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Serrano RR, Velasco‐Bosom S, Dominguez‐Alfaro A, Picchio ML, Mantione D, Mecerreyes D, Malliaras GG. High Density Body Surface Potential Mapping with Conducting Polymer-Eutectogel Electrode Arrays for ECG imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2301176. [PMID: 37203308 PMCID: PMC11251564 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrocardiography imaging (ECGi) is a non-invasive inverse reconstruction procedure which employs body surface potential maps (BSPM) obtained from surface electrode array measurements to improve the spatial resolution and interpretability of conventional electrocardiography (ECG) for the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. ECGi currently lacks precision, which has prevented its adoption in clinical setups. The introduction of high-density electrode arrays could increase ECGi reconstruction accuracy but is not attempted before due to manufacturing and processing limitations. Advances in multiple fields have now enabled the implementation of such arrays which poses questions on optimal array design parameters for ECGi. In this work, a novel conducting polymer electrode manufacturing process on flexible substrates is proposed to achieve high-density, mm-sized, conformable, long-term, and easily attachable electrode arrays for BSPM with parameters optimally selected for ECGi applications. Temporal, spectral, and correlation analysis are performed on a prototype array demonstrating the validity of the chosen parameters and the feasibility of high-density BSPM, paving the way for ECGi devices fit for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Dominguez‐Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering DivisionUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Matias L. Picchio
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvda. Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastianGipuzkoa20018Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
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2
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Chong J, Sung C, Nam KS, Kang T, Kim H, Lee H, Park H, Park S, Kang J. Highly conductive tissue-like hydrogel interface through template-directed assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2206. [PMID: 37072411 PMCID: PMC10113367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, conductive hydrogels have received great attention as tissue-interfacing electrodes due to their soft and tissue-like mechanical properties. However, a trade-off between robust tissue-like mechanical properties and good electrical properties has prevented the fabrication of a tough, highly conductive hydrogel and limited its use in bioelectronics. Here, we report a synthetic method for the realization of highly conductive and mechanically tough hydrogels with tissue-like modulus. We employed a template-directed assembly method, enabling the arrangement of a disorder-free, highly-conductive nanofibrous conductive network inside a highly stretchable, hydrated network. The resultant hydrogel exhibits ideal electrical and mechanical properties as a tissue-interfacing material. Furthermore, it can provide tough adhesion (800 J/m2) with diverse dynamic wet tissue after chemical activation. This hydrogel enables suture-free and adhesive-free, high-performance hydrogel bioelectronics. We successfully demonstrated ultra-low voltage neuromodulation and high-quality epicardial electrocardiogram (ECG) signal recording based on in vivo animal models. This template-directed assembly method provides a platform for hydrogel interfaces for various bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeun Chong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Sung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kum Seok Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchang Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Aguzin A, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Criado-Gonzalez M, Velasco-Bosom S, Picchio ML, Casado N, Mitoudi-Vagourdi E, Minari RJ, Malliaras GG, Mecerreyes D. Direct ink writing of PEDOT eutectogels as substrate-free dry electrodes for electromyography. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37067040 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are a new class of ionic conductive compounds attracting significant attention as greener alternatives to costly ionic liquids. Herein, we developed novel mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials by simple mixing of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and various DES as additives. The DES addition induces the supramolecular assembly and gelification of PEDOT:PSS forming eutectogels triggered by extensive hydrogen bonding and charge stabilization. The eutectogels feature boosts the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of PEDOT:PSS up to 368 S cm-1, unveiling great potential as flexible bioelectronics. All the PEDOT:PSS/DES gels showed shear-thinning behavior and viscosity values ranging from 100 to 1000 Pa s. The eutectogels show good injectability with almost instantaneous elastic recovery, making them ideal materials for direct ink writing (DIW). As proof of that, PEDOT:PSS/DES (choline chloride:lactic acid) was 3D printed in different patterns, annealed at high temperature, and assembled into adhesive electrodes. This way tattoos-like electrodes, denoted as Eutecta2 were fabricated and placed in vivo on the forearm and the thumb of human volunteers for electromyography measurements. Eutecta2 hexagonal patterns showed excellent conformability, and their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was higher than Ag/AgCl commercial electrodes for thumb motion measurements. Furthermore, forearm motion was measured after 14 days with similar values of SNR, demonstrating long-term stability and reusability. All in all, our findings revealed that DES could be used as inexpensive and safe additives to direct the self-assembly of PEDOT:PSS into supramolecular eutectogels inks for flexible bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aguzin
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa 20018, Spain.
