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Gholizadeh A, Black K, Kipen H, Laumbach R, Gow A, Weisel C, Javanmard M. Detection of respiratory inflammation biomarkers in non-processed exhaled breath condensate samples using reduced graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35627-35638. [PMID: 36545081 PMCID: PMC9745889 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05764f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied several important parameters regarding the standardization of a portable sensor of nitrite, a key biomarker of inflammation in the respiratory tract in untreated EBC samples. The storage of the EBC samples and electrical properties of both EBC samples and the sensor as main standardization parameters were investigated. The sensor performance was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in a standard nitrite solution and untreated EBC samples. The storage effect was monitored by comparing sensor data of fresh and stored samples for one month at -80 °C. Results show, on average, a 20 percent reduction of peak current for stored solutions. The sensor's performance was compared with a previous EBC nitrite sensor and chemiluminescence method. The results demonstrate a good correlation between the present sensor and chemiluminescence for low nitrite concentrations in untreated EBC samples. The electrical behavior of the sensor and electrical variation between EBC samples were characterized using methods such as noise analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrical impedance (EI), and voltage shift. Data show that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has lower electrical noise and a higher electron transfer rate regarding nitrite detection. Also, a voltage shift can be applied to calibrate the data based on the electrical variation between different EBC samples. This result makes it easy to calibrate the electrical difference between EBC samples and have a more reproducible portable chip design without using bulky EI instruments. This work helps detect nitrite in untreated and pure EBC samples and evaluates critical analytical EBC properties essential for developing portable and on-site point-of-care sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
| | - Kathleen Black
- Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
| | - Howard Kipen
- Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
| | - Robert Laumbach
- Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
| | - Andrew Gow
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
| | - Clifford Weisel
- Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854USA
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Hannon A, Seames W, Li J. Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes/Gold Nanoparticles Composites for Trace Nitric Oxide Detection over a Wide Range of Humidity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197581. [PMID: 36236680 PMCID: PMC9572011 DOI: 10.3390/s22197581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Composites of functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of ≈15 nm diameter were drop-cast on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate equipped with interdigitated electrodes to make a hybrid thin film. Addition of Au NPs decorated the surface of SWCNTs networked films and acted as catalysts which resulted into an enhanced sensitivity and low ppb concentration detection limit. The compositions of the film were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SWCNTs clusters were loaded with various amount of Au NPs ranging from 1-10% (by weight) and their effect on Nitric oxide (NO) sensitivity was studied and optimized. Further, the optimized composite films were tested in both air and nitrogen environments and as well as over a wide relative humidity range (0-97%). Sensors were also tested for the selectivity by exposing to various gases such as nitrous oxide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and acetone. Sensitivity to NO was found much higher than the other tested gases. The advantage of this sensor is that it is sensitive to NO at low ppb level (10 ppb) with estimated response time within 10 s and recovery time around 1 min, and has excellent reproducibility from sensor to sensor and works within the wide range of relative humidity (0-97%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Hannon
- KBR Wyle Inc. at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Wayne Seames
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
| | - Jing Li
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-604-4352
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He H, Guo J, Zhao J, Xu J, Zhao C, Gao Z, Song YY. Engineering CuMOF in TiO 2 Nanochannels as Flexible Gas Sensor for High-Performance NO Detection at Room Temperature. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2750-2758. [PMID: 36097963 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As a marker molecule in respiratory gases for the pulmonary disease asthma, nitric oxide (NO) has attracted much attention for real-time gas monitoring. However, low sensitivity, poor selectivity, and high operating temperature limit the practical applications of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) based chemiresistor gas sensors. Herein, by deliberately introducing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in free-standing TiO2 nanochannels (NCs), a chemiresistor gas sensor with excellent detection ability and outstanding selective traits is developed for sensing NO at room temperature (RT). The precisely engineered Cu(II)-based MOF Cu-TCA (H3TCA = tricarboxytriphenyl amine) induces more active surface in the NCs, causing the buildup of CuTCA/TiO2 p-n heterojunctions that improve the sensing response at RT just via a simple UV irradiation (λ = 365 nm). Importantly, the specialized reductive reaction of Cu(II) by NO enables a remarkable selectivity toward NO analysis. Owing to the synergistic large active surface and chemical sensitization effects from Cu-TCA, the resulting Cu-TCA/TiO2 NCs show outstanding sensing performance; i.e., the response ((Rgas - Rair)/Rair) reaches 124% at 50 ppm of NO with a detection limit of 140 ppb at RT. In addition, the response time decreases to 25.6% if the system is subjected to UV irradiation. The as-formed sensing membrane is also demonstrated to be practically effective for flexible and wearable sensing devices for quantitative NO analysis. This study facilitates the use of MOFs to achieve synergistically enhanced selectivity and sensitivity to develop high-performance gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan He
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junli Guo
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhida Gao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yan-Yan Song
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Riscassi S, Corradi M, Andreoli R, Maccari C, Mercolini F, Pescollderungg L, Caffarelli C. Nitric oxide products and aldehydes in exhaled breath condensate in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:561-564. [PMID: 34890073 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Riscassi
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Corradi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Andreoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Clinica Pediatrica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Freeman A, Cellura D, Minnion M, Fernandez BO, Spalluto CM, Levett D, Bates A, Wallis T, Watson A, Jack S, Staples KJ, Grocott MPW, Feelisch M, Wilkinson TMA. Exercise Training Induces a Shift in Extracellular Redox Status with Alterations in the Pulmonary and Systemic Redox Landscape in Asthma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121926. [PMID: 34943027 PMCID: PMC8750917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Exercise interventions improve symptoms and reduce inflammation in asthma patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that a personalised exercise intervention would improve asthma control by reducing lung inflammation through modulation of local and systemic reactive species interactions, thereby increasing antioxidant capacity. We combined deep redox metabolomic profiling with clinical assessment in an exploratory cohort of six female patients with symptomatic asthma and studied their responses to a metabolically targeted exercise intervention over 12 weeks. Plasma antioxidant capacity and circulating nitrite levels increased following the intervention (p = 0.028) and lowered the ratio of reduced to oxidised glutathione (p = 0.029); this was accompanied by improvements in physical fitness (p = 0.046), symptoms scores (p = 0.020), quality of life (p = 0.046), lung function (p = 0.028), airway hyperreactivity (p = 0.043), and eosinophilic inflammation (p = 0.007). Increased physical fitness correlated with improved plasma antioxidant capacity (p = 0.019), peak oxygen uptake and nitrite changes (p = 0.005), the latter also associated with reductions in peripheral blood eosinophil counts (p = 0.038). Thus, increases in “redox resilience” may underpin the clinical benefits of exercise in asthma. An improved understanding of exercise-induced alterations in redox regulation offers opportunities for greater treatment personalisation and identification of new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Freeman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Doriana Cellura
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
| | - Bernadette O. Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
| | - Cosma Mirella Spalluto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
| | - Denny Levett
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andrew Bates
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Timothy Wallis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
| | - Sandy Jack
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael P. W. Grocott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (D.C.); (M.M.); (B.O.F.); (C.M.S.); (D.L.); (A.B.); (T.W.); (A.W.); (S.J.); (K.J.S.); (M.P.W.G.); (M.F.); (T.M.A.W.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Diouf A, El Bari N, Bouchikhi B. A novel electrochemical sensor based on ion imprinted polymer and gold nanomaterials for nitrite ion analysis in exhaled breath condensate. Talanta 2020; 209:120577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Geer Wallace MA, Pleil JD, Madden MC. Identifying organic compounds in exhaled breath aerosol: Non-invasive sampling from respirator surfaces and disposable hospital masks. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444. [PMID: 34121762 PMCID: PMC8193830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) is an important non-invasive biological medium for detecting exogenous environmental contaminants and endogenous metabolites present in the pulmonary tract. Currently, EBA is typically captured as a constituent of the mainstream clinical tool referred to as exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This article describes a simpler, completely non-invasive method for collecting EBA directly from different forms of hard-surface plastic respirator masks and disposable hospital paper breathing masks without first collecting EBC. The new EBA methodology bypasses the complex EBC procedures that require specialized collection gear, dry ice or other coolant, in-field sample processing, and refrigerated transport to the laboratory. Herein, mask samples collected from different types of plastic respirators and paper hospital masks worn by volunteers in the laboratory were analyzed using high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) and immunochemistry. The results of immunochemistry analysis revealed that cytokines were collected above background on both plastic respirator surfaces and paper hospital masks, confirming the presence of human biological constituents. Non-targeted HR-LC-MS analyses demonstrated that larger exogenous molecules such as plasticizers, pesticides, and consumer product chemicals as well as endogenous biochemicals, including cytokines and fatty acids were also detected on mask surfaces. These results suggest that mask sampling is a viable technique for EBA collection to assess potential inhalation exposures and endogenous indicators of health state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Corresponding author: M. Ariel Geer Wallace, , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA, (919) 541-7526
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael C. Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Ferraro VA, Zanconato S, Baraldi E, Carraro S. Nitric Oxide and Biological Mediators in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Asthma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111783. [PMID: 31731479 PMCID: PMC6912805 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of the so-called unified airway theory, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma may coexist. The inflammation underlying these conditions can be studied through the aid of biomarkers. Main body: We described the main biological mediators that have been studied in pediatric CRS and asthma, and, according to the available literature, we reported their potential role in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. As for CRS, we discussed the studies that investigated nasal nitric oxide (nNO), pendrin, and periostin. As for asthma, we discussed the role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (feNO), the role of periostin, and that of biological mediators measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and exhaled air (volatile organic compounds, VOCs). CONCLUSION Among non-invasive biomarkers, nNO seems the most informative in CRS and feNO in asthma. Other biological mediators seem promising, but further studies are needed before they can be applied in clinical practice.
