1
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Sun BZ, Sawicki GS. Advances in Care and Outcomes for Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Clin Chest Med 2024; 45:625-637. [PMID: 39069326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The landscape of care for children with cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disorder of chloride transport with multisystem manifestations including inspissated mucus, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, obstructive lung disease, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, is rapidly changing. Early diagnosis via newborn