1
|
Rahimnejad M, Jahangiri S, Zirak Hassan Kiadeh S, Rezvaninejad S, Ahmadi Z, Ahmadi S, Safarkhani M, Rabiee N. Stimuli-responsive biomaterials: smart avenue toward 4D bioprinting. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:860-891. [PMID: 37442771 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2213398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is an advanced technology combining cells and bioactive molecules within a single bioscaffold; however, this scaffold cannot change, modify or grow in response to a dynamic implemented environment. Lately, a new era of smart polymers and hydrogels has emerged, which can add another dimension, e.g., time to 3D bioprinting, to address some of the current approaches' limitations. This concept is indicated as 4D bioprinting. This approach may assist in fabricating tissue-like structures with a configuration and function that mimic the natural tissue. These scaffolds can change and reform as the tissue are transformed with the potential of specific drug or biomolecules released for various biomedical applications, such as biosensing, wound healing, soft robotics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering, though 4D bioprinting is still in its early stages and more works are required to advance it. In this review article, the critical challenge in the field of 4D bioprinting and transformations from 3D bioprinting to 4D phases is reviewed. Also, the mechanistic aspects from the chemistry and material science point of view are discussed too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Sepideh Jahangiri
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Zarrin Ahmadi
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Safarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takezawa Y, Furukawa N, Nachimuthu S, Zhou R, Torbati A. Higher-Order Structural Analysis of a Transparent and Flexible High Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Sheet and Its Composite. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20839-20848. [PMID: 38770267 PMCID: PMC11105003 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Transparency, flexibility, and high thermal conductivity are trade-offs. Specifically, we have investigated a cross-linked acrylic liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) that exhibits both transparency and flexibility while maintaining a high level of thermal conductivity. The transparent monodomain LCE sheet was achieved through a process of stretching an initially opaque polydomain sheet to 80% elongation and subsequently subjecting it to photocuring. The thermal conductivity in the stretching direction (x) of the monodomain LCE sheet was found to be 1.8 times higher than that of the prestretched polydomain sheet, consistent with findings from previous studies. However, in the orthogonal direction (y) to the stretching (x) direction, the thermal conductivity exhibited an even higher value, being 1.7 times greater than in the x-direction, with a value of 3.0 W/(m·K). This unique observation prompted us to conduct further investigation through higher-order structural analysis of these LCE sheets using 2D wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis. In the transparent sheet, the LCE molecules were aligned in the sheet in the stretching x-direction (monodomain structure) for the out-of-plane direction. However, in the in-plane x-direction, the molecular plane spacing exhibited random orientation at a period of 0.45 nm. In contrast, within the y-direction of the inner layer, the molecular plane spacing exhibited a uniaxial horizontal orientation at the same period length as in the x-direction. The heat energy entering into the y-direction once spreads to the x-direction, but it was considered that the reason for the higher thermal conductivity to the y-direction would be forming covalent bonds that function as new heat transmission paths, in the direction intersecting to the x-direction during photocuring. Therefore, we concluded that the synergistic effect of the high level of the ordered inner structure and covalent bonding structure due to cross-linking in the y-direction contributes to its higher thermal conductivity compared to that in the x-direction, which exhibits a random in-plane structure. Additionally, we have fabricated an LCE composite sheet filled with 75 vol % of alumina particles using a polydomain-type LCE as the base material. The composite sheet exhibits remarkable thermal conductivity in the thickness direction, measuring at 9.8 W/(m·K), while maintaining a flexibility characterized by an elastic modulus of 70 MPa. This thermal conductivity surpasses that of a nonmesogenic acrylic composite sheet with identical alumina particle filling, which measured at 3.9 W/(m·K), more than twice as much. The presence of the mesogen skeleton has been demonstrated to enhance heat transfer, even within soft composites, by facilitating the formation of an ordered structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Naoki Furukawa
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Senguttuvan Nachimuthu
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Risheng Zhou
- Impressio,
Inc., 7270 Gilpin Way,
Suite#120, Denver, Colorado 80229, United States
| | - Amir Torbati
- Impressio,
Inc., 7270 Gilpin Way,