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa 20018, Spain.
| | - Santiago Velasco-Bosom
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Matías L Picchio
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa 20018, Spain.
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa 20018, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eleni Mitoudi-Vagourdi
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Roque J Minari
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa 20018, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
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4
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Lee DH, Lee EK, Kim CH, Yun HJ, Kim YJ, Yoo H. Blended Polymer Dry Electrodes for Reliable Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram Measurements and Their Eco-Friendly Disposal Led by Degradability in Hot Water. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132586. [PMID: 35808632 PMCID: PMC9269162 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase the human lifespan, healthcare monitoring devices that diagnose diseases and check body conditions have attracted considerable interest. Commercial AgCl-based wet electrodes with the advantages of high conductivity and strong adaptability to human skin are considered the most frequently used electrode material for healthcare monitoring. However, commercial AgCl-based wet electrodes, when exposed for a long period, cause an evaporation of organic solvents, which could reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of biosignals and stimulate human skin. In this context, we demonstrate a dry electrode for a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based blended polymer electrode using a combination of PEDOT:PSS, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and ethylene glycol (EG) that could be reused for a long period of time to detect electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG). Both ECG and EMG are reliably detected by the wireless real-time monitoring system. In particular, the proposed dry electrode detects biosignals without deterioration for over 2 weeks. Additionally, a double layer of a polyimide (PI) substrate and fluorinated polymer CYTOP induces the strong waterproof characteristics of external liquids for the proposed dry electrodes, having a low surface energy of 14.49 mN/m. In addition, the proposed electrode has excellent degradability in water; it dissolves in hot water at 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University (PKNU), Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Chae Hyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Hyung Joong Yun
- Advance Nano Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 34126, Korea;
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.H.L.); (C.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (H.Y.)
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5
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Sakunpongpitiporn P, Phasuksom K, Sirivat A. Tuning of
PEDOT
:
PSS
synthesis via multiple doping for enhanced electrical conductivity. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Katesara Phasuksom
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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6
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Al Naim AF, Ibrahim SS, El-Shamy AG. New high mechanically flexible and bendable nanocomposite Ag@NCDots/PEDOT:PSS/PVA films with high thermoelectric power performance and generator. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Song JP, Choi SH, Chung DW, Lee SJ. Latex-Based Polystyrene Nanocomposites with Non-Covalently Modified Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071168. [PMID: 33916505 PMCID: PMC8038690 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared electrically conductive polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites by incorporating non-covalently surface-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with hydrophilic polymers such as polydopamine (PDA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Further, ethylene glycol (EG) was introduced as a second dopant to improve the electrical properties of the nanocomposites prepared with PEDOT:PSS-wrapped CNTs. All conductive PS nanocomposites were prepared through latex-based process, and the morphology and properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The electrical properties of the nanocomposites with PEDOT:PSS-wrapped CNTs were better than those of the nanocomposites with PDA-coated CNTs owing to the conducting nature of PEDOT:PSS, although the dispersions of both types of modified CNTs in the PS matrix were excellent, as evidenced by morphology and rheology. In the case of PEDOT:PSS modification, the electrical properties of the nanocomposites with EG-doped PEDOT:PSS-wrapped CNTs were superior to those of the nanocomposites without EG treatment.
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8
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Lu Y, Liu R, Hang XC, Young DJ. Biocompatible, flexible and conductive polymers prepared by biomass-derived ionic liquid treatment. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00064k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising, biocompatible conductive polymer for bio-integrated electronics with health-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- China
- College of Engineering
| | - Ruqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- China
| | - Xiao-Chun Hang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- China
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering
- Information Technology and Environment
- Charles Darwin University
- Australia
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9
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Panigrahy S, Kandasubramanian B. Polymeric thermoelectric PEDOT: PSS & composites: Synthesis, progress, and applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Ding WL, Sun ZZ, Peng XL, Wang CL, Zhang YQ, He HY, Zhang SJ. Boosting the hole transport of conductive polymers by regulating the ion ratio in ionic liquid additives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9796-9807. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has aroused great interest in organic electrics because of its high electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhu-Zhu Sun
- Energy-Saving Building Materials Innovative Collaboration Center of Henan Province
- Xinyang Normal University
- Xinyang
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Liang Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hong-Yan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Suo-Jiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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11
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Culebras M, Choi K, Cho C. Recent Progress in Flexible Organic Thermoelectrics. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E638. [PMID: 30513632 PMCID: PMC6316489 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental energy issues caused by the burning of fossil fuel such as coal, and petroleum, and the limited resources along with the increasing world population pose a world-wide challenge. Alternative energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy, have been suggested as practical and affordable solutions to future energy needs. Among energy conversion technologies, thermoelectric (TE) materials are considered one of the most potential candidates to play a crucial role in addressing today's global energy issues. TE materials can convert waste heat such as the sun, automotive exhaust, and industrial processes to a useful electrical voltage with no moving parts, no hazardous working chemical-fluids, low maintenance costs, and high reliability. These advantages of TE conversion provide solutions to solve the energy crisis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress on organic TE materials, focused on polymers and their corresponding organic composites incorporated with carbon nanofillers (including graphene and carbon nanotubes). Various strategies to enhance the TE properties, such as electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient, in polymers and polymer composites will be highlighted. Then, a discussion on polymer composite based TE devices is summarized. Finally, brief conclusions and outlooks for future research efforts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Culebras
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Kyungwho Choi
- Transportation Innovative Research Center, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea.
