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Chen Y, Zhang L, Lin L, You H. A Composite Porous Membrane Based on Derived Cellulose for Transient Gel Electrolyte in Transient Lithium-Ion Batteries. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041584. [PMID: 35208124 PMCID: PMC8877982 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The transient lithium-ion battery is a potential candidate as an integrated energy storage unit in transient electronics. In this study, a mechanically robust, transient, and high-performance composite porous membrane for a transient gel electrolyte in transient lithium-ion batteries is studied and reported. By introducing a unique and controllable circular skeleton of methylcellulose to the carboxymethyl cellulose-based membrane, the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the composite porous membrane (CPM) are greatly improved, while maintaining its micropores structure and fast transiency. Results show that CPM with 5% methylcellulose has the best overall performance. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, porosity, and contact angle of the optimized CPM are 335.18 MPa, 9.73 MPa, 62.26%, and 21.22°, respectively. The water-triggered transient time for CPM is less than 20 min. The ionic conductivity and bulk resistance of the CPM gel electrolyte are 0.54 mS cm−1 and 4.45 Ω, respectively. The obtained results suggest that this transient high-performance CPM has great potential applications as a transient power source in transient electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Lin
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hui You
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.Y.)
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Mittal N, Ojanguren A, Niederberger M, Lizundia E. Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004814. [PMID: 34194934 PMCID: PMC8224425 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transient technology seeks the development of materials, devices, or systems that undergo controlled degradation processes after a stable operation period, leaving behind harmless residues. To enable externally powered fully transient devices operating for longer periods compared to passive devices, transient batteries are needed. Albeit transient batteries are initially intended for biomedical applications, they represent an effective solution to circumvent the current contaminant leakage into the environment. Transient technology enables a more efficient recycling as it enhances material retrieval rates, limiting both human and environmental exposures to the hazardous pollutants present in conventional batteries. Little efforts are focused to catalog and understand the degradation characteristics of transient batteries. As the energy field is a property-driven science, not only electrochemical performance but also their degradation behavior plays a pivotal role in defining the specific end-use applications. The state-of-the-art transient batteries are critically reviewed with special emphasis on the degradation mechanisms, transiency time, and biocompatibility of the released degradation products. The potential of transient batteries to change the current paradigm that considers batteries as harmful waste is highlighted. Overall, transient batteries are ready for takeoff and hold a promising future to be a frontrunner in the uptake of circular economy concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Mittal
- Laboratory for Multifunctional MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 5Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Alazne Ojanguren
- Laboratory for Multifunctional MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 5Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 5Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Laboratory for Multifunctional MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 5Zürich8093Switzerland
- Life Cycle Thinking GroupDepartment of Graphic Design and Engineering ProjectsFaculty of Engineering in BilbaoUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Bilbao48013Spain
- BCMaterialsBasque Center for MaterialsApplications and NanostructuresUPV/EHU Science ParkLeioa48940Spain
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Togonon JJH, Esparcia EA, del Rosario JAD, Ocon JD. Development of Magnesium Anode-Based Transient Primary Batteries. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:471-476. [PMID: 33830634 PMCID: PMC8028319 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable primary batteries, also known as transient batteries, are essential to realize autonomous biodegradable electronic devices with high performance and advanced functionality. In this work, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc - metals that exist as trace elements in the human body - were tested as materials for biomedical transient electronic devices. Different full cell combinations of Mg and X (where X = Cu, Fe, and Zn and the anodized form of the metals) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as electrolyte were studied. To form the cathodes, metal foils were anodized galvanostatically at a current density of 2.0 mA cm-2 for 30 mins. Electrochemical measurements were then conducted for each electrode combination to evaluate full cell battery performance. Results showed that the Mg-Cuanodized chemistry has the highest power density at 0.99 mW/cm2 . Nominal operating voltages of 1.26 V for the first 0.50 h and 0.63 V for the next 3.7 h were observed for Mg-Cuanodized which was discharged at a current density of 0.70 mA cm-2 . Among the materials tested, Mg-Cuanodized exhibited the best discharge performance with an average specific capacity of 2.94 mAh cm-2 , which is comparable to previous reports on transient batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazer Jose H. Togonon
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering (LEE)Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
- Energy Engineering ProgramCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
| | - Eugene A. Esparcia
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering (LEE)Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
| | - Julie Anne D. del Rosario
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering (LEE)Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
- Energy Engineering ProgramCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
| | - Joey D. Ocon
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Engineering (LEE)Department of Chemical EngineeringCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
- Energy Engineering ProgramCollege of EngineeringUniversity of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City1101Philippines
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Wehner L, Mittal N, Liu T, Niederberger M. Multifunctional Batteries: Flexible, Transient, and Transparent. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:231-244. [PMID: 33655063 PMCID: PMC7908028 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary task of a battery is to store energy and to power electronic devices. This has hardly changed over the years despite all the progress made in improving their electrochemical performance. In comparison to batteries, electronic devices are continuously equipped with new functions, and they also change their physical appearance, becoming flexible, rollable, stretchable, or maybe transparent or even transient or degradable. Mechanical flexibility makes them attractive for wearable electronics or for electronic paper; transparency is desired for transparent screens or smart windows, and degradability or transient properties have the potential to reduce electronic waste. For fully integrated and self-sufficient systems, these devices have to be powered by batteries with similar physical characteristics. To make the currently used rigid and heavy batteries flexible, transparent, and degradable, the whole battery architecture including active materials, current collectors, electrolyte/separator, and packaging has to be redesigned. This requires a fundamental paradigm change in battery research, moving away from exclusively addressing the electrochemical aspects toward an interdisciplinary approach involving chemists, materials scientists, and engineers. This Outlook provides an overview of the different activities in the field of flexible, transient, and transparent batteries with a focus on the challenges that have to be faced toward the development of such multifunctional energy storage devices.