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Yu SY, Tung TW, Yang HY, Chen GY, Shih CC, Lee YC, Chen CC, Zan HW, Meng HF, Lu CJ, Wang CL, Jian WB, Soppera O. A Versatile Method to Enhance the Operational Current of Air-Stable Organic Gas Sensor for Monitoring of Breath Ammonia in Hemodialysis Patients. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1023-1031. [PMID: 30892019 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) application for monitoring of breath ammonia (BA) in hemodialysis (HD) patients has emerged as a promising noninvasive health monitoring approach. In this context, many organic gas sensors have been reported for BA detection. However, one of the major challenges for its integration with affordable household POC application is to achieve stable performance for accuracy and high operational current at low voltage for low-cost read-out circuitry. Herein, we exploited the stability of the Donor-Acceptor polymer on the cylindrical nanopore structure to realize the sensors with a high sensitivity and stability. Then, we proposed a double active layer (DL) strategy that exploits an ultrathin layer of Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) to serve as a work function buffer to enhance the operational current. The DL sensor exhibits a sustainable enhanced operational current of microampere level and a stable sensing response even with the presence of P3HT layer. This effect is carefully examined with different aspects, including vertical composition profile of DL configuration, lifetime testing on different sensing layer, morphological analysis, and the versatility of the DL strategy. Finally, we utilize the DL sensor to conduct a tracing of BA concentration in two HD patients before and after HD, and correlate it with the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. A good correlation coefficient of 0.96 is achieved. Moreover, the feasibility of DL sensor integrated into a low-cost circuitry was also verified. The results demonstrate the potential of this DL strategy to be used to integrate organic sensor for affordable household POC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yu Yu
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chang-Chiang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25, Lane 442, Section 1, Jingguo Road, 300 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Heping East Road, Section 1, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Lee YJ, Fujisawa T, Kim CK. Biomarkers for Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma in Preschool Children. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 11:16-28. [PMID: 30479074 PMCID: PMC6267183 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wheezing is one of the characteristic symptoms of asthma, but all preschool children with wheezing are not diagnosed with asthma. Preschool children are not cooperative enough to participate in spirometry and invasive tests. Thus, there is no conventional method to diagnose asthma in preschool children. We reviewed studies on non-invasive biomarkers for assessing asthma in preschool children. Specimens that can be easily obtained by non-invasive methods are blood, exhaled breath and urine. Eosinophils, eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) in blood are helpful in evaluating eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. Exhaled breath contains nitric oxide, volatile organic compounds, various cytokines and mediators as analytical components. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide has been used to assess the degree of eosinophil inflammation and has been standardized in school-age children and adults, but not yet in preschool children. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH and various cytokines/mediators that are detected in EBC seem to be promising biomarkers for assessing asthma, but need more standardization and validation. There are several biomarkers useful for assessing asthma, but none are ideal. Some biomarkers need standardized methods of obtaining samples from uncooperative preschool children for clinical use and require sufficient validation. Recently, another activated eosinophil marker, serum EDN, has shown promising results as a biomarker for recurrent wheezing and asthma in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chang Keun Kim
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,SKIMS-BIO Co., Ltd. Seoul, Korea.
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Tsai YT, Chang SJ, Ji LW, Hsiao YJ, Tang IT, Lu HY, Chu YL. High Sensitivity of NO Gas Sensors Based on Novel Ag-Doped ZnO Nanoflowers Enhanced with a UV Light-Emitting Diode. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13798-13807. [PMID: 31458079 PMCID: PMC6645239 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An ultraviolet-enhanced (UV-enhanced) nitric oxide (NO) sensor based on silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflowers is developed using a low-cost hydrothermal method. The results indicate that silver (Ag) ions were doped into the ZnO nanostructure successfully, thus changing the morphology. In the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, we also found that some Ag ions were separated out onto the surface of the ZnO nanoflowers and that the Ag-doped and Ag nanoparticles improved the sensing property. The NO sensing property increased from 73.91 to 89.04% through the use of a UV light-emitting diode (UV-LED). The response time was approximately 120 s without the UV-LED, and the UV-enhanced Ag-doped ZnO nanoflower sensor exhibited a reduced response time (60 s). The best working temperature could be reduced from 200 to 150 °C using UV light illumination, and it was found that the NO response increased by 15.13% at 150 °C. The UV photoresponse of the Ag-doped ZnO nanoflowers and the mechanisms by which the improvement of NO sensing property occurred through the use of UV light illumination are discussed. The property of the gas sensor can be calibrated using a self-photoelectric effect under UV light illumination. These interesting UV-enhanced Ag-doped ZnO nanoflowers are viable candidates for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ting Tsai
- Institute
of Microelectronics & Department of Electrical Engineering, Center
for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology
Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shoou-Jinn Chang
- Institute
of Microelectronics & Department of Electrical Engineering, Center
for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology
Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Wen Ji
- Institute
of Electro-Optical and Materials Science, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Hsiao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - I-Tseng Tang
- Department
of Greenergy, National University of Tainan, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ying Lu
- The
Department of Electronic Engineering, National
Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chu
- Institute
of Electro-Optical and Materials Science, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan
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12
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Ferraro V, Carraro S, Bozzetto S, Zanconato S, Baraldi E. Exhaled biomarkers in childhood asthma: old and new approaches. Asthma Res Pract 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 30094051 PMCID: PMC6081883 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-018-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic condition usually characterized by underlying inflammation. The study of asthmatic inflammation is of the utmost importance for both diagnostic and monitoring purposes. The gold standard for investigating airway inflammation is bronchoscopy, with bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsy, but the invasiveness of such procedures limits their use in children. For this reason, in the last decades there has been a growing interest for the development of noninvasive methods. Main body In the present review, we describe the most important non-invasive methods for the study of airway inflammation in children, focusing on the measure of the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (feNO), on the measure of the exhaled breath temperature (EBT) and on the analysis of both exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and exhaled air (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs), using targeted and untargeted approaches. We summarize what is currently known on the topic of exhaled biomarkers in childhood asthma, with a special emphasis on emerging approaches, underlining the role of exhaled biomarkers in the diagnosis, management and treatment of asthma, and their potential for the development of personalized treatments. Conclusion Among non-invasive methods to study asthma, exhaled breath analysis remains one of the most interesting approaches, feNO and “-omic” sciences seem promising for the purpose of characterizing biomarkers of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ferraro
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Carraro
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bozzetto
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanconato
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Broza YY, Vishinkin R, Barash O, Nakhleh MK, Haick H. Synergy between nanomaterials and volatile organic compounds for non-invasive medical evaluation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4781-4859. [PMID: 29888356 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is an overview of the present and ongoing developments in the field of nanomaterial-based sensors for enabling fast, relatively inexpensive and minimally (or non-) invasive diagnostics of health conditions with follow-up by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) excreted from one or combination of human body fluids and tissues (e.g., blood, urine, breath, skin). Part of the review provides a didactic examination of the concepts and approaches related to emerging sensing materials and transduction techniques linked with the VOC-based non-invasive medical evaluations. We also present and discuss diverse characteristics of these innovative sensors, such as their mode of operation, sensitivity, selectivity and response time, as well as the major approaches proposed for enhancing their ability as hybrid sensors to afford multidimensional sensing and information-based sensing. The other parts of the review give an updated compilation of the past and currently available VOC-based sensors for disease diagnostics. This compilation summarizes all VOCs identified in relation to sickness and sampling origin that links these data with advanced nanomaterial-based sensing technologies. Both strength and pitfalls are discussed and criticized, particularly from the perspective of the information and communication era. Further ideas regarding improvement of sensors, sensor arrays, sensing devices and the proposed workflow are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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14