Suite#120, Denver, Colorado 80229, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pinchin NP, Guo H, Meteling H, Deng Z, Priimagi A, Shahsavan H. Liquid Crystal Networks Meet Water: It's Complicated! ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303740. [PMID: 37392137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are composed of compliant materials that facilitate high degrees of freedom, shape-change adaptability, and safer interaction with humans. An attractive choice of material for soft robotics is crosslinked networks of liquid crystal polymers (LCNs), as they are responsive to a wide variety of external stimuli and capable of undergoing fast, programmable, complex shape morphing, which allows for their use in a wide range of soft robotic applications. However, unlike hydrogels, another popular material in soft robotics, LCNs have limited applicability in flooded or aquatic environments. This can be attributed not only to the poor efficiency of common LCN actuation methods underwater but also to the complicated relationship between LCNs and water. In this review, the relationship between water and LCNs is elaborated and the existing body of literature is surveyed where LCNs, both hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic, are utilized in aquatic soft robotic applications. Then the challenges LCNs face in widespread adaptation to aquatic soft robotic applications are discussed and, finally, possible paths forward for their successful use in aquatic environments are envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie P Pinchin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hongshuang Guo
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Henning Meteling
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Zixuan Deng
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Hamed Shahsavan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhao Y, Ye F, Shang L. Liquid Crystal Materials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300220. [PMID: 37235719 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal is a state of matter being intermediate between solid and liquid. Liquid crystal materials exhibit both orientational order and fluidity. While liquid crystals have long been highly recognized in the display industry, in recent decades, liquid crystals provide new opportunities into the cross-field of material science and biomedicine due to their biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and responsiveness. In this review, the latest achievements of liquid crystal materials applied in biomedical fields are summarized. The start is made by introducing the basic concepts of liquid crystals, and then shifting to the components of liquid crystals as well as functional materials derived therefrom. After that, the ongoing and foreseeable applications of liquid crystal materials in the biomedical field with emphasis put on several cutting-edge aspects, including drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, implantable devices, biosensing, and wearable devices are discussed. It is hoped that this review will stimulate ingenious ideas for the future generation of liquid crystal-based drug development, artificial implants, disease diagnosis, health status monitoring, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Zhang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vonk NH, van Adrichem SCA, Wu DJ, Dankers PYW, Hoefnagels JPM. Full‐field hygroscopic characterization of tough
3D
‐printed supramolecular hydrogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. H. Vonk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - S. C. A. van Adrichem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - D. J. Wu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - P. Y. W. Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - J. P. M. Hoefnagels
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan H, He Y, Yao L, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Han D, Li C, Sun L, Zhang J. Thermo-crosslinking assisted preparation of thiol-acrylate main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Li Y, Liu T, Ambrogi V, Rios O, Xia M, He W, Yang Z. Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Based on Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14842-14858. [PMID: 35319184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as an important class of functional materials that are suitable for a wide range of applications, such as sensors, actuators, and soft robotics. The unique properties of LCEs originate from the combination between liquid crystal and elastomeric network. The control of macroscopic liquid crystalline orientation and network structure is crucial to realizing the useful functionalities of LCEs. A variety of chemistries have been developed to fabricate LCEs, including hydrosilylation, free radical polymerization of acrylate, and polyaddition of epoxy and carboxylic acid. Over the past few years, the use of click chemistry has become a more robust and energy-efficient way to construct LCEs with desired structures. This article provides an overview of emerging LCEs based on click chemistries, including aza-Michael addition between amine and acrylate, radical-mediated thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions, base-catalyzed thiol-acrylate and thiol-epoxy reactions, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The similarities and differences of these reactions are discussed, with particular attention focused on the strengths and limitations of each reaction for the preparation of LCEs with controlled structures and orientations. The compatibility of these reactions with the traditional and emerging processing techniques, such as surface alignment and additive manufacturing, are surveyed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using click chemistry for the design of LCEs with advanced functionalities and applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Orlando Rios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Min Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanli He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Basak S, Bandyopadhyay A. Styrene‐butadiene‐styrene
‐based shape memory polymers: Evolution and the current state of art. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Basak
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shape memory elastomers: A review of synthesis, design, advanced manufacturing, and emerging applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
10
|
