelic polymer melts: Influence of stiffness of the sticky bonds. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:214903. [PMID: 27276966 DOI: 10.1063/1.4952979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telechelic polymers are chain macromolecules that may self-assemble through the association of their two mono-functional end groups (called "stickers"). A deep understanding of the relation between microscopic molecular details and the macroscopic physical properties of telechelic polymers is important in guiding the rational design of telechelic polymer materials with desired properties. The lattice cluster theory (LCT) for strongly interacting, self-assembling telechelic polymers provides a theoretical tool that enables establishing the connections between important microscopic molecular details of self-assembling polymers and their bulk thermodynamics. The original LCT for self-assembly of telechelic polymers considers a model of fully flexible linear chains [J. Dudowicz and K. F. Freed, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 064902 (2012)], while our recent work introduces a significant improvement to the LCT by including a description of chain semiflexibility for the bonds within each individual telechelic chain [W.-S. Xu and K. F. Freed, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 024901 (2015)], but the physically associative (or called "sticky") bonds between the ends of the telechelics are left as fully flexible. Motivated by the ubiquitous presence of steric constraints on the association of real telechelic polymers that impart an additional degree of bond stiffness (or rigidity), the present paper further extends the LCT to permit the sticky bonds to be semiflexible but to have a stiffness differing from that within each telechelic chain. An analytical expression for the Helmholtz free energy is provided for this model of linear telechelic polymer melts, and illustrative calculations demonstrate the significant influence of the stiffness of the sticky bonds on the self-assembly and thermodynamics of telechelic polymers. A brief discussion is also provided for the impact of self-assembly on glass-formation by combining the LCT description for this extended model of telechelic polymers with the Adam-Gibbs relation between the structural relaxation time and the configurational entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Xu
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Karl F Freed
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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5
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Xu WS, Freed KF. Lattice model of linear telechelic polymer melts. II. Influence of chain stiffness on basic thermodynamic properties. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:024902. [PMID: 26178122 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lattice cluster theory (LCT) for semiflexible linear telechelic melts, developed in Paper I, is applied to examine the influence of chain stiffness on the average degree of self-assembly and the basic thermodynamic properties of linear telechelic polymer melts. Our calculations imply that chain stiffness promotes self-assembly of linear telechelic polymer melts that assemble on cooling when either polymer volume fraction ϕ or temperature T is high, but opposes self-assembly when both ϕ and T are sufficiently low. This allows us to identify a boundary line in the ϕ-T plane that separates two regions of qualitatively different influence of chain stiffness on self-assembly. The enthalpy and entropy of self-assembly are usually treated as adjustable parameters in classical Flory-Huggins type theories for the equilibrium self-assembly of polymers, but they are demonstrated here to strongly depend on chain stiffness. Moreover, illustrative calculations for the dependence of the entropy density of linear telechelic polymer melts on chain stiffness demonstrate the importance of including semiflexibility within the LCT when exploring the nature of glass formation in models of linear telechelic polymer melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Xu
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Karl F Freed
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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6
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Xu WS, Freed KF. Lattice model of linear telechelic polymer melts. I. Inclusion of chain semiflexibility in the lattice cluster theory. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:024901. [PMID: 26178121 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The lattice cluster theory (LCT) for the thermodynamics of polymer systems has recently been reformulated to treat strongly interacting self-assembling polymers composed of fully flexible linear telechelic chains [J. Dudowicz and K. F. Freed, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 064902 (2012)]. Here, we further extend the LCT for linear telechelic polymer melts to include a description of chain semiflexibility, which is treated by introducing a bending energy penalty whenever a pair of consecutive bonds from a single chain lies along orthogonal directions. An analytical expression for the Helmholtz free energy is derived for the model of semiflexible linear telechelic polymer melts. The extension provides a theoretical tool for investigating the influence of chain stiffness on the thermodynamics of self-assembling telechelic polymers, and for further exploring the influence of self-assembly on glass formation in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Xu
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Karl F Freed
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Hydrogen Bonding in Supramolecular Polymer Networks: Glasses, Melts, and Elastomers. SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMER NETWORKS AND GELS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15404-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Brás AR, Hövelmann CH, Antonius W, Teixeira J, Radulescu A, Allgaier J, Pyckhout-Hintzen W, Wischnewski A, Richter D. Molecular Approach to Supramolecular Polymer Assembly by Small Angle Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401714r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Brás
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Antonius
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - José Teixeira
- CEA
Saclay, Lab Leon Brillouin, CEA CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur
Yvette, France
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Outstation