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Chérot-Kornobis N, Hulo S, Giovannelli J, de Broucker V, Matran R, Amouyel P, Sobaszek A, Dauchet L, Edmé JL. Exhaled breath NOx levels in a middle-aged adults population-based study: reference values and association with the smoking status. Respir Med 2018; 137:134-140. [PMID: 29605196 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are potentially sensitive indicators of early biochemical changes in airways following exposure to pneumotoxic substances, particularly in susceptible subjects. NOx are the stable end products of the nitrite-nitrate-NO oxidative stress pathway and can be used to monitor airway inflammatory diseases, especially in asthma. Nevertheless, population-based surveys are needed to better interpret EBC NOx levels in clinical studies. The aim of this study was to establish reference values of EBC NOx in a large group of middle-aged, healthy adults of a sample of the general population with particular focus on the smoking status. METHODS The EBC NOx levels were analysed from 2872 subjects among the ELISABET population-based cross sectional study including a representative sample of men and women aged from 40 to 66 years olds conducted in northern France, which included comprehensive questionnaires by interview and spirometry data. Healthy participants were defined as participants with no self-reported respiratory disease. RESULTS For the healthy subjects (n = 1251), the median NOx concentration (IQR) was equal to 7.2 μM (3.12) and concentrations of NOx in EBC did not differ significantly according to smoking status. The upper fifth percentile (95%) (ULN) of NOx concentrations among healthy subjects was equal to 13.6 μM, ranging from 12.7 μM (smokers) to 14.4 μM (ex smokers). Among subjects with EBC NOx values higher than the ULN and compared with subjects that had EBC NOx values lower than the ULN, we found a significant higher proportion of subjects with current asthma (10.5% vs 6.5%) or with chronic bronchitis symptoms (7.6% vs 3.3%). CONCLUSION This population-based study has provided the distribution and the upper limit reference value of a nitrosative stress biomarker (NOx) in EBC of middle aged, healthy adults. EBC NOx levels were not associated with smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chérot-Kornobis
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service Médecine du Travail du Personnel Hospitalier et de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Hulo
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jonathan Giovannelli
- Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167 - RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et déterminant moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service épidémiologie, économie de la santé et prévention, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Virginie de Broucker
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Régis Matran
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167 - RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et déterminant moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service épidémiologie, économie de la santé et prévention, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Annie Sobaszek
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service Médecine du Travail du Personnel Hospitalier et de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Luc Dauchet
- Univ. Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1167 - RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et déterminant moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service épidémiologie, économie de la santé et prévention, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Edmé
- Univ. Lille, EA4483 - IMPECS (IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health), F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Service explorations fonctionnelles Respiratoires, F-59000 Lille, France.
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15
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Tenero L, Zaffanello M, Piazza M, Piacentini G. Measuring Airway Inflammation in Asthmatic Children. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:196. [PMID: 30035104 PMCID: PMC6043865 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in children characterized by airways inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, recurrent reversible airways obstruction, and respiratory symptoms. The diagnosis of the disease is based on clinical history, airways obstruction at spirometry, and bronchial reversibility. Asthma treatment is aimed to disease control, through the use of controller treatment and monitoring lung function. However, lung function and symptoms not always reflect the underlying airways inflammation and response to the therapy. Objective parameters of asthma inflammation could be important for the clinician in the management of patients with asthma. In the last years, some studies were focused on biomarkers to identify phenotype, inflammation, and pathobiological pathways to help the clinician in the diagnosis and in personalizing the management. Accordingly, clinically feasible tests are represented by the collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Other-methods such as the evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOCs), that reflect airways inflammation and treatment efficacy, are currently used for research purposes For some of these methods, The lack of standardization in pre-collection, collection, post-collection of samples, and interpretation of the results may a problem in clinical practice. Improved these limitations, several biomarkers will be useful to distinguish patients with a different disease condition to personalize the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tenero
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Zaffanello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Piazza
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Piacentini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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16
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Yoon JW, Lee JH. Toward breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis using semiconductor-based chemiresistors: recent progress and future perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3537-3557. [PMID: 28971204 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor gas sensors using metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials, and metal chalcogenides have been reviewed from the viewpoint of the sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of exhaled biomarker gases, and perspectives/strategies to realize breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis are discussed based on the concurrent design of high-performance sensing materials and miniaturized pretreatment components. Carbon-based sensing materials that show relatively high responses to NO and NH3 at low or mildly raised temperatures can be applied to the diagnosis of asthma and renal disease. Halitosis can be diagnosed by employing sensing or additive materials such as CuO and Mo that have high chemical affinities for H2S, while catalyst-loaded metal oxide nanostructure sensors or their arrays have been used to diagnose diabetes via the selective detection of acetone or by pattern recognition of sensor signals. For the ultimate miniaturization of a breath-analysis system into a tiny chip, preconditioning that includes preconcentration, dehumidification, and flow sensing needs to be either improved through the design of gas/moisture adsorbents or removed/simplified through the design of highly sensitive sensing materials that are less impervious to interference from humidity and temperature. Moreover, an abundant sensing library needs to be provided for the diagnosis of diseases (e.g. lung cancer) that are associated with multiple biomarker gases and for finding new methods to diagnose other diseases. For this aim, p-type oxide semiconductors with high catalytic activities, as well as combinatorial approaches, can be considered for the development of sensing materials that detect less-reactive large molecules, and high-throughput screening, respectively. Selectivity for a specific biomarker gas will simplify the system further. Breath analysis on a tiny chip using semiconductor chemiresistors with ultralow power consumption that is connected to the 'Internet of Things' will pave new roads for disease diagnosis and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Banerjee ER. Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics. PERSPECTIVES IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOMEDICINE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121064 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5870-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop new Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based assays for nucleic acid detection for infectious diseases. Development of new assays on demand for emerging infectious diseases. For example, no proper nucleic acid-based tests exist for detection of H1N1 influenza virus. My lab, being the parasitology research unit aims to fill this gap by developing this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Ray Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
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18
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Aldakheel FM, Thomas PS, Bourke JE, Matheson MC, Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ. Relationships between adult asthma and oxidative stress markers and pH in exhaled breath condensate: a systematic review. Allergy 2016; 71:741-57. [PMID: 26896172 DOI: 10.1111/all.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a recognized role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Recently, interest has increased in the assessment of pH and airway oxidative stress markers. Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and quantification of biomarkers in breath samples can potentially indicate lung disease activity and help in the study of airway inflammation, and asthma severity. Levels of oxidative stress markers in the EBC have been systematically evaluated in children with asthma; however, there is no such systematic review conducted for adult asthma. A systematic review of oxidative stress markers measured in EBC of adult asthma was conducted, and studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases. Sixteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Concentrations of exhaled hydrogen ions, nitric oxide products, hydrogen peroxide and 8-isoprostanes were generally elevated and related to lower lung function tests in adults with asthma compared to healthy subjects. Assessment of EBC markers may be a noninvasive approach to evaluate airway inflammation, exacerbations, and disease severity of asthma, and to monitor the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment regimens. Longitudinal studies, using standardized analytical techniques for EBC collection, are required to establish reference values for the interpretation of EBC markers in the context of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Aldakheel
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences; College of Applied Medical Sciences; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - P. S. Thomas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - J. E. Bourke
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - M. C. Matheson
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. C. Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - A. J. Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
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19
