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Fakunle AG, Jafta N, Okekunle AP, Smit LAM, Naidoo RN. Exposure-response relationship of residential dampness and mold damage with severe lower respiratory tract infections among under-five children in Nigeria. Environ Epidemiol 2023; 7:e247. [PMID: 37064421 PMCID: PMC10097558 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies demonstrated an increased risk of respiratory health effects in children and adults exposed to dampness or mold. This study investigated associations of quantitative indicators of indoor dampness and mold exposure with severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) among children aged 1-59 months in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods In-home visits were conducted among 178 children hospitalized with LRTI matched by age (±3 months), sex, and geographical location with 180 community-based children without LRTI. Trained study staff evaluated the indoor environment using a standardized home walkthrough checklist and measured visible dampness and mold damage. Damp-moldy Index (DMI) was also estimated to quantify the level of exposure. Exposure-response relationships of dampness and mold exposure with severe LRTI were assessed using multivariable restricted cubic spline regression models adjusting for relevant child, housing, and environmental characteristics. Results Severe LRTI cases were more often male than female (61.8%), and the overall mean (SD) age was 7.3 (1.35) months. Children exposed to dampness <0.3 m2 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 4.36), and between 0.3 and 1.0 m2 (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.01, 7.32), had a higher odds of severe LRTI compared with children not exposed to dampness. The restricted cubic spline showed a linear exposure-response association between severe LRTI and residential dampness (P < 0.001) but a nonlinear relationship with DMI (P = 0.01). Conclusions Residential dampness and DMI were exposure-dependently associated with higher odds of severe LRTI among under-five children. If observed relationships were causal, public health intervention strategies targeted at reducing residential dampness are critically important to mitigate the burden of severe LRTI among under-five children.
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Salako J, Bakare D, Colbourn T, Isah A, Adams O, Shittu F, Uchendu O, Bakare AA, Graham H, McCollum ED, Falade AG, Burgess RA, King C. Maternal mental well-being and recent child illnesses-A cross-sectional survey analysis from Jigawa State, Nigeria. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001462. [PMID: 36962998 PMCID: PMC10121178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Child health indicators in Northern Nigeria remain low. The bidirectional association between child health and maternal well-being is also poorly understood. We aim to describe the association between recent child illness, socio-demographic factors and maternal mental well-being in Jigawa State, Nigeria. We analysed a cross-sectional household survey conducted in Kiyawa local government area, Jigawa State, from January 2020 to March 2020 amongst women aged 16-49 with at least one child under-5 years. We used two-stage random sampling. First, we used systematic random sampling of compounds, with the number of compounds based on the size of the community. The second stage used simple random sampling to select one eligible woman per compound. Mental well-being was assessed using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Score (SWEMWBS). We used linear regression to estimate associations between recent child illness, care-seeking and socio-demographic factors, and mental well-being. Overall 1,661 eligible women were surveyed, and 8.5% had high mental well-being (metric score of 25.0-35.0) and 29.5% had low mental well-being (metric score of 7.0-17.9). Increasing wealth quintile (adj coeff: 1.53; 95% CI: 0.91-2.15) not being a subsistence farmer (highest adj coeff: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.31-4.15) and having a sick child in the last 2-weeks (adj coeff: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.73-1.77) were significantly associated with higher mental well-being. Higher levels of education and increasing woman's age were significantly associated with lower mental well-being. Findings contradicted our working hypothesis that a recently sick child would be associated with lower mental well-being. We were surprised that education and late marriage, which are commonly attributed to women's empowerment and autonomy, were not linked to better well-being here. Future work could focus on locally defined tools to measure well-being reflecting the norms and values of communities, ensuring solutions that are culturally acceptable and desirable to women with low mental well-being are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Salako
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Damola Bakare
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tim Colbourn
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adamu Isah
- Save the Children International, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Osebi Adams
- Save the Children International, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo Shittu
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Obioma Uchendu
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ayobami A Bakare
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Hamish Graham
- Centre for International Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Adegoke G Falade
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Rochelle A Burgess
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina King