Astam MO, Zhan Y, Slot TK, Liu D. Active Surfaces Formed in Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22697-22705. [PMID: 35142206 PMCID: PMC9136844 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in animating materials to develop dynamic surfaces. These dynamic surfaces can be utilized for advanced applications, including switchable wetting, friction, and lubrication. Dynamic surfaces can also improve existing technologies, for example, by integrating self-cleaning surfaces on solar cells. In this Spotlight on Applications, we describe our most recent advances in liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) dynamic surfaces, focusing on substrate-based topographies and dynamic porous networks. We discuss our latest insights in the mechanisms of deformation with the "free volume" principle. We illustrate the scope of LCN technology through various examples of photo-/electropatterning, free-volume channeling, oscillating/programmable network distortion, and porous LCNs. Finally, we close by discussing prominent applications of LCNs and their outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mert O. Astam
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Zhan
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry K. Slot
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
| | - Danqing Liu
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE
Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National
Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Del Pozo M, Sol JAHP, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. 4D Printing of Liquid Crystals: What's Right for Me? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104390. [PMID: 34716625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen major advances in the developments of both additive manufacturing concepts and responsive materials. When combined as 4D printing, the process can lead to functional materials and devices for use in health, energy generation, sensing, and soft robots. Among responsive materials, liquid crystals, which can deliver programmed, reversible, rapid responses in both air and underwater, are a prime contender for additive manufacturing, given their ease of use and adaptability to many different applications. In this paper, selected works are compared and analyzed to come to a didactical overview of the liquid crystal-additive manufacturing junction. Reading from front to back gives the reader a comprehensive understanding of the options and challenges in the field, while researchers already experienced in either liquid crystals or additive manufacturing are encouraged to scan through the text to see how they can incorporate additive manufacturing or liquid crystals into their own work. The educational text is closed with proposals for future research in this crossover field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Del Pozo
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A H P Sol
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Yin L, Ge F, Tong X, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Liquid Crystalline Hydrogel with Thermally Induced Reversible Shape Change and Water-Triggered Shape Memory. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100495. [PMID: 34633718 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline hydrogel (LCH) is synthesized through simultaneous polymerization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers in an oil-in-water emulsion, resulting in phase-separated liquid crystalline network (LCN) embedded in a hydrogel matrix. This material features some properties and functions of both LCN and hydrogel, displaying stable LC phase over repeated hydration and dehydration cycles of the hydrogel matrix. Using mechanically stretched and photocrosslinked LCH, the thermally induced LC-isotropic phase transition in LCN domains can be translated into reversible macroscopic deformation of the LCH. Moreover, the LCH exhibits water absorption-controlled shape memory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Chen
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Feijie Ge
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Xia Tong
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Four-Dimensional (Bio-)printing: A Review on Stimuli-Responsive Mechanisms and Their Biomedical Suitability. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10249143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The applications of tissue engineered constructs have witnessed great advances in the last few years, as advanced fabrication techniques have enabled promising approaches to develop structures and devices for biomedical uses. (Bio-)printing, including both plain material and cell/material printing, offers remarkable advantages and versatility to produce multilateral and cell-laden tissue constructs; however, it has often revealed to be insufficient to fulfill clinical needs. Indeed, three-dimensional (3D) (bio-)printing does not provide one critical element, fundamental to mimic native live tissues, i.e., the ability to change shape/properties with time to respond to microenvironmental stimuli in a personalized manner. This capability is in charge of the so-called “smart materials”; thus, 3D (bio-)printing these biomaterials is a possible way to reach four-dimensional (4D) (bio-)printing. We present a comprehensive review on stimuli-responsive materials to produce scaffolds and constructs via additive manufacturing techniques, aiming to obtain constructs that closely mimic the dynamics of native tissues. Our work deploys the advantages and drawbacks of the mechanisms used to produce stimuli-responsive constructs, using a classification based on the target stimulus: humidity, temperature, electricity, magnetism, light, pH, among others. A deep understanding of biomaterial properties, the scaffolding technologies, and the implant site microenvironment would help the design of innovative devices suitable and valuable for many biomedical applications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shaha RK, Torbati AH, Frick CP. Body‐temperature
s
hape‐shifting
liquid crystal elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib K. Shaha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - Amir H. Torbati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Denver Aurora CO USA