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Tuesta M, Alvear M, Carbonell T, García C, Guzmán-Venegas R, Araneda OF. Effect of exercise duration on pro-oxidants and pH in exhaled breath condensate in humans. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:353-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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van Mastrigt E, de Jongste JC, Pijnenburg MW. The analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath and biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate in children - clinical tools or scientific toys? Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1170-88. [PMID: 25394891 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current monitoring strategies for respiratory diseases are mainly based on clinical features, lung function and imaging. As airway inflammation is the hallmark of many respiratory diseases in childhood, noninvasive methods to assess the presence and severity of airway inflammation might be helpful in both diagnosing and monitoring paediatric respiratory diseases. At present, the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide is the only noninvasive method available to assess eosinophilic airway inflammation in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate whether the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath (EB) and biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is helpful in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases in children. An extensive literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PubMed on the analysis and applications of VOCs in EB and EBC in children. We retrieved 1165 papers, of which nine contained original data on VOCs in EB and 84 on biomarkers in EBC. These were included in this review. We give an overview of the clinical applications in childhood and summarize the methodological issues. Several VOCs in EB and biomarkers in EBC have the potential to distinguish patients from healthy controls and to monitor treatment responses. Lack of standardization of collection methods and analysis techniques hampers the introduction in clinical practice. The measurement of metabolomic profiles may have important advantages over detecting single markers. There is a lack of longitudinal studies and external validation to reveal whether EB and EBC analysis have added value in the diagnostic process and follow-up of children with respiratory diseases. In conclusion, the use of VOCs in EB and biomarkers in EBC as markers of inflammatory airway diseases in children is still a research tool and not validated for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Mastrigt
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C de Jongste
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W Pijnenburg
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Lin J, Yin K, Su N, Huang M, Qiu C, Liu C, Cai S, Hao C. Chinese expert consensus on clinical use of non-invasive airway inflammation assessment in bronchial asthma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:302. [PMID: 26697462 PMCID: PMC4669313 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - on behalf of the Chinese Society of Chest Physicians
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China; The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Soochow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Chinese Medical Doctor Association
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China; The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Soochow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou 215003, China
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22
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Lin J, Yin K, Su N, Huang M, Qiu C, Liu C, Cai S, Hao C. Chinese expert consensus on clinical use of non-invasive airway inflammation assessment in bronchial asthma. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:2061-78. [PMID: 26716047 PMCID: PMC4669291 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - on behalf of the Chinese Society of Chest Physicians
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China; The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Soochow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Chinese Medical Doctor Association
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China; The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Soochow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou 215003, China
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23
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Moschino L, Zanconato S, Bozzetto S, Baraldi E, Carraro S. Childhood asthma biomarkers: present knowledge and future steps. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:205-12. [PMID: 26100359 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma represents the most common chronic respiratory disease of childhood. Its current standard diagnosis relies on patient history of symptoms and confirmed expiratory airflow limitation. Nevertheless, the spectrum of asthma in clinical presentation is broad, and both symptoms and lung function may not always reflect the underlying airway inflammation, which can be determined by different pathogenetic mechanisms. For these reasons, the identification of objective biomarkers of asthma, which may guide diagnosis, phenotyping, management and treatment is of great clinical utility and might have a role in the development of personalized therapy. The availability of non-invasive methods to study and monitor disease inflammation is of relevance especially in childhood asthma. In this sense, a promising role might be played by the measurement of exhaled biomarkers, such as exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) and molecules in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Furthermore, recent studies have shown encouraging results with the application of the novel metabolomic approach to the study of exhaled biomarkers. In this paper the existing knowledge in the field of asthma biomarkers, with a special focus on exhaled biomarkers, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moschino
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Stefania Zanconato
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Sara Bozzetto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Silvia Carraro
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova Italy.
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Greguš M, Foret F, Kindlová D, Pokojová E, Plutinský M, Doubková M, Merta Z, Binková I, Skřičková J, Kubáň P. Monitoring the ionic content of exhaled breath condensate in various respiratory diseases by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Breath Res 2015; 9:027107. [PMID: 25944821 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/027107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of an ionic profile of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and double opposite end injection, is demonstrated. A miniature sampler made from a 2 ml syringe and an aluminium cooling cylinder was used for the fast collection of EBC (under one minute). Analysis of the collected EBC was performed in a 60 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 60 mM L-histidine background electrolyte with 30 µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 2 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 6, and excellent repeatability of migration times (RSD <1.3% (n = 7)) and peak areas (RSD < 7% (n = 7)) of 14 ions (inorganic anions, cations and organic acids) was obtained. It is demonstrated that the analysis of EBC samples obtained from patients with various respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis) is possible in less than five minutes and the ionic profile can be compared with the group of healthy individuals. The analysis of the ionic profile of EBC samples provides a set of data in which statistically significant differences among the groups of patients could be observed for several clinically relevant anions (nitrite, nitrate, acetate, lactate). The developed collection system and method provides a highly reproducible and fast way of collecting and analyzing EBC, with future applicability in point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Greguš
- Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Veveri 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic. Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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25
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Ren X, Zhang S, Li C, Li S, Jia Y, Cho JH. Catalytic activities of noble metal atoms on WO3 (001): nitric oxide adsorption. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:60. [PMID: 25852357 PMCID: PMC4385050 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-014-0713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using first-principles density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation, we investigate the adsorption of NO molecule on a clean WO3(001) surface as well as on the noble metal atom (Cu, Ag, and Au)-deposited WO3(001) surfaces. We find that on a clean WO3 (001) surface, the NO molecule binds to the W atom with an adsorption energy (E ads) of -0.48 eV. On the Cu- and Ag-deposited WO3(001) surface where such noble metal atoms prefer to adsorb on the hollow site, the NO molecule also binds to the W atom with E ads = -1.69 and -1.41 eV, respectively. This relatively stronger bonding of NO to the W atom is found to be associated with the larger charge transfer of 0.43 e (Cu) and 0.33 e (Ag) from the surface to adsorbed NO. However, unlike the cases of Cu-WO3(001) and Ag-WO3(001), Au atoms prefer to adsorb on the top of W atom. On such an Au-WO3(001) complex, the NO molecule is found to form a bond to the Au atom with E ads = -1.32 eV. Because of a large electronegativity of Au atom, the adsorbed NO molecule captures the less electrons (0.04 e) from the surface compared to the Cu and Ag catalysts. Our findings not only provide useful information about the NO adsorption on a clean WO3(001) surface as well as on the noble metal atoms deposited WO3(001) surfaces but also shed light on a higher sensitive WO3 sensor for NO detection employing noble metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ren
- />International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
- />School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- />International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Chong Li
- />International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
- />Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 45001 China
| | - Shunfang Li
- />International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
- />Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 45001 China
| | - Yu Jia
- />International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
- />Center for Clean Energy and Quantum Structures, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 45001 China
| | - Jun-Hyung Cho
- />Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul, 133-791 Korea