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Jamshidi R, Chen Y, Montazami R. Active Transiency: A Novel Approach to Expedite Degradation in Transient Electronics. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071514. [PMID: 32224921 PMCID: PMC7177843 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transient materials/electronics is an emerging class of technology concerned with materials and devices that are designed to operate over a pre-defined period of time, then undergo controlled degradation when exposed to stimuli. Degradation/transiency rate in solvent-triggered devices is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the constituents, as well as their interactions with the solvent upon exposure. Such interactions are typically slow, passive, and diffusion-driven. In this study, we are introducing and exploring the integration of gas-forming reactions into transient materials/electronics to achieve expedited and active transiency. The integration of more complex chemical reaction paths to transiency not only expedites the dissolution mechanism but also maintains the pre-transiency stability of the system while under operation. A proof-of-concept transient electronic device, utilizing sodium-bicarbonate/citric-acid pair as gas-forming agents, is demonstrated and studied vs. control devices in the absence of gas-forming agents. While exhibiting enhanced transiency behavior, substrates with gas-forming agents also demonstrated sufficient mechanical properties and physical stability to be used as platforms for electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Jamshidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuanfen Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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Chen Y, Jamshidi R, Montazami R. Study of Partially Transient Organic Epidermal Sensors. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051112. [PMID: 32131433 PMCID: PMC7085048 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an all-organic, partially transient epidermal sensor with functional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conjugated polymer printed onto a water-soluble polyethylene oxide (PEO) substrate is studied and presented. The sensor's electronic properties were studied under static stress, dynamic load, and transient status. Electrode resistance remained approximately unchanged for up to 2% strain, and increased gradually within 6.5% strain under static stress. The electronic properties' dependence on dynamic load showed a fast response time in the range of 0.05-3 Hz, and a reversible stretching threshold of 3% strain. A transiency study showed that the PEO substrate dissolved completely in water, while the PEDOT:PSS conjugated polymer electrode remained intact. The substrate-less, intrinsically soft PEDOT:PSS electrode formed perfect contact on human skin and stayed attached by Van der Waals force, and was demonstrated as a tattoolike epidermal sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfen Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Reihaneh Jamshidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA;
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.M.)
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Li R, Wang L, Kong D, Yin L. Recent progress on biodegradable materials and transient electronics. Bioact Mater 2018; 3:322-333. [PMID: 29744469 PMCID: PMC5935787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient electronics (or biodegradable electronics) is an emerging technology whose key characteristic is an ability to dissolve, resorb, or physically disappear in physiological environments in a controlled manner. Potential applications include eco-friendly sensors, temporary biomedical implants, and data-secure hardware. Biodegradable electronics built with water-soluble, biocompatible active and passive materials can provide multifunctional operations for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as monitoring intracranial pressure, identifying neural networks, assisting wound healing process, etc. This review summarizes the up-to-date materials strategies, manufacturing schemes, and device layouts for biodegradable electronics, and the outlook is discussed at the end. It is expected that the translation of these materials and technologies into clinical settings could potentially provide vital tools that are beneficial for human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
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Huang X, Wang D, Yuan Z, Xie W, Wu Y, Li R, Zhao Y, Luo D, Cen L, Chen B, Wu H, Xu H, Sheng X, Zhang M, Zhao L, Yin L. A Fully Biodegradable Battery for Self-Powered Transient Implants. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800994. [PMID: 29806124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable transient devices represent an emerging type of electronics that could play an essential role in medical therapeutic/diagnostic processes, such as wound healing and tissue regeneration. The associated biodegradable power sources, however, remain as a major challenge toward future clinical applications, as the demonstrated electrical stimulation and sensing functions are limited by wired external power or wireless energy harvesters via near-field coupling. Here, materials' strategies and fabrication schemes that enable a high-performance fully biodegradable magnesium-molybdenum trioxide battery as an alternative approach for an in vivo on-board power supply are reported. The battery can deliver a stable high output voltage as well as prolonged lifetime that could satisfy requirements of representative implantable electronics. The battery is fully biodegradable and demonstrates desirable biocompatibility. The battery system provides a promising solution to advanced energy harvesters for self-powered transient bioresorbable implants as well as eco-friendly electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhangyi Yuan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rongfeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Deng Luo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Milin Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Yu X, Shou W, Mahajan BK, Huang X, Pan H. Materials, Processes, and Facile Manufacturing for Bioresorbable Electronics: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707624. [PMID: 29736971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioresorbable electronics refer to a new class of advanced electronics that can completely dissolve or disintegrate with environmentally and biologically benign byproducts in water and biofluids. They have provided a solution to the growing electronic waste problem with applications in temporary usage of electronics such as implantable devices and environmental sensors. Bioresorbable materials such as biodegradable polymers, dissolvable conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics are extensively studied, enabling massive progress of bioresorbable electronic devices. Processing and patterning of these materials are predominantly relying on vacuum-based fabrication methods so far. However, for the purpose of commercialization, nonvacuum, low-cost, and facile manufacturing/printing approaches are the need of the hour. Bioresorbable electronic materials are generally more chemically reactive than conventional electronic materials, which require particular attention in developing the low-cost manufacturing processes in ambient environment. This review focuses on material reactivity, ink availability, printability, and process compatibility for facile manufacturing of bioresorbable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65401, USA
| | - Wan Shou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65401, USA
| | - Bikram K Mahajan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65401, USA
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjing, 300072, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65401, USA
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