| | - Chungyeon Cho
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.
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12
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McDowell C, Abdelsamie M, Toney MF, Bazan GC. Solvent Additives: Key Morphology-Directing Agents for Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707114. [PMID: 29900605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) have the advantage of possible fabrication by energy-efficient and cost-effective deposition methods, such as solution processing. Solvent additives can provide fine control of the active layer morphology of OPVs by influencing film formation during solution processing. As such, solvent additives form a versatile method of experimental control for improving organic solar cell device performance. This review provides a brief history of solution-processed bulk heterojunction OPVs and the advent of solvent additives, putting them into context with other methods available for morphology control. It presents the current understanding of how solvent additives impact various mechanisms of phase separation, enabled by recent advances in in situ morphology characterization. Indeed, understanding solvent additives' effects on film formation has allowed them to be applied and combined effectively and synergistically to boost OPV performance. Their success as a morphology control strategy has also prompted the use of solvent additives in related organic semiconductor technologies. Finally, the role of solvent additives in the development of next-generation OPV active layers is discussed. Despite concerns over their environmental toxicity and role in device instability, solvent additives remain relevant morphological directing agents as research interests evolve toward nonfullerene acceptors, ternary blends, and environmentally sustainable solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McDowell
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Maged Abdelsamie
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Building 137, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Building 137, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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13
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Blackburn JL, Ferguson AJ, Cho C, Grunlan JC. Carbon-Nanotube-Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704386. [PMID: 29356158 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of waste heat to voltage has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of a number of critical energy sectors, such as the transportation and electricity-generation sectors, and manufacturing processes. Thermal energy is also an abundant low-flux source that can be harnessed to power portable/wearable electronic devices and critical components in remote off-grid locations. As such, a number of different inorganic and organic materials are being explored for their potential in thermoelectric-energy-harvesting devices. Carbon-based thermoelectric materials are particularly attractive due to their use of nontoxic, abundant source-materials, their amenability to high-throughput solution-phase fabrication routes, and the high specific energy (i.e., W g-1 ) enabled by their low mass. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) represent a unique 1D carbon allotrope with structural, electrical, and thermal properties that enable efficient thermoelectric-energy conversion. Here, the progress made toward understanding the fundamental thermoelectric properties of SWCNTs, nanotube-based composites, and thermoelectric devices prepared from these materials is reviewed in detail. This progress illuminates the tremendous potential that carbon-nanotube-based materials and composites have for producing high-performance next-generation devices for thermoelectric-energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Blackburn
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401-3305, USA
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401-3305, USA
| | - Chungyeon Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
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14
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Cho H, Cho W, Kim Y, Lee JG, Kim JH. Influence of residual sodium ions on the structure and properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate). RSC Adv 2018; 8:29044-29050. [PMID: 35547973 PMCID: PMC9084416 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05150j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising conducting polymer in terms of its applicability to transparent and flexible electronic devices. Generally, a negatively charged PSS chain can interact with alkali metal cations like sodium and potassium. During polymerization, these ions, especially sodium ions, remain in an aqueous state and affect particle formation. This paper describes the effect of residual sodium ions on the synthesis of PEDOT:PSS and its electrical and optical properties. Removing the sodium ions weakens the coulombic interaction between the PEDOT and PSS chains, which leads to a linear conformation. This conformational change enhances the electrical conductivity and work function. Furthermore, transmittance in the visible region increased remarkably because the intrinsic electrical properties of the PEDOT:PSS particles were improved. Moreover, the colloidal stability was enhanced because the particle coagulation caused by residual sodium ions was reduced. In summary, we determined that sodium ions in PEDOT:PSS have a considerable influence on its electrical and optical properties and colloidal stability for practical applications. In this study, we investigated the effects of metal ions, namely sodium ions, on the structure of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) during polymerization and the resulting electrical and optical properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyeol Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Wonseok Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Youngno Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jin-geun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