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Araújo-Martins J, Carreiro Martins P, Viegas J, Aelenei D, Cano M, Teixeira J, Paixão P, Papoila A, Leiria-Pinto P, Pedro C, Rosado-Pinto J, Annesi-Maesano I, Neuparth N. Environment and Health in Children Day Care Centres (ENVIRH) - Study rationale and protocol. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2014; 20:311-323. [PMID: 32288977 PMCID: PMC7110969 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor air quality (IAQ) is considered an important determinant of human health. The association between exposure to volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, house dust mite, molds and bacteria in day care centers (DCC) is not completely clear. The aim of this project was to study these effects. METHODS – STUDY DESIGN This study comprised two phases. Phase I included an evaluation of 45 DCCs (25 from Lisbon and 20 from Oporto, targeting 5161 children). In this phase, building characteristics, indoor CO2 and air temperature/relative humidity, were assessed. A children's respiratory health questionnaire derived from the ISAAC (International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Children) was also distributed. Phase II encompassed two evaluations and included 20 DCCs selected from phase I after a cluster analysis (11 from Lisbon and 9 from Oporto, targeting 2287 children). In this phase, data on ventilation, IAQ, thermal comfort parameters, respiratory and allergic health, airway inflammation biomarkers, respiratory virus infection patterns and parental and child stress were collected. RESULTS In Phase I, building characteristics, occupant behavior and ventilation surrogates were collected from all DCCs. The response rate of the questionnaire was 61.7% (3186 children).Phase II included 1221 children. Association results between DCC characteristics, IAQ and health outcomes will be provided in order to support recommendations on IAQ and children's health. A building ventilation model will also be developed. DISCUSSION This paper outlines methods that might be implemented by other investigators conducting studies on the association between respiratory health and indoor air quality at DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Araújo-Martins
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Carreiro Martins
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. Viegas
- Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D. Aelenei
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M.M. Cano
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge – Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J.P. Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge – Porto, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Oporto, Portugal
| | - P. Paixão
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A.L. Papoila
- Departamento de Bioestatística e Informática, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Ceaul, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Leiria-Pinto
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. Pedro
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. Rosado-Pinto
- Hospital da Luz, Avenida Lusíada, 100, 1500-650 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I. Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Equipe EPAR (Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases), F-75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Equipe EPAR, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - N. Neuparth
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
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Araújo-Martins J, Carreiro Martins P, Viegas J, Aelenei D, Cano MM, Teixeira JP, Paixão P, Papoila AL, Leiria-Pinto P, Pedro C, Rosado-Pinto J, Annesi-Maesano I, Neuparth N. Environment and Health in Children Day Care Centres (ENVIRH) - Study rationale and protocol. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2014; 20:311-23. [PMID: 24746462 PMCID: PMC7126211 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppneu.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor air quality (IAQ) is considered an important determinant of human health. The association between exposure to volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, house dust mite, molds and bacteria in day care centers (DCC) is not completely clear. The aim of this project was to study these effects. METHODS - STUDY DESIGN This study comprised two phases. Phase I included an evaluation of 45 DCCs (25 from Lisbon and 20 from Oporto, targeting 5161 children). In this phase, building characteristics, indoor CO2 and air temperature/relative humidity, were assessed. A children's respiratory health questionnaire derived from the ISAAC (International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Children) was also distributed. Phase II encompassed two evaluations and included 20 DCCs selected from phase I after a cluster analysis (11 from Lisbon and 9 from Oporto, targeting 2287 children). In this phase, data on ventilation, IAQ, thermal comfort parameters, respiratory and allergic health, airway inflammation biomarkers, respiratory virus infection patterns and parental and child stress were collected. RESULTS In Phase I, building characteristics, occupant behavior and ventilation surrogates were collected from all DCCs. The response rate of the questionnaire was 61.7% (3186 children). Phase II included 1221 children. Association results between DCC characteristics, IAQ and health outcomes will be provided in order to support recommendations on IAQ and children's health. A building ventilation model will also be developed. DISCUSSION This paper outlines methods that might be implemented by other investigators conducting studies on the association between respiratory health and indoor air quality at DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Araújo-Martins
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - P Carreiro Martins
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Viegas
- Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Aelenei
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M M Cano
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge - Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J P Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge - Porto, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Oporto, Portugal
| | - P Paixão
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A L Papoila
- Departamento de Bioestatística e Informática, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Ceaul, Portugal; Centro de Investigação, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Leiria-Pinto
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Pedro
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Rosado-Pinto
- Hospital da Luz, Avenida Lusíada, 100, 1500-650 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Equipe EPAR (Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases), F-75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Equipe EPAR, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - N Neuparth
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
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Fatemi F, Sadroddiny E, Gheibi A, Mohammadi Farsani T, Kardar GA. Biomolecular markers in assessment and treatment of asthma. Respirology 2014; 19:514-23. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Fatemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Azam Gheibi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Taiebeh Mohammadi Farsani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute; Children's Medical Center Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Abstract
During inspiration and expiration, gases traverse the conducting airways as they are transported between the environment and the alveolar region of the lungs. The term "conducting" airways is used broadly as the airway tree is thought largely to provide a conduit for the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, despite a significantly smaller surface area, and thicker barrier separating the gas phase from the blood when compared to the alveolar region, the airway tree can participate in gas exchange under special conditions such as high water solubility, high chemical reactivity, or production of the gas within the airway wall tissue. While these conditions do not apply to the respiratory gases, other gases demonstrate substantial exchange of the airways and are of particular importance to the inflammatory response of the lungs, the medical-legal field, occupational health, metabolic disorders, or protection of the delicate alveolar membrane. Given the significant structural differences between the airways and the alveolar region, the physical determinants that control airway gas exchange are unique and require different models (both experimental and mathematical) to explore. Our improved physiological understanding of airway gas exchange combined with improved analytical methods to detect trace compounds in the exhaled breath provides future opportunities to develop new exhaled biomarkers that are characteristic of pulmonary and systemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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Kubáň P, Foret F. Exhaled breath condensate: Determination of non-volatile compounds and their potential for clinical diagnosis and monitoring. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Moon HG, Choi YR, Shim YS, Choi KI, Lee JH, Kim JS, Yoon SJ, Park HH, Kang CY, Jang HW. Extremely sensitive and selective NO probe based on villi-like WO3 nanostructures for application to exhaled breath analyzers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10591-6. [PMID: 24090094 DOI: 10.1021/am402456s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled WO3 thin film nanostructures with 1-dimensional villi-like nanofingers (VLNF) have been synthesized on the SiO2/Si substrate with Pt interdigitated electrodes using glancing angle deposition (GAD). Room-temperature deposition of WO3 by GAD resulted in anisotropic nanostructures with large aspect ratio and porosity having a relative surface area, which is about 32 times larger than that of a plain WO3 film. A WO3 VLNF sensor shows extremely high response to nitric oxide (NO) at 200 °C in 80% of relative humidity atmosphere, while responses of the sensor to ethanol, acetone, ammonia, and carbon monoxide are negligible. Such high sensitivity and selectivity to NO are attributed to the highly efficient modualtion of potential barriers at narrow necks between individual WO3 VLNF and the intrinsically high sensitivity of WO3 to NO. The theoretical detection limit of the sensor for NO is expected to be as low as 88 parts per trillion (ppt). Since NO is an approved biomarker of chronic airway inflammation in asthma, unprecedentedly high response and selectivity, and ppt-level detection limit to NO under highly humid environment demonstrate the great potential of the WO3 VLNF for use in high performance breath analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Gyu Moon
- Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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32
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Wan GH, Yan DC, Tung TH, Tang CS, Liu CH. Seasonal Changes in Endotoxin Exposure and Its Relationship to Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Levels in Atopic and Healthy Children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66785. [PMID: 23840530 PMCID: PMC3686731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin, a component of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, is a contaminant in organic dusts (house dust) and aerosols. In humans, small amounts of endotoxin may cause a local inflammatory response. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) levels, an inflammation indicator, are associated with the pH values of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This study evaluated seasonal changes on indoor endotoxin concentrations in homes and the relationships between endotoxin exposure and eNO/EBC pH levels for healthy children and children with allergy-related respiratory diseases. In total, 34 children with allergy-related respiratory diseases and 24 healthy children were enrolled. Indoor air quality measurements and dust sample analysis for endotoxin were conducted once each season inside 58 surveyed homes. The eNO, EBC pH levels, and pulmonary function of the children were also determined. The highest endotoxin concentrations were on kitchen floors of homes of children with allergy-related respiratory diseases and healthy children, and on bedroom floors of homes of asthmatic children and healthy children. Seasonal changes existed in endotoxin concentrations in dust samples from homes of children with allergic rhinitis, with or without asthma, and in EBC pH values among healthy children and those with allergy-related respiratory diseases. Strong relationships existed between endotoxin exposure and EBC pH values in children with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Hwa Wan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Dah-Chin Yan