| | - Carl P. Frick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shen Z, Chen F, Zhu X, Yong KT, Gu G. Stimuli-responsive functional materials for soft robotics. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8972-8991. [PMID: 32901646 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Functional materials have spurred the advancement of soft robotics with the potential to perform safe interactions and adaptative functions in unstructured environments. The responses of functional materials under external stimuli lend themselves to programmable actuation and sensing, opening up new possibilities of robot design with built-in mechanical intelligence and unlocking new applications. Here, we review the development of stimuli-responsive functional materials particularly used for soft robotic systems. This review covers five representative types of soft stimuli-responsive functional materials, namely (i) dielectric elastomers, (ii) hydrogels, (iii) shape memory polymers, (iv) liquid crystal elastomers, and (v) magnetic materials, with focuses on their inherent material properties, working mechanisms, and design strategies for actuation and sensing. We also highlight the state-of-the-art applications of soft stimuli-responsive functional materials in locomotion robots, grippers and sensors. Finally, we summarize the current challenges and map out future trends for engineering next-generation functional materials for soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Shen
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shaha RK, Merkel DR, Anderson MP, Devereaux EJ, Patel RR, Torbati AH, Willett N, Yakacki CM, Frick CP. Biocompatible liquid-crystal elastomers mimic the intervertebral disc. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 107:103757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Goswami M, Vincent D, Wang L, Liu T, Li K, Keum JK, Gao Z, Ozcan S, Gluesenkamp KR, Rios O, Kessler MR. Liquid crystalline networks based on photo-initiated thiol-ene click chemistry. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1760-1770. [PMID: 31859322 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01818b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photo-initiated thiol-ene click chemistry is used to develop shape memory liquid crystalline networks (LCNs). A biphenyl-based di-vinyl monomer is synthesized and cured with a di-thiol chain extender and a tetra-thiol crosslinker using UV light. The effects of photo-initiator concentration and UV light intensity on the curing behavior and liquid crystalline (LC) properties of the LCNs are investigated. The chemical composition is found to significantly influence the microstructure and the related thermomechanical properties of the LCNs. The structure-property relationship is further explored using molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the introduction of the chain extender promotes the formation of an ordered smectic LC phase instead of agglomerated structures. The concentration of the chain extender affects the liquid crystallinity of the LCNs, resulting in distinct thermomechanical and shape memory properties. This class of LCNs exhibits fast curing rates, high conversion levels, and tailorable liquid crystallinity, making it a promising material system for advanced manufacturing, where complex and highly ordered structures can be produced with fast reaction kinetics and low energy consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview. ACTUATORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/act9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials capable of changing their shapes in a predefined manner under a proper applied stimulus and have gained considerable interest in several application fields. Particularly, two-way and multiple-way SMPs offer unique opportunities to realize untethered soft robots with programmable morphology and/or properties, repeatable actuation, and advanced multi-functionalities. This review presents the recent progress of soft robots based on two-way and multiple-way thermo-responsive SMPs. All the building blocks important for the design of such robots, i.e., the base materials, manufacturing processes, working mechanisms, and modeling and simulation tools, are covered. Moreover, examples of real-world applications of soft robots and related actuators, challenges, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang B, Hu R, Xue Z, Zhao J, Li Q, Xia T, Zhang W, Lu C. Continuous liquid interface production of alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogels with supramolecular shape memory properties. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 231:115736. [PMID: 31888822 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed three-dimensional (3D) gel-printing technology, namely continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), was utilized to fabricate supramolecular shape memory hydrogels with high resolutions and complex 3D geometries. The UV-curable ink for CLIP was composed of hydrogel precursors (alginate and acrylamide) and a photo-initiator (ammonium persulfate). As expected, the double network formed from ionically crosslinked alginate and covalently crosslinked polyacrylamide endowed the printed hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties. Meanwhile, due to the reversible metal-ligand coordination interaction, the hydrogel could be temporarily immobilized into an optional shape after introducing calcium ions and return to its original shapes upon ion removal, exhibiting ion-triggered shape memory effect. Moreover, the presence of ions greatly improved the conductivity of the resultant hydrogels. Such 3D printed versatile hydrogels with complex geometries demonstrated the potential for selected applications, particularly in load-bearing materials and flexible electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhouhang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiangqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qingye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Advanced Polymer Materials Research Center of Sichuan University, Shishi, 362700, China.