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Kim SH. Control of the Charge Carrier Concentration and Hall Mobility in PEDOT:PSS Thermoelectric Films. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Carbon Fusion Engineering; Wonkwang University; Iksan 54538 Republic of Korea
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16
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Effects of solvents on thermoelectric performance of PANi/PEDOT/PSS composite films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Hewidy D, Gadallah AS, Fattah GA. Electroluminescence enhancement of glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MEH-PPV/PEDOT:PSS/Al OLED by thermal annealing. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Acidity-Controlled Conducting Polymer Films for Organic Thermoelectric Devices with Horizontal and Vertical Architectures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33795. [PMID: 27667013 PMCID: PMC5035924 DOI: 10.1038/srep33795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic thermoelectric devices (OTEDs) are recognized one of the next generation energy conversion platforms because of their huge potentials for securing electricity continuously from even tiny heat sources in our daily life. The advantage of OTEDs can be attributable to the design freedom in device shapes and the low-cost fabrication by employing solution coating processes at low temperatures. As one of the major OTE materials to date, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been used, but no study has been yet carried out on its acidity control even though the acidic components in OTEDs can seriously affect the device performance upon operation. Here we demonstrate that the addition of aniline (a weak base) can control the acidity of PEDOT:PSS and enhance the performance of OTEDs. In particular, the vertical OTEDs with aniline-doped PEDOT:PSS films (active area = 1.0 cm2) could continuously generate electricity (0.06 nW) even at low temperatures (<38 °C) when they were mounted on a desk lamp (power = 24 W).
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Fan Z, Du D, Yu Z, Li P, Xia Y, Ouyang J. Significant Enhancement in the Thermoelectric Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films through a Treatment with Organic Solutions of Inorganic Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23204-11. [PMID: 27537420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Conducting polymers have promising thermoelectric application because they have many advantages including abundant elements, mechanical flexibility, and nontoxicity. The thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers strongly depend on their chemical structure and microstructure. Here, we report a novel and facile method to significantly enhance the thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) films through a treatment with organic solutions of inorganic salts. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and a common inorganic salt like zinc chloride (ZnCl2) are used as the solvent and solute of the solutions, respectively. The treatments can significantly increase both the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the PEDOT PSS films. The thermoelectric properties of the PEDOT PSS films are sensitive to the experimental conditions, such as the salt concentration, treatment temperature, and the cation of the salts. After treatment at the optimal experimental conditions, the PEDOT PSS films can exhibit a Seebeck coefficient of 26.1 μV/K and an electrical conductivity of over 1400 S/cm at room temperature. The corresponding power factor is 98.2 μW/(m·K(2)). The mechanism for the enhancement in the thermoelectric properties is attributed to the segregation of some PSSH chains from PEDOT PSS and the conformation change of PEDOT chains as a result of the synergetic effects of inorganic salts and DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Donghe Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Zhimeng Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Yijie Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
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Wang T, Liu C, Xu J, Zhu Z, Liu E, Hu Y, Li C, Jiang F. Thermoelectric performance of restacked MoS2 nanosheets thin-film. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:285703. [PMID: 27256215 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/28/285703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MoS2 has been predicted to be an excellent thermoelectric material due to its large intrinsic band gap and high carrier mobility. In this work, we exfoliated bulk MoS2 by the assistance of lithium intercalation and fabricated the restacked MoS2 thin-film using a simple filtration technique. These MoS2 thin-films with different thickness showed different thermoelectric performance. It was found that with the increase of thickness, carrier concentration, electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient all showed an increasing trend. In particular, the maximum Seebeck coefficient was able to reach 93.5 μV K(-1). This high thermopower indicates that MoS2 will have ideal thermoelectric performance in the future through optimizing its structure. The highest figure of merit (ZT = 0.01) is calculated in this experiment.
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Liu E, Liu C, Zhu Z, Shi H, Jiang Q, Jiang F, Xu J, Xiong J, Hu Y. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of PEDOT:PSS films by solvent thermal treatment. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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