- Division of Taipei Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children’s Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Hsin Tung
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Tang
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Thomas PS, Lowe AJ, Samarasinghe P, Lodge CJ, Huang Y, Abramson MJ, Dharmage SC, Jaffe A. Exhaled breath condensate in pediatric asthma: promising new advance or pouring cold water on a lot of hot air? a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:419-42. [PMID: 23401497 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a simple non-invasive technique that allows repeated collection of breath samples with a minimum of inconvenience for the subject. These breath samples can potentially indicate lung disease activity and given the ease of collection, EBC is becoming a useful research tool in the study of respiratory diseases. It has the potential to be used in both population-based studies and in the context of pediatric asthma it may prove useful in diagnosis and monitoring. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify studies of EBC markers in childhood asthma. RESULTS Most of the studies were cross-sectional in design, and the results suggest that simple chemical entities such as hydrogen ions (as pH), hydrogen peroxide, and oxides of nitrogen are associated with pediatric allergic asthma and exacerbations. In addition, more complex molecules including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines such as the interleukins IL-4 and IL-5 are also elevated in the breath of those with asthma. CONCLUSION EBC has the potential to aid diagnosis, and to evaluate the inflammatory status of asthmatic children. Future studies may be able to refine further how best to collect EBC samples, to interpret them, and the technique has the potential to allow repeated sampling which will allow studies of natural history, pathogenesis and response to treatment to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Thomas
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Capillary electrophoresis – A new tool for ionic analysis of exhaled breath condensate. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pasha MA, Smith TC, Feustel PJ, Jourd'heuil D. Effects of low-dose fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination therapy on exhaled nitric oxide and nitrite/nitrate in breath condensates from patients with mild persistent asthma. J Asthma 2012; 50:64-70. [PMID: 23098359 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.733467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-acting β2-agonist salmeterol in combination with the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate is used in clinical practice for the treatment of mild persistent asthma. Although the effect of fluticasone propionate alone in asthmatic patients is well documented, the effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (FSC) combination therapy on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is not well characterized. Thus, we evaluated AHR, exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)), and nitrite and nitrate in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) from mild persistent asthmatic patients treated with a low-dose FSC (100/50). METHODS In this open label study, 18 mild persistent, steroid-naïve asthmatics (age, 22-62 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) > 70% predicted, provocative dose resulting in 20% reduction (PD(20)) < 10 mg/mL) were treated with FSC 100/50 for 4 weeks. PD(20) to methacholine, FEV(1), FE(NO), and EBC nitrite and nitrate was measured before and after treatment. RESULTS After 4 weeks of therapy with FSC 100/50, FE(NO) decreased from 74 ppb (SD = 37) to 34 ppb (SD = 15) (p < .001). FEV(1) (% predicted) increased from 89.4 (SD = 10.7) to 93.3 (SD = 9.5) (p < .01). The PD(20) for methacholine increased from 3.0 (±3.2) to 10.3 (±8.4) mg/mL (p < .01) in 3 of 18 patients reaching the maximum allowable dose (25 mg/mL). FE(NO) correlated with the log of the methacholine dose. There was no statistically significant change in EBC nitrite and nitrate before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of mild persistent, steroid-naïve asthmatics with low-dose combination therapy is effective in rapidly reducing airway inflammation and AHR. Our results suggest different metabolic origins for nitrite, nitrate, and FE(NO) in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asghar Pasha
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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36
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Blouquit-Laye S, Dannhoffer L, Braun C, Dinh-Xuan AT, Sage E, Chinet T. Effect of nitric oxide on epithelial ion transports in noncystic fibrosis and cystic fibrosis human proximal and distal airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L617-25. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00368.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit decreased nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, which might affect airway function. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of NO on ion transport in human airway epithelia. Primary cultures of non-CF and CF bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells were exposed to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and bioelectric variables were measured in Ussing chambers. Amiloride was added to inhibit the Na+channel ENaC, and forskolin and ATP were added successively to stimulate cAMP- and Ca2+-dependent Cl−secretions, respectively. The involvement of cGMP was assessed by measuring the intracellular cGMP concentration in bronchial cells exposed to SNP and the ion transports in cultures exposed to 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitor of the soluble guanylate cyclase (ODQ), or to 8Z, a cocktail of 8-bromo-cGMP and zaprinast (phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor). SNP decreased the baseline short-circuit current ( Isc) and the changes in Iscinduced by amiloride, forskolin, and ATP in non-CF bronchial and bronchiolar cultures. The mechanism of this inhibition was studied in bronchial cells. SNP increased the intracellular cGMP concentration ([cGMP]i). The inhibitory effect of SNP was abolished by 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, an NO scavenger (PTIO) and ODQ and was partly mimicked by increasing [cGMP]i. In CF cultures, SNP did not significantly modify ion transport; in CF bronchial cells, 8Z had no effect; however, SNP increased the [cGMP]i. In conclusion, exogenous NO may reduce transepithelial Na+absorption and Cl−secretion in human non-CF airway epithelia through a cGMP-dependent pathway. In CF airways, the NO/cGMP pathway appears to exert no effect on transepithelial ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Blouquit-Laye
- UPRES EA220, UFR Paris Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne, France
| | - Luc Dannhoffer
- UPRES EA220, UFR Paris Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne, France
| | - Camille Braun
- UPRES EA220, UFR Paris Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne, France
| | - Anh-Tuan Dinh-Xuan
- Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; and
| | - Edouard Sage
- Service de chirurgie thoracique, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Thierry Chinet
- UPRES EA220, UFR Paris Ile de France Ouest, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne, France
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Elhefny A, Mourad S, Morsi TS, Kamel MA, Mahmoud HM. Exhaled breath condensate nitric oxide end products and pH in controlled asthma. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Monitoring of blood glucose levels is clinically important in the management of diseases affecting insulin secretion and resistance, most notably diabetes mellitus and cystic fibrosis. Typically, blood glucose monitoring is an invasive technique that may cause distress and discomfort, particularly in the pediatric population. Development of noninvasive methods of monitoring blood glucose is therefore indicated, particularly for use in children. Using respiratory fluids (the liquid present in the lumen of the airways and alveoli) to estimate blood glucose levels indirectly is one potential method. Glucose concentrations in respiratory fluids are typically low, maintained by the equilibrium between paracellular leakage of glucose from the lung interstitium and active cotransport of glucose by epithelial cells. Measurement of glucose in respiratory fluid by collection of exhaled breath condensate is therefore a potentially clinically useful method of estimating blood glucose levels if it can be shown that there is good agreement between these values. This article reviews the research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Roberts
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydney, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydney, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children's HospitalRandwick, Australia
| | - Charles Verge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydney, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sydney Children's HospitalRandwick, Australia
| | - Paul S. Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South WalesSydney, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales HospitalRandwick, Australia
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Chérot-Kornobis N, Hulo S, Edmé JL, de Broucker V, Matran R, Sobaszek A. Analysis of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of subjects with asthma as a complement to exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:202. [PMID: 21679447 PMCID: PMC3132716 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study of pulmonary biomarkers with noninvasive methods, such as the analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC), provides a useful approach to the pathophysiology of asthma. Although many recent publications have applied such methods, numerous methodological pitfalls remain. The first stage of our study consisted of validating methods for the collection, storage and analysis of EBC; we next sought to clarify the utility of analysing nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the EBC of asthmatics, as a complement to measuring exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 23 controls matched with 23 asthmatics. EBC and FeNO were performed and respiratory function measured. Intra-assay and intra-subject reproducibility were assessed for the analysis of NOx in the EBC of 10 healthy subjects. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was excellent for intra-assay reproducibility and was moderate for intra-subject reproducibility (Fermanian's classification). NOx was significantly higher in asthmatics (geometric mean [IQR] 14.4 μM [10.4 - 19.7] vs controls 9.9 μM [7.5 - 15.0]), as was FeNO (29.9 ppb [17.9 - 52.4] vs controls 9.6 ppb [8.4 - 14.2]). FeNO also increased significantly with asthma severity. Conclusions We validated the procedures for NOx analysis in EBC and confirmed the need for assays of other biomarkers to further our knowledge of the pathophysiologic processes of asthma and improve its treatment and control.
