1
|
Farina P, Bedini S, Conti B. Multiple Functions of Malpighian Tubules in Insects: A Review. Insects 2022; 13:insects13111001. [PMID: 36354824 PMCID: PMC9697091 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Malpighian Tubules (MTs) are the main excretory organs in most insects. They play a key role in the production of primary urine and osmoregulation, selectively reabsorbing water, ions, and solutes. Besides these functions conserved in most insects, MTs can serve some specialized tasks at different stages of some species' development. The specialized functions include the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and proteins for the building of foam nests, mucofibrils for the construction of dwelling tubes, adhesive secretions to help the locomotion, and brochosomes for protection as well as the usage of inorganic salts to harden the puparia, eggs chorion, and pupal cells' closing lids. MTs are also the organs responsible for the astonishing bioluminescence of some Diptera glowworms and can go through some drastic histological changes to produce a silk-like fiber utilized to spin cocoons. The specialized functions are associated with modifications of cells within the entire tubules, in specific segments, or, more rarely, modified secretory cells scattered along the MTs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the observations and experiments made over more than a century concerning the non-excretive functions of insects' MTs, underlying the need for new investigations supported by the current, advanced technologies available to validate outdated theories and clarify some dubious aspects.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ni P, Zeng J, Chen H, Yang F, Yi X. Effect of different factors on treatment of oily wastewater by TiO 2/Al 2O 3-PVDF ultrafiltration membrane. Environ Technol 2022; 43:2981-2989. [PMID: 33797337 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1912832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An ultrafiltration membrane developed by our research group was applied to treat simulated emulsified oil wastewater. ATR-FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zeta potential analyzes demonstrated that the modified ultrafiltration membrane (MM) has excellent stability and anti-fouling capacity than origin membrane (OM), which possesses a pure water flux of 260 L·m-2·h-1 and oil/water (o/w) rejection of 98.5 ± 0.33%. Inorganic salt CaCl2 has more considerable influence than MgSO4 and NaCl under the same mass concentration in the two membranes UF process. Along with concentration increasing, flux sharply reduces; meanwhile, the rejection has an opposite trend. Moreover, permeation flux has a maximum value, and the rejection also gets its optimal state under neutral conditions during the pH value of 2-12. The membrane also exhibits excellent anti-fouling performance and anti- o/w adsorption properties with an adsorption rate below 0.8% compared with OM, which has an adsorption rate of nearly 2.1%, respectively. A kind of new UF membrane developed by our research group was applied to treat simulated o/w. ATR-FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zeta potential analyzes demonstrated that PVDF-Al2O3/TiO2 material has excellent stability and anti-fouling capacity. CaCl2 has the greatest influence than MgSO4 and NaCl under the same mass concentration. Moreover, permeation flux has maximum value and the rejection also gets its optimal state under neutral conditions during pH 2-12. The membrane also exhibits excellent anti-fouling performance and anti-O/W adsorption properties with adsorption rate below 0.8% compared with OM which has an adsorption rate nearly 2.1%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Yi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang HY, Wei YQ, Zhang ML, Liu W. A Novel Green Extraction Technique for Extracting Flavonoids from Folium nelumbinis by Changing Osmosis Pressure. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E4192. [PMID: 32967241 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new green and sustainable extraction technique, namely osmosis extraction (OE), was developed for efficient extracting flavonoids from Folium nelumbinis by changing the osmotic pressure. The antioxidant activities of the extracted flavonoids were also evaluated. Ethanol and ammonium sulfate were selected for the OE system because they are environmentally friendly. The maximum flavonoids concentration in the top phase was obtained with an ethanol volume fraction of 42.0% and the salt mass of 1.9 g. The kinetic behavior of the extraction process showed that OE had higher efficiencies especially coupled with ultrasonication due to the accompanying and serious morphological changes of Folium nelumbinis cells observed by digital microscope and nano-computed tomography (nano-CT). Results of morphological and anatomical features showed that the higher intracellular chemical potential made the cell expand and even led to bursting. The results also showed that the extraction efficiency of flavonoids with high antioxidant activities was higher than that of the traditional method. The interface effect enhanced the extraction during the salting-out extraction and osmosis was the main factor that improved the extraction efficiency.
