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Abdelaziz BB, Mustapha N, Bedja IM, Aldaghri O, Idriss H, Ibrahem M, Ibnaouf KH. Spectral Behavior of a Conjugated Polymer MDMO-PPV Doped with ZnO Nanoparticles: Thin Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2405. [PMID: 37686913 PMCID: PMC10490548 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the presented study is to examine the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the spectrum features of poly [2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV). The characteristics of the MDMO-PPV and doped ZnO NPS samples were assessed using several techniques. A set of solutions of MDMO-PPV in toluene that were doped with different ratio percentages of ZnO NPs was prepared to obtain thin films. Pristine and composite solutions were spin-coated on glass substrates. It was observed that MDMO-PPV had two distinct absorbance bands at 310 and 500 nm in its absorption spectrum. The UV-Vis spectrum was dramatically changed when 5% of ZnO NPs were added. The result showed a significant reduction in absorption of the band 500 nm, while 310 nm absorption increased rapidly and became more pronounced. Upon adding (10%) ZnONPs to the sample, no noticeable change was observed in the 500 nm band. However, the 310 nm band shifted towards the blue region. There is a dominant peak in the PL spectrum of MDMO-PPV in its pristine form around 575 nm and a smaller hump around 600 nm of the spectrum. The spectral profile at 600 nm and the intensity of both bands are improved by raising the ZnO NP concentration. These bands feature two vibronic transitions identified as (0-0) and (0-1). When the dopant concentration increased to the maximum dopant percentage (10%), the energy band gap values increased by 0.21 eV compared to the pristine MDMO-PPV. In addition, the refractive index (n) decreased to its lowest value of 2.30 with the presence of concentrations of ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boutheina Ben Abdelaziz
- Advanced Materials and Quantum Phenomena Laboratory, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, 2092 University Campus, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Nazir Mustapha
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (H.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Idriss M. Bedja
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (H.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Hajo Idriss
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (H.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Moez Ibrahem
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (H.I.); (M.I.)
| | - Khalid H. Ibnaouf
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (H.I.); (M.I.)
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2
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Eller F, Wenzel FA, Hildner R, Havenith RWA, Herzig EM. Spark Discharge Doping-Achieving Unprecedented Control over Aggregate Fraction and Backbone Ordering in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207537. [PMID: 36861324 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The properties of semiconducting polymers are strongly influenced by their aggregation behavior, that is, their aggregate fraction and backbone planarity. However, tuning these properties, particularly the backbone planarity, is challenging. This work introduces a novel solution treatment to precisely control the aggregation of semiconducting polymers, namely current-induced doping (CID). It utilizes spark discharges between two electrodes immersed in a polymer solution to create strong electrical currents resulting in temporary doping of the polymer. Rapid doping-induced aggregation occurs upon every treatment step for the semiconducting model-polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene). Therefore, the aggregate fraction in solution can be precisely tuned up to a maximum value determined by the solubility of the doped state. A qualitative model for the dependences of the achievable aggregate fraction on the CID treatment strength and various solution parameters is presented. Moreover, the CID treatment can yield an extraordinarily high quality of backbone order and planarization, expressed in UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Depending on the selected parameters, an arbitrarily lower backbone order can be chosen using the CID treatment, allowing for maximum control of aggregation. This method may become an elegant pathway to finely tune aggregation and solid-state morphology for thin-films of semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eller
- Dynamics and Structure Formation - Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Felix A Wenzel
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), Gent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Eva M Herzig
- Dynamics and Structure Formation - Herzig Group, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Pluronic stabilized conjugated polymer nanoparticles for NIR fluorescence imaging and dual phototherapy applications. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Dhakal P, Ferron T, Alotaibi A, Murcia V, Alqahtani O, Collins BA. Evidence for Field-Dependent Charge Separation Caused by Mixed Phases in Polymer-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1847-1853. [PMID: 33577332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As organic photovoltaic performance approaches 20% efficiencies, causal structure-performance relationships must be established for devices to realize theoretical limits and become commercially competitive. Here, we reveal evidence of a causal relationship between mixed donor-acceptor interfaces and charge generation in polymer-fullerene solar cells. To do this, we combine a holistic loss analysis of device performance with quantitative synchrotron X-ray nanocharacterization to identify a >98% anticorrelation between field-dependent geminate recombination and nanodomain purity. Importantly, our analysis eliminates other possible explanations of the performance trends, a requirement to establish causality. The unprecedented granular level of our analysis also separates field-dependent and field-independent recombination at the interface, where we find for the first time that this system is free of field-independent recombination, a loss channel that plagues high-performance systems, including those with non-fullerene acceptors. This result broadens the case that minimizing mixed phases to promote sharp interfaces between pure aggregated domains is the ideal nanostructure for realizing theoretical efficiency limits of organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodh Dhakal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Thomas Ferron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Awwad Alotaibi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Victor Murcia
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Obaid Alqahtani
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Physics, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian A Collins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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5
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Wollmann J, Kahle FJ, Bauer I, Köhler A, Strohriegl P. Versatile Approach to Well-Defined Oligofluorenes and Polyfluorenes with Low Dispersity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Wedler S, Zhou C, Bazan GC, Panzer F, Köhler A. Role of Torsional Flexibility in the Film Formation Process in Two π-Conjugated Model Oligomers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9379-9386. [PMID: 33095590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of solution-processed organic semiconductor devices is heavily influenced by the morphology of the active layer. Film formation is a complex process, with the final morphology being the result of the interplay between processing parameters and molecular properties, which is only poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of molecular stiffness by using two model oligomers, TT and CT, which differ only in the rotational flexibility of their central building block. We monitor absorption and emission simultaneously in situ during spin coating. We find that film formation takes place in four similar stages for both compounds. However, the time scales are remarkably different during the third stage, where electronically interacting aggregates are created. While this process is fast for the stiff CT, it takes minutes for the flexible TT. By comparing with previously determined aggregation properties in solution, we conclude that even though aggregate formation concurs with a planarization process, a certain amount of backbone flexibility is beneficial for establishing ordered structures during film formation. Here, the elongated time window in the case of the flexible compound can further allow for better processing control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wedler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, Experimentalphysik II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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7
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Du B, Yi J, Yan H, Wang T. Temperature Induced Aggregation of Organic Semiconductors. Chemistry 2020; 27:2908-2919. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jicheng Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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8
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Enhanced optical imaging properties of lipid nanocapsules as vehicles for fluorescent conjugated polymers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:297-308. [PMID: 32707286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) have emerged as highly photostable probes for optical and photoacoustic imaging. However, the aggregation of conjugated polymer (CP) molecules upon nanoparticle formation is associated with fluorescence quenching, poor yields and mutable particle sizes. This study investigated whether the CP encapsulation within the liquid midchain triglyceride (MCT) core of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) may achieve reduced packing of CP chains leading to a stable system with enhanced optical features. The red- and near infrared-emitting CPs, CN-PPV and PCPDTBT, showed precipitation and aggregation-induced quenching with concentrations >~25 µg/mL in MCT alone. Despite this, CP encapsulation within LNCs abolished quenching at concentrations up to 1500 µg/mL. PCPDTBT-LNCs exhibited a quantum yield of 2.8% and a higher signal:background ratio in an optical imaging phantom compared to literature reports of PCPDTBT encapsulated in PEG-PLGA nanoparticles. In contrast, PCPDTBT-LNCs had slightly lower photoacoustic amplitudes than reported PEG-PLGA systems. CP-LNCs were also stable in size (32 ± 0.7 nm) and photoluminescence over 21 days at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C. In summary, encapsulation of CP within the liquid core of lipid nanocapsules enhances the optical properties of fluorescent CP.
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9
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Hidayat AT, Benten H, Ohta N, Na Y, Muraoka A, Kojima H, Jung MC, Nakamura M. Enhancement of Short-Range Ordering of Low-Bandgap Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer in Polymer/Polymer Blend Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjar Taufik Hidayat
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Benten
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yunju Na
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Azusa Muraoka
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kojima
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Min-Cherl Jung
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nakamura
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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10
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Herrmann-Westendorf F, Sachse T, Schulz M, Kaufmann M, Sivakov V, Beckert R, Martínez T, Dietzek B, Presselt M. Photoannealing of Merocyanine Aggregates. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9821-9832. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Herrmann-Westendorf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Department Functional Interfaces, Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Sachse
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Department Functional Interfaces, Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Department Functional Interfaces, Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vladimir Sivakov
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Department Functional Interfaces, Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Beckert
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Todd Martínez
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, United States
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Department Functional Interfaces, Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Presselt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Department Functional Interfaces, Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- sciclus GmbH & Co. KG, Moritz-von-Rohr Strasse 1a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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11
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Molecular organization relationship of low-bandgap polymers at the air-water interface and in solid films. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Zhong Y, Biniek L, Leclerc N, Ferry S, Brinkmann M. Segregated versus Disordered Stacking in Two Low Bandgap Alternated Copolymers for Photovoltaic Applications: Impact of Polymorphism on Optical Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhong
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Laure Biniek
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, Cedex 2 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Ferry
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, Cedex 2 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
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13
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Kurpiers J, Ferron T, Roland S, Jakoby M, Thiede T, Jaiser F, Albrecht S, Janietz S, Collins BA, Howard IA, Neher D. Probing the pathways of free charge generation in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2038. [PMID: 29795114 PMCID: PMC5966440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that organic solar cells perform efficiently despite the low dielectric constant of most photoactive blends initiated a long-standing debate regarding the dominant pathways of free charge formation. Here, we address this issue through the accurate measurement of the activation energy for free charge photogeneration over a wide range of photon energy, using the method of time-delayed collection field. For our prototypical low bandgap polymer:fullerene blends, we find that neither the temperature nor the field dependence of free charge generation depend on the excitation energy, ruling out an appreciable contribution to free charge generation though hot carrier pathways. On the other hand, activation energies are on the order of the room temperature thermal energy for all studied blends. We conclude that charge generation in such devices proceeds through thermalized charge transfer states, and that thermal energy is sufficient to separate most of these states into free charges. Contradictory models are being debated on the dominant pathways of charge generation in organic solar cells. Here Kurpiers et al. determine the activation energy for this fundamental process and reveal that the main channel is via thermalized charge transfer states instead of hot exciton dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona Kurpiers
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Ferron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Steffen Roland
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marius Jakoby
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz-1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Thiede
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Jaiser
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Nachwuchsgruppe Perowskit Tandemsolarzellen, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Janietz
- Fraunhofer IAP, Polymere und Elektronik, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Brian A Collins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Ian A Howard
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz-1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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14
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McDearmon B, Lim E, Lee IH, Kozycz LM, O’Hara K, Robledo PI, Venkatesan NR, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ. Effects of Side-Chain Topology on Aggregation of Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - In-Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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15
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Steyrleuthner R, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Kraffert F, Cherniawski BP, Bittl R, Briseno AL, Bredas JL, Behrends J. Impact of morphology on polaron delocalization in a semicrystalline conjugated polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:3627-3639. [PMID: 28094360 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the delocalization of holes in the semicrystalline conjugated polymer poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) by directly measuring the hyperfine coupling between photogenerated polarons and bound nuclear spins using electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy. An extrapolation of the corresponding oligomer spectra reveals that charges tend to delocalize over 4.0-4.8 nm with delocalization strongly dependent on molecular order and crystallinity of the PBTTT polymer thin films. Density functional theory calculations of hyperfine couplings confirm that long-range corrected functionals appropriately describe the change in coupling strength with increasing oligomer size and agree well with the experimentally measured polymer limit. Our discussion presents general guidelines illustrating the various pitfalls and opportunities when deducing polaron localization lengths from hyperfine coupling spectra of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steyrleuthner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia and Department of Chemistry, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Felix Kraffert
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Benjamin P Cherniawski
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Robert Bittl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Solar & Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Behrends
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Reichenberger M, Kroh D, Matrone GMM, Schötz K, Pröller S, Filonik O, Thordardottir ME, Herzig EM, Bässler H, Stingelin N, Köhler A. Controlling aggregate formation in conjugated polymers by spin-coating below the critical temperature of the disorder-order transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kroh
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Giovanni M. M. Matrone
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Stephan Pröller
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Oliver Filonik
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Margret E. Thordardottir
- Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering (MSE), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4a; Garching 85748 Germany
| | - Eva M. Herzig
- Dynamics and Structure Formation; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Center for Plastic Electronics; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth 95440 Germany
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17
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Doris M, Aziz F, Alhummiany H, Bawazeer T, Alsenany N, Mahmoud A, Zakaria R, Sulaiman K, Supangat A. Determining the Effect of Centrifugal Force on the Desired Growth and Properties of PCPDTBT as p-Type Nanowires. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:67. [PMID: 28116608 PMCID: PMC5256625 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, low-bandgap polymer poly{[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta-(2,1-b;3,4-b')dithiophen]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl} (PCPDTBT) nanostructures have been synthesized via a hard nanoporous alumina template of centrifugal process. Centrifuge has been used to infiltrate the PCPDTBT solution into the nanoporous alumina by varying the rotational speeds. The rotational speed of centrifuge is directly proportional to the infiltration force that penetrates into the nanochannels of the template. By varying the rotational speed of centrifuge, different types of PCPDTBT nanostructures are procured. Infiltration force created during the centrifugal process has been found a dominant factor in tuning the morphological, optical, and structural properties of PCPDTBT nanostructures. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images proved the formation of nanotubes and nanowires. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) analysis showed that the nanostructures were composed of PCPDTBT with complete dissolution of the template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Doris
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fakhra Aziz
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Electronics, Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Haya Alhummiany
- Center of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Bawazeer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Alsenany
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Mahmoud
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rozalina Zakaria
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Khaulah Sulaiman
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Azzuliani Supangat
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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18
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Schulz GL, Fischer FSU, Trefz D, Melnyk A, Hamidi-Sakr A, Brinkmann M, Andrienko D, Ludwigs S. The PCPDTBT Family: Correlations between Chemical Structure, Polymorphism, and Device Performance. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Schulz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F. S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D. Trefz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. Melnyk
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger
Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Panzer F, Bässler H, Köhler A. Temperature Induced Order-Disorder Transition in Solutions of Conjugated Polymers Probed by Optical Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:114-125. [PMID: 27966973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of π-conjugated materials significantly impacts the photophysics and performance of optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, little is known about the laws governing aggregate formation of π-conjugated materials from solution. In this Perspective, we compare, discuss, and summarize how aggregates form for three different types of compounds, that is, homopolymers, donor-acceptor type polymers, and low molecular weight compounds. To this end, we employ temperature-dependent optical spectroscopy, which is a simple yet powerful tool to investigate aggregate formation. We show how optical spectra can be analyzed to identify distinct conformational states. We find aggregate formation to proceed the same in all these compounds by a coil-to-globule-like first-order phase transition. Notably, the chain expands before it collapses into a highly ordered dense state. The role of side chains and the impact of changes in environmental polarization are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Department of Functional Materials, and §Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth , 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
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20
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Charge Carrier Generation, Recombination, and Extraction in Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. ELEMENTARY PROCESSES IN ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28338-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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van den Berg M, Back J, Horneber A, Meixner M, Swider K, Ludwigs S, Zhang D. Determination of the Local Morphology within Individual Polymer Domains. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius van den Berg
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Justus Back
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anke Horneber
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Meixner
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Swider
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute
for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Reichenberger M, Baderschneider S, Kroh D, Grauf S, Köhler J, Hildner R, Köhler A. Watching Paint Dry: The Impact of Diiodooctane on the Kinetics of Aggregate Formation in Thin Films of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Kroh
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Steffen Grauf
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Köhler
- Experimental
Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- Experimental
Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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23
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Reichenberger M, Love JA, Rudnick A, Bagnich S, Panzer F, Stradomska A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ, Köhler A. The effect of intermolecular interaction on excited states in p − DTS(FBTTH2)2. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Love
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Alexander Rudnick
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Stradomska
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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24
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Tscheuschner S, Bässler H, Huber K, Köhler A. A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study of Dissociation of Charge Transfer States at the Donor–Acceptor Interface of Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10359-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Katja Huber
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental
Physics II, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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