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Carpagnano GE, Lacedonia D, Foschino-Barbaro MP. Non-invasive study of airways inflammation in sleep apnea patients. Sleep Med Rev 2011; 15:317-26. [PMID: 21376645 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current view foresees that airway inflammation and oxidative stress are both important in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Notwithstanding the fact that these events play a key role in OSAS, their monitoring is not included in the current management of this disease. The direct sampling of airways is made possible today thanks to what can be defined as quite invasive techniques, such as bronchoscopy with broncho-lavage and biopsy. Recently there has been increasing interest in the non-invasive methods that allow the study of airways via the induced sputum (IS), the exhaled breath volatile mediators and the exhaled breath condensate (EBC). The non-invasiveness of these techniques makes them suitable for the evaluation and serial monitoring of OSAS patients. The aim of this review is to spread current knowledge on the non-invasive airway markers and on their potential clinical applications in OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna E Carpagnano
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy.
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Malinovschi A, Pizzimenti S, Sciascia S, Heffler E, Badiu I, Rolla G. Exhaled breath condensate nitrates, but not nitrites or FENO, relate to asthma control. Respir Med 2011; 105:1007-13. [PMID: 21277184 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease, characterised by airways inflammation, obstruction and hyperresponsiveness. Asthma control is the goal of asthma treatment, but many patients have sub-optimal control. Exhaled NO and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) NO metabolites (nitrites and nitrates) measurements are non-invasive tools to assess airways inflammation. Our aim was to investigate the relationships between asthma control and the above-named biomarkers of airways inflammation. METHODS Thirty-nine non-smoking asthmatic patients (19 women) aged 50 (21-80) years performed measurements of exhaled NO (FENO), EBC nitrates, nitrites and pH, and answered Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and Asthma Control Test (ACT)-questionnaire. RESULTS The ACT and ACQ score were strongly interrelated (ρ = -0.84, p < 0.001). No relationships between ACT or ACQ score and FENO were found (p > 0.05). EBC nitrates were negatively related to ACT score (ρ = -0.34, p = 0.03) and positively related to ACQ score (ρ = 0.41, p = 0.001) while no relation of EBC nitrites to either ACQ or ACT score was found (p>0.05). CONCLUSION EBC nitrates were the only biomarker that was significantly related to asthma control. This suggests that nitrates, but not nitrites or FENO, reflect an aspect of airways inflammation that is closer related to asthma symptoms. Therefore there is a potential role for EBC nitrates in objective assessment of asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rihák V, Zatloukal P, Chládková J, Zimulová A, Havlínová Z, Chládek J. Nitrite in exhaled breath condensate as a marker of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2011; 24:317-22. [PMID: 20872566 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrite and nitrate are exhaled in droplets of an aerosol during breathing and can be assayed in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as markers of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Using HPLC with fluorescence detection, nitrite and nitrate were assayed in EBC of 14 atopic patients with mild-to-moderate stable asthma, 18 atopic asthmatics with exacerbation, 14 COPD patients without exacerbation, 18 patients with exacerbated COPD, 13 patients with active IPF, and in 29 healthy subjects. RESULTS The geometric mean [exp(mean±SD)] EBC concentrations of nitrite (micromol/l) in patients with asthma [5.1(2.1-12.3)], exacerbation of asthma [5.1(2.8-9.6)], exacerbation of COPD [5.3(3.2-8.7)], and with IPF [5.5(2.9-10.2)] were higher (P<0.05) compared with those of healthy subjects [2.9(1.6-5.3)] and patients with stable COPD [3.0(1.3-6.7)]. Nitrite concentration increased with decreased lung function of patients with asthma (r(s)=-0.31, P<0.02). Presumably owing to the contamination of the EBC sample with nitrate during collection, nitrate levels were highly variable among healthy subjects and higher compared with all groups of patients. CONCLUSION EBC nitrite is a suitable marker of nitrossative stress in adult patients with lung diseases but cannot differentiate controlled and exacerbated asthma. Further improvements to the methods of EBC collection and sample handling are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Rihák
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Regional Thomas Bata Hospital, Havlíckovo nábrezí, Zlín, Czech Republic
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Kazani S, Israel E. Exhaled breath condensates in asthma: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Breath Res 2010; 4:047001. [PMID: 21383487 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/4/047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection and analysis offers a unique non-invasive method to sample the airway lining fluid. It enables classification and quantification of airway inflammation associated with various pulmonary diseases such as asthma. Over the last decade, innumerable efforts have been made to identify biomarkers in EBC for diagnosis and management of asthma. The aim of this review is to consolidate information available to date, summarize findings from studies and identify potential biomarkers which need further refinement through translational research prior to application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsah Kazani
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, PBB Clinics 3, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sardón-Prado O, Korta-Murua J, Valverde-Molina J, Fernández-Paredes JJ, Mintegui J, Corcuera-Elosegui P, Emparanza JI, Pérez-Yarza EG. Association among lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, and the CAN questionnaire to assess asthma control in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:434-9. [PMID: 20425850 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the association among a validated symptom-based questionnaire for asthma control in children (CAN), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)). METHODS Observational cross-sectional study was performed in a consecutive sample of asthmatic children aged between 7 and 14 years old from December 2007 to February 2008. FE(NO) was measured with a portable electrochemical analyzer and forced spirometry was performed according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. The CAN questionnaire was completed by the parents (aged <9 years old) or by the children (> or = 9 years old). The strength of the association among FEV(1), FE(NO), and CAN questionnaire was studied using Spearman's rho, and the degree of agreement for asthma control among FEV(1), FE(NO), and CAN questionnaire, with classification of these variables according to values of normality, was studied using Pearson's chi(2) test and Cohen's kappa (KC). RESULTS We studied 268 children, mean age 9.7 +/- 2.1 years. Significant correlations were found between FE(NO) and CAN (r = 0.2), between FEV(1) and CAN (r = -0.3), and between FE(NO) and FEV(1) (r = -0.12). On classifying the variables according to values of normality, no agreement was found to establish the degree of asthma control between FE(NO) and CAN (KC = 0.18, chi(2) Pearson = 9.63); between FEV(1) and CAN (KC = 0.29, chi(2) = 38.5); or between FE(NO) and FEV(1) (KC = 0.07, chi(2) = 4.9). CONCLUSIONS The association among the three measurement instruments used to assess asthma control (FEV(1), FE(NO), and CAN) was weak. These are instruments that quantify variables that influence asthma in different ways, in this sense, none can be used instead of another in asthma management although they are complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sardón-Prado
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Donostia Children's Hospital, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Ratnawati, Morton J, Henry RL, Thomas PS. Mediators in exhaled breath condensate after hypertonic saline challenge. J Asthma 2010; 46:1045-51. [PMID: 19995145 DOI: 10.3109/02770900903301252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway narrowing after hypertonic saline challenge (HSC) is postulated to be mediated by bronchoconstrictors and inflammatory mediators. OBJECTIVE To study the mechanism of this challenge by using exhaled breath condensate (EBC). METHODS Fifty-six subjects (9 to 72 years of age) performed an HSC, with EBC collection and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurements before and after the challenge. Bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR) was defined if forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) decreased by 10% compared with baseline (PD10). EBC volume was recorded and was analyzed for mucin, histamine, nitrite/nitrate, and pH. RESULTS Those with BHR had a significant rise in EBC volume/5-minute collection period after challenge (286.3 +/- 25.6 microl vs 402.2 +/- 31.3 microl, p = 0.0002), while BHR(-) subjects did not show this change (387.6 +/- 29.7 microl vs 364.1 +/- 30.1 microl, p = 0.55). FENO showed a significant decrease in both BHR(+) and BHR(-) groups after challenge (p = < 0.0001). In BHR(+) subjects histamine increased significantly (1.3 +/- 0.1 microM vs 1.5 +/- 0.1 microM, p = 0.006) compared with baseline, while EBC pH and mucin increased significantly after HSC in both groups. EBC nitrite did not change in either group. CONCLUSION EBC analysis suggests that HSC causes an increase in pH and mucin in both groups, but EBC volume and histamine only increased in the BHR(+) group. This suggests that mast cells are activated and fluid flux is associated with the positive response, while mucin release is independent of BHR in HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnawati
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Levels of nitric oxide oxidation products are increased in the epithelial lining fluid of children with persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:990-6.e1-9. [PMID: 19895987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with severe allergic asthma have persistent airway inflammation and oxidant stress. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that children with severe allergic asthma would have increased concentrations of the nitric oxide (NO) oxidation products nitrite, nitrate, and nitrotyrosine in the proximal and distal airway epithelial lining fluid (ELF). We further hypothesized that NO oxidation products would be associated with higher exhaled NO values (fraction of exhaled nitric oxide [F(ENO)]), greater allergic sensitization, and lower pulmonary function. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from 15 children with mild-to-moderate asthma, 30 children with severe allergic asthma, 5 nonasthmatic children, and 20 nonsmoking adults. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was divided into proximal and distal portions and nitrite, nitrate, and nitrotyrosine values were quantified. RESULTS Children with mild-to-moderate and severe allergic asthma had increased concentrations of nitrite (adult control subjects, 15 +/- 3 micromol/L; pediatric control subjects, 23 +/- 4 micromol/L; subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma, 56 +/- 26 micromol/L; subjects with severe asthma, 74 +/- 18 micromol/L), nitrate (37 +/- 13 vs 145 +/- 38 vs 711 +/- 155 vs 870 +/- 168 micromol/L, respectively) and nitrotyrosine (2 +/- 1 vs 3 +/- 1 vs 9 +/- 3 vs 10 +/- 4 micromol/L, respectively) in the proximal ELF. Similar results were seen in the distal ELF, although the concentrations were significantly lower (P < .05 for each). Although univariate analyses revealed no associations between NO oxidation products and clinical features, multivariate analyses revealed F(ENO) values to be a significant predictor of NO oxidation in asthmatic children. CONCLUSIONS NO oxidation products are increased in the ELF of asthmatic children. The relationship between F(ENO) values and airway nitrosative stress is complicated and requires further study.