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fakunle AG, Jafta N, Smit LAM, Naidoo RN. Indoor bacterial and fungal aerosols as predictors of lower respiratory tract infections among under-five children in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:471. [PMID: 36494686 PMCID: PMC9733100 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to diverse indoor microbial aerosols and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) among children aged 1 to 59 months in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS One hundred and seventy-eight (178) hospital-based LRTI cases among under-five children were matched for age (± 3 months), sex and geographical location with 180 community-based controls (under-five children without LRTI). Following consent from caregivers of eligible participants, a child's health questionnaire, clinical proforma and standardized home-walkthrough checklist were used to collect data. Participant homes were visited and sampled for indoor microbial exposures using active sampling approach by Anderson sampler. Indoor microbial count (IMC), total bacterial count (TBC), and total fungal count (TFC) were estimated and dichotomized into high (> median) and low (≤ median) exposures. Alpha diversity measures including richness (R), Shannon (H) and Simpson (D) indices were also estimated. Conditional logistic regression models were used to test association between exposure to indoor microbial aerosols and LRTI risk among under-five children. RESULTS Significantly higher bacterial and fungal diversities were found in homes of cases (R = 3.00; H = 1.04; D = 2.67 and R = 2.56; H = 0.82; D = 2.33) than homes of controls (R = 2.00; H = 0.64; D = 1.80 and R = 1.89; H = 0.55; D = 1.88) p < 0.001, respectively. In the multivariate models, higher categories of exposure to IMC (aOR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.44-4.97), TBC (aOR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.36-4.65), TFC (aOR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.54-4.89), bacterial diversity (aOR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.08-3.24) and fungal diversity (aOR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.55-5.79) were independently associated with LRTI risk among under-five children. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests an increased risk of LRTI when children under the age of five years are exposed to high levels of indoor microbial aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Gregory Fakunle
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 321 George Campbell Building Howard College Campus, Durban, 4041 South Africa ,grid.412422.30000 0001 2045 3216Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria
| | - Nkosana Jafta
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 321 George Campbell Building Howard College Campus, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Lidwien A. M. Smit
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Institute for Risk Assessment (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rajen N. Naidoo
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 321 George Campbell Building Howard College Campus, Durban, 4041 South Africa
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Ahonkhai AA, Musa AZ, Fenton AA, Aliyu MH, Ofotokun I, Hornstein A, Musa BM, Nwosu N, Ulasi I, Ajayi S, Falade C, Dada A, Abdu A, Sunday M, Odewabi A, Rotimi MK, Ogueh O, Steinbach A, Ogedegbe G, Salako BL, Ezechi OC. The CircumVent Project: a CPAP/O 2 helmet solution for non-invasive ventilation using an implementation research framework. Implement Sci Commun 2021; 2:93. [PMID: 34446110 PMCID: PMC8390034 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-021-00193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory failure, a major cause of death in COVID-19, is managed with high-flow oxygen therapy via invasive mechanical ventilation. In resource-limited settings like Nigeria, the shortage of ventilators and oxygen supply makes this option challenging. Evidence-based non-invasive alternatives to mechanical ventilation such as the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices exist, but there have been concerns that non-invasive ventilation may expose healthcare workers to infection from aerosolized dispersion of SARS-CoV-2. We propose to evaluate the feasibility, adaptability and acceptability of a CPAP/O2 helmet solution for non-invasive ventilation among patients with COVID-19 and health workers in eight COVID-19 treatment and isolation centers in Nigeria. Methods The study will occur in 4 stages: (1) convene a Steering Committee of key stakeholders and recruit implementation sites; (2) use the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARiHS) framework to guide a needs assessment of treatment centers’ capacity to use high-flow oxygen therapy to treat COVID-19 patients and utilize the findings to develop an implementation strategy for the use of a CPAP/O2 helmet solution; (3) build infrastructure to support training and data monitoring processes and to develop implementation protocols to evaluate the adaptability of the strategy for the use of the CPAP/O2 helmet; and (4) train health workers, distribute a CPAP/O2 helmet solution for non-invasive ventilation, pilot test the implementation strategy, and assess feasibility of its use and acceptability that includes monitoring altered risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers. Discussion The CPAP/O2 helmet solution for non-invasive ventilation in Nigeria can serve as a scalable model for resource-poor countries, and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, has the potential to be deployed for the treatment of pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. Trial registration NCT04929691. Registered June 18, 2021—retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04929691
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimalohi A Ahonkhai
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - André A Fenton
- Center for Neural Science and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA. .,Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, New York, USA.
| | - Muktar H Aliyu
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nnamdi Nwosu
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Ulasi
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Aliyu Abdu
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Onome Ogueh
- Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria
| | - Alan Steinbach
- Jefferson Health-Jefferson Torresdale Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Center for Neural Science and Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.,Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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