Collapse
|
4
|
Santos AR, Batista AFP, Gomes ATPC, Neves MDGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A, Hioka N, Mikcha JMG. The Remarkable Effect of Potassium Iodide in Eosin and Rose Bengal Photodynamic Action against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E211. [PMID: 31694195 PMCID: PMC6963404 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising technique to inactivate foodborne bacteria, without inducing the development of bacterial resistance. Knowing that addition of inorganic salts, such as potassium iodide (KI), can modulate the photodynamic action of the photosensitizer (PS), we report in this study the antimicrobial effect of eosin (EOS) and rose bengal (RB) combined with KI against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the possible development of bacterial resistance after this combined aPDT protocol was evaluated. The combination of EOS or RB, at all tested concentrations, with KI at 100 mM, was able to efficiently inactivate S. Typhimurium and S. aureus. This combined approach allows a reduction in the PS concentration up to 1000 times, even against one of the most common foodborne pathogenics, S. Typhimurium, a gram-negative bacterium which is not so prone to inactivation with xanthene dyes when used alone. The photoinactivation of S. Typhimurium and S. aureus by both xanthenes with KI did not induce the development of resistance. The low price of the xanthene dyes, the non-toxic nature of KI, and the possibility of reducing the PS concentration show that this technology has potential to be easily transposed to the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriele R. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Andréia F. P. Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Maria da Graça P. M. S. Neves
- QOPNA& LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- QOPNA& LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Jane M. G. Mikcha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fan Z, Du D, Yu Z, Li P, Xia Y, Ouyang J. Significant Enhancement in the Thermoelectric Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films through a Treatment with Organic Solutions of Inorganic Salts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:23204-11. [PMID: 27537420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Conducting polymers have promising thermoelectric application because they have many advantages including abundant elements, mechanical flexibility, and nontoxicity. The thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers strongly depend on their chemical structure and microstructure. Here, we report a novel and facile method to significantly enhance the thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) films through a treatment with organic solutions of inorganic salts. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and a common inorganic salt like zinc chloride (ZnCl2) are used as the solvent and solute of the solutions, respectively. The treatments can significantly increase both the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the PEDOT PSS films. The thermoelectric properties of the PEDOT PSS films are sensitive to the experimental conditions, such as the salt concentration, treatment temperature, and the cation of the salts. After treatment at the optimal experimental conditions, the PEDOT PSS films can exhibit a Seebeck coefficient of 26.1 μV/K and an electrical conductivity of over 1400 S/cm at room temperature. The corresponding power factor is 98.2 μW/(m·K(2)). The mechanism for the enhancement in the thermoelectric properties is attributed to the segregation of some PSSH chains from PEDOT PSS and the conformation change of PEDOT chains as a result of the synergetic effects of inorganic salts and DMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Donghe Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Zhimeng Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Yijie Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loow YL, Wu TY, Tan KA, Lim YS, Siow LF, Jahim JM, Mohammad AW, Teoh WH. Recent Advances in the Application of Inorganic Salt Pretreatment for Transforming Lignocellulosic Biomass into Reducing Sugars. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:8349-63. [PMID: 26325225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products such as reducing sugars is garnering attention worldwide. However, efficient hydrolysis is usually hindered by the recalcitrant structure of the biomass. Many pretreatment technologies have been developed to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulose such that the components can be reutilized more effectively to enhance sugar recovery. Among all of the utilized pretreatment methods, inorganic salt pretreatment represents a more novel method and offers comparable sugar recovery with the potential for reducing costs. The use of inorganic salt also shows improved performance when it is integrated with other pretreatment technologies. Hence, this paper is aimed to provide a detailed overview of the current situation for lignocellulosic biomass and its physicochemical characteristics. Furthermore, this review discusses some recent studies using inorganic salt for pretreating biomass and the mechanisms involved during the process. Finally, some prospects and challenges using inorganic salt are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jamaliah Md Jahim
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Wahab Mohammad
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wen Hui Teoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neves CMSS, Lemus J, Freire MG, Palomar J, Coutinho JAP. Enhancing the adsorption of ionic liquids onto activated carbon by the addition of inorganic salts. Chem Eng J 2014; 252:305-310. [PMID: 25516713 PMCID: PMC4265388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Most ionic liquids (ILs) are either water soluble or present a non-negligible miscibility with water that may cause some harmful effects upon their release into the environment. Among other methods, adsorption of ILs onto activated carbon (AC) has shown to be an effective technique to remove these compounds from aqueous solutions. However, this method has proved to be viable only for hydrophobic ILs rather than for the hydrophilic that, being water soluble, have a larger tendency for contamination. In this context, an alternative approach using the salting-out ability of inorganic salts is here proposed to enhance the adsorption of hydrophilic ILs onto activated carbon. The effect of the concentrations of Na2SO4 on the adsorption of five ILs onto AC was investigated. A wide range of ILs that allow the inspection of the IL cation family (imidazolium- and pyridinium-based) and the anion nature (accounting for its hydrophilicity and fluorination) through the adsorption onto AC was studied. In general, it is shown that the use of Na2SO4 enhances the adsorption of ILs onto AC. In particular, this effect is highly relevant when dealing with hydrophilic ILs that are those that are actually poorly removed by AC. In addition, the COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) was used aiming at complementing the experimental data obtained. This work contributes with the development of novel methods to remove ILs from water streams aiming at creating "greener" processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Lemus
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara G. Freire
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Palomar
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Corresponding author: Tel: +351-234-370200; Fax: +351-234-370084;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Najdanovic-Visak V, Canongia Lopes JN, Visak ZP, Trindade J, Rebelo LPN. Salting-out in Aqueous Solutions of Ionic Liquids and K 3PO 4: Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Salt Precipitation. Int J Mol Sci 2007. [PMCID: PMC3715798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The salting-out effect produced by the addition of potassium phosphate, K3PO4 to aqueous solutions of water-miscible ionic liquids, viz. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, or 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (alkyl = butyl, octyl or decyl) is investigated. The effects are analyzed using both the corresponding temperature–composition pseudo-binary and composition ternary phase diagrams. Different regions of liquid-liquid and solid-liquid phase demixing are mapped. The phase behavior is interpreted taking into account the complex and competing nature of the interactions between the ionic liquid, the inorganic salt and water. In the case of solutions containing 1-octyl- or 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, the smaller magnitude of the salting-out effects is explained in terms of the possibility of self-aggregation of the ionic liquid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Najdanovic-Visak
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, UNL, Av. da República, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal,REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quimica, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José N. Canongia Lopes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, UNL, Av. da República, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal,Centro de Química Estrutural, IST-UTL, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal,Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mails: ; ; Tel.: +351 21 4469 441
| | - Zoran P. Visak
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, UNL, Av. da República, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J. Trindade
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, UNL, Av. da República, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luís P. N. Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, UNL, Av. da República, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal,Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mails: ; ; Tel.: +351 21 4469 441
| |
Collapse
|