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Mehta V, Stokes JR, Berro A, Romero FA, Casale TB. Time-dependent effects of inhaled corticosteroids on lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 103:31-7. [PMID: 19663124 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled nitric oxide (F(ENO)) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are noninvasive markers that directly measure airway inflammation and may potentially be useful in assessing asthma control and response to therapy. OBJECTIVE To examine the time-dependent effects of inhaled corticosteroids on F(ENO) and EBC markers concomitantly with lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. METHODS Eleven steroid-naive adults with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma were treated with mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler, 400 microg/d, for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), the concentration of methacholine calculated to cause a 20% decline in FEV1 (PC20), F(ENO), EBC pH, and EBC nitrite measurements before, during, and after treatment were analyzed and compared. RESULTS The mean (SEM) FEV1 increased from 3.01 (0.13) L (82% predicted) to 3.24 (0.18) L (87% predicted) by week 8 (P < .05). The PC20 level increased from 1.28 (0.31) mg/mL to 2.99 (0.51) mg/mL by treatment week 8 (P < .05) and remained relatively stable through washout week 4 (P < .05). The F(ENO) level decreased from 31.1 (4.1) ppb to 20.6 (4.5) ppb by treatment week 1 (P < .01), remained low through treatment week 8 (P < .01), then trended back to the baseline level by washout week 1 (P < .01). The median EBC pH increased from 7.81 (interquartile range, 7.49-8.09) to 8.02 (interquartile range, 7.87-8.12) by treatment week 4, but did not achieve statistical significance. The EBC nitrite level decreased from 17.6 (1.6) microM to 9.3 (0.9) microM by treatment week 8 (P < .01), and remained low throughout washout week 4 (P < .05). There was a negative correlation between F(ENO) and PC20 (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = -0.50, P < .001). CONCLUSION The F(ENO) level responded the earliest to treatment and withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids, whereas changes in EBC markers were delayed but more sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Mehta
- Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Associates, PC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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Pérez-Yarza EG, Sardón Prado O, Korta Murua J. [Recurrent wheezing in three year-olds: facts and opportunities]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 69:369-82. [PMID: 18928707 DOI: 10.1157/13126564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3 year-old group of children has an increased incidence and prevalence of recurrent wheezing episodes. There are different subgroups, who give different inflammatory responses to different triggering agents, and subgroups that differ in aetiopathology and immunopathology. Current diagnostic methods (exhaled nitric oxide in multiple breaths, nitric oxide in exhaled air condensate, induced sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage and endo-bronchial biopsy), enable the inflammatory pattern to be identified and to give the most effective and safe treatment. The various therapeutic options for treatment are reviewed, such as inhaled glucocorticoids when the inflammatory phenotype is eosinophilic, and leukotriene receptor antagonists, when the inflammatory phenotype is predominantly neutrophilic. In accordance with the current recommendations, for the diagnosis as well as for the therapy initiated in children of this age, they must be regularly reviewed, so that if the benefit is not clear, the treatment must be stopped and an alternative diagnosis and treatment considered. The start of treatment should be determined depending on the intensity and frequency of the symptoms, with the aim of decreasing morbidity and increasing the quality of life of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Pérez-Yarza
- Unidad de Neumología, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, España.
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Tillie-Leblond I, Montani D, Crestani B, de Blic J, Humbert M, Tunon-de-Lara M, Magnan A, Roche N, Ostinelli J, Chanez P. Relation between inflammation and symptoms in asthma. Allergy 2009; 64:354-67. [PMID: 19210358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma symptoms are the main reason for healthcare utilization and are a fundamental parameter for the evaluation of asthma control. Currently, asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease. A French expert group studied the association between inflammation and asthma symptoms by carrying out a critical review of the international literature. Uncontrolled asthmatics have an increased number of polynuclear eosinophils in the induced sputum and an increased production of exhaled NO. Control by anti-inflammatory treatment is accompanied by a reduction in bronchial eosinophilia and exhaled NO. Asthma symptoms are the result of complex mechanisms and many factors modify their perception. Experimental data suggest that there is a relationship between the perception of symptoms and eosinophilic inflammation and that inhaled corticoid therapy improves this perception. Although they are still not applicable in routine practice, follow-up strategies based on the evaluation of inflammation are thought to be more effective in reducing exacerbations than those usually recommended based on symptoms and sequential analysis of respiratory function. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is the reference disease-modifying therapy for persistent asthma. Recent studies demonstrated that adjustment of anti-inflammatory treatment based on symptoms is an effective strategy to prevent exacerbations and reduce the total number of doses of inhaled corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tillie-Leblond
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Hôpital Albert Calmette, Lille, France
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Montuschi P. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: methodological aspects and potential clinical applications. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 1:5-23. [PMID: 19124344 DOI: 10.1177/1753465807082373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive method for studying the composition of airway lining fluid and has the potential for assessing lung inflammation. EBC is mainly formed by water vapor, but also contains aerosol particles in which several biomolecules including leukotrienes, 8-isoprostane, prostaglandins, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide-derived products, and hydrogen ions, have been detected in healthy subjects. Inflammatory mediators in EBC are detected in healthy subjects and some of them are elevated in patients with different lung diseases. Analysis of EBC is completely noninvasive, is particularly suitable for longitudinal studies, and is potentially useful for assessing the response to pharmacological therapy. Identification of selective profiles of biomarkers of lung diseases might also have a diagnostic value. However, EBC analysis currently has important limitations. The lack of standardized procedures for EBC analysis and validation of some analytical techniques makes it difficult comparison of results from different laboratories. Analysis of EBC is currently more useful for relative measures than for quantitative assessment of inflammatory mediators. Reference analytical techniques are required to provide definitive evidence for the presence of some inflammatory mediators in EBC and for their accurate quantitative assessment in this biological fluid. Several methodological issues need to be addressed before EBC analysis can be considered for clinical applications. However, further research in this area is warranted due to the relative lack of noninvasive methods for assessing lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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