FRM 2, JCNS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jürgen Allgaier
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Dieter Richter
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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9
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Shen J, Piunova VA, Nutt S, Hogen-Esch TE. Blends of polystyrene and poly(n-butyl methacrylate) mediated by perfluorocarbon end groups. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Lin YH, Darling SB, Nikiforov MP, Strzalka J, Verduzco. R. Supramolecular Conjugated Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300829u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, MS 362, Rice University, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Seth B. Darling
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5747 South Ellis Avenue,
Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maxim P. Nikiforov
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, MS 362, Rice University, 6100
Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Dudowicz J, Freed KF, Douglas JF. Lattice cluster theory of associating polymers. IV. Phase behavior of telechelic polymer solutions. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:194903. [PMID: 22612112 DOI: 10.1063/1.4714563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly developed lattice cluster theory (in Paper I) for the thermodynamics of solutions of telechelic polymers is used to examine the phase behavior of these complex fluids when effective polymer-solvent interactions are unfavorable. The telechelics are modeled as linear, fully flexible, polymer chains with mono-functional stickers at the two chain ends, and these chains are assumed to self-assemble upon cooling. Phase separation is generated through the interplay of self-assembly and polymer/solvent interactions that leads to an upper critical solution temperature phase separation. The variations of the boundaries for phase stability and the critical temperature and composition are analyzed in detail as functions of the number M of united atom groups in a telechelic chain and the microscopic nearest neighbor interaction energy ε(s) driving the self-assembly. The coupling between self-assembly and unfavorable polymer/solvent interactions produces a wide variety of nontrivial patterns of phase behavior, including an enhancement of miscibility accompanying the increase of the molar mass of the telechelics under certain circumstances. Special attention is devoted to understanding this unusual trend in miscibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Dudowicz
- The James Franck Institute and the Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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12
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Dudowicz J, Freed KF. Lattice cluster theory of associating polymers. I. Solutions of linear telechelic polymer chains. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:064902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3681257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Dudowicz J, Freed KF, Douglas JF. Can the Miscibility of Telechelic Polymer Solutions Increase with Polymer Chain Length? ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:88-91. [PMID: 35578460 DOI: 10.1021/mz200101p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the molar mass of the polymers in blends and in solutions tends to decrease miscibility, but application of the lattice cluster theory for strongly interactiong polymer systems to telechelic polymer solutions explains why this usual trend can be inverted, a situation actually observed in some telechelic polymer solutions and blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Dudowicz
- The James Franck Institute and
the Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karl F. Freed
- The James Franck Institute and
the Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
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14
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De Greef TFA, Kade MJ, Feldman KE, Kramer EJ, Hawker CJ, Meijer E. Spacer‐length‐dependent association in polymers with multiple‐hydrogen‐bonded end groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom F. A. De Greef
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J. Kade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Kathleen E. Feldman
- Department of Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Edward J. Kramer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
- Department of Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - E.W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Effect of self-complementary motifs on phase compatibility and material properties in blends of supramolecular polymers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Wrue MH, McUmber AC, Anthamatten M. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of End-Functionalized Hydrogen-Bonding Polymers and Resulting Polymer Miscibility. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Wrue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Aaron C. McUmber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Mitchell Anthamatten
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
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Chen Y, Kilburg RR, Donohue MD. Thermodynamics of Systems with Different Geometric Constraints and Intermolecular Correlations. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:12530-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906067w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Carey Business School, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - R. R. Kilburg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Carey Business School, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - M. D. Donohue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Carey Business School, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Elmiloudi K, Djadoun S. A thermodynamic analysis of specific interactions in homoblends of poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) and poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Shen J, Hogen-Esch T. Block Copolymer-like Self-Assembly of Fluorocarbon End-Functionalized Polystyrene and Polybutylmethacrylate. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10866-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Shen
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Thieo Hogen-Esch
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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