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Advanced Polymer Materials Research Center of Sichuan University, Shishi, 362700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo Y, Lee J, Son J, Ahn SK, Carrillo JMY, Sumpter BG. Decoding Liquid Crystal Oligomer Phase Transitions: Toward Molecularly Engineered Shape Changing Materials. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jinha Son
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Suk-kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jan-Michael Y. Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Structure and rheology of liquid crystal hydroglass formed in aqueous nanocrystalline cellulose suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:702-713. [PMID: 31416025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Liquid crystal hydroglass (LCH) is a biphasic soft material with flow programmable anisotropy that forms via phase separation in suspensions of charged colloidal rods upon increases in ionic strength. The unique structure and rheology of the LCH gel formed using nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is hypothesised to be dependent on colloidal stability that is modulated using specific ion effects arising from Hofmeister phenomena. EXPERIMENTS LCHs are prepared in NCC suspensions in aqueous media containing varying levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The NCC suspensions are characterised using rheology and structural analysis techniques that includes polarised optical microscopy, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. FINDINGS The two salts have a profound effect on the formation process and structure of the LCH. Differences in network density and size of the liquid crystal domains are observed within the LCH for each of the salts, which is associated with the strength of interaction between NCC particles during LCH formation. In comparison to Cl- at the same salinity, the chaotropic nature of the weakly hydrated SCN- enhances colloidal stability by rendering NCC particles more hydrated and repulsive, but this also leads to weaker gel strength of the LCH. The results suggest that salts are a means in which to control the formation, structure and rheology of these anisotropic soft materials.
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu Y, Atrens AD, Stokes JR. Liquid crystal hydroglass formed via phase separation of nanocellulose colloidal rods. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1716-1720. [PMID: 30638248 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new anisotropic soft material - a liquid crystal 'hydroglass' (LCH) - is created from aqueous suspensions of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) colloidal rods. Under specific conditions, the NCC suspension separates into a colloid-rich attractive glass matrix phase and a coexisting liquid crystal phase. LCH provides similar viscoelastic properties to polymer and colloidal gels, but permits reversibly-orientating the colloidal rods through shear forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang Y, Burke KA. Phase behavior of main-chain liquid crystalline polymer networks synthesized by alkyne-azide cycloaddition chemistry. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9885-9900. [PMID: 30511082 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01913d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymer networks (LCNs) couple polymer chain organization to molecular ordering, the switching of which has been shown to impart stimuli-responsive properties, including actuation and one-way shape memory, to the networks. While LCNs have long been proposed as artificial muscles, recent reports have also suggested potential as dynamic biomaterial substrates. In contrast to many existing LCNs synthesized using hydrophobic spacers, this work investigates networks synthesized using more hydrophilic spacers to promote interaction with water. A challenge with such materials is liquid crystalline phases could be disrupted in hydrated networks. This work thus investigates the impact of polyether spacers and mesogen composition on the phase behavior of LCNs. Main-chain LCNs were synthesized using alkyne-azide cycloaddition ("click" chemistry), where two different mesogens (5yH and 5yMe) and a non-LC monomer (5yTe) were coupled with one of two different polyether spacers, poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol), and a crosslinker. The chemistry led to high gel fraction materials, the workup of which resulted in networks that displayed no difference in cellular toxicity due to leachable components compared to tissue culture plastic control. Calorimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and X-ray scattering revealed the LC microstructure and temperature-responsive properties of the networks. The use of low molecular weight polyether spacers was found to prevent their crystallization within the LC network, and adjusting mesogen composition to enhance its LC phase stability allowed the use of spacers with larger molecular weights and pendant groups. Hydrated networks were found to rearrange their structure compared to dry networks, while maintaining their LC phases. Like other crosslinked LC materials, the networks display shape changes (actuation) that are tied to changes in LC ordering. The result is a new synthetic approach for polydomain networks that form stable LC phases that are tailorable using polyether spacers and may enable future application as hydrated, stimuli-responsive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road Unit 3222, Storrs, CT 06269-3222, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buffington SL, Posnick BM, Paul J, Mather PT. Ternary Polymeric Composites Exhibiting Bulk and Surface Quadruple-Shape Memory Properties. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2014-2024. [PMID: 29917305 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and characterization of a multiphase quadruple shape memory composite capable of switching between 4 programmed shapes, three temporary and one permanent. Our approach combined two previously reported fabrication methods by embedding an electrospun mat of PCL in a miscible blend of epoxy monomers and PMMA as a composite matrix. As epoxy polymerization occurred the matrix underwent phase separation between the epoxy and PMMA materials. This created a multiphase composite with PCL fibers and a two-phase matrix composed of phase-separated epoxy and PMMA. The resulting composite demonstrated three separate thermal transitions and amenability to mechanical programming of three separate temporary shapes in addition to one final, equilibrium shape. In addition, quadruple surface shape memory abilities are successfully demonstrated. The versatility of this approach offers a large degree of design flexibility for multi-shape memory materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Buffington
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Benjamin M Posnick
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Justine Paul
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Patrick T Mather
- Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.,Chemical Engineering Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Saed MO, Volpe RH, Traugutt NA, Visvanathan R, Clark NA, Yakacki CM. High strain actuation liquid crystal elastomers via modulation of mesophase structure. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7537-7547. [PMID: 28956577 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of the mesophase in liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) is a critical aspect in harnessing their unique stimuli-responsive properties. Few studies have compared nematic and smectic main-chain LCEs in a direct way. Traditionally, it is believed that the mesogen core and synthetic route determines the phase behavior. In this study, we hypothesized that tuning the LC phases in main-chain LCE systems can be achieved by varying the spacer length while maintaining the same mesogen (RM257). By increasing the length of dithiol alkyl spacers containing two to eleven carbons along the spacer backbone (C2 to C11), we can modulate the mesophase from nematic to smectic, tailor the nematic to isotropic transition temperature between 90 and 140 °C, and increase the average work capacity from 128 to 262 kJ m-3. Phase nano-segregation resulting in the smectic C phase is achieved at room temperature for the C6, C9, and C11 spacers. In a shape switching system, this manifests in impressive actuation stroke of 700%. Upon heating from room temperature, these samples transition into the nematic and later, the isotropic phase. Furthermore, this segregation occurs along with polymer chain crystallinity, which increases the modulus of the networks by an order of magnitude; however, the crystallization rate is highly time dependent on the spacer length and can vary between 5 minutes for the C11 spacer and 24 hours for shorter spacers. This study presents several possibilities of a thiol-acrylate reaction in modulation of the thermomechanical and liquid-crystalline properties of LCEs and discusses their potential use for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O Saed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang K, Jia YG, Zhu XX. Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Polymers Made of Cross-Linked Cocrystallizable Random Copolymers with Tunable Actuation Temperatures. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaojin Wang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C
3J7, Canada
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C
3J7, Canada
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C
3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saed MO, Torbati AH, Starr CA, Visvanathan R, Clark NA, Yakacki CM. Thiol-acrylate main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers with tunable thermomechanical properties and actuation strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand O. Saed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Amir H. Torbati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Chelsea A. Starr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Rayshan Visvanathan
- Department of Physics; Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Noel A. Clark
- Department of Physics; Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Christopher M. Yakacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Colorado Denver; Denver Colorado 80217
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wei D. LC Today: Industry & Applications News. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2016.1153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Jiang Y, Cong Y, Zhang B. Synthesis and characterization of chiral smectic side-chain liquid crystalline elastomers containing nematic and chiral mesogens. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of siloxane-based chiral smectic side-chain liquid crystalline elastomers containing nematic and chiral mesogens were fabricated through synthesis involving a one-step hydrosilication reaction via a liquid crystalline crosslinking agent containing smectic and nematic phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Cong
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Baoyan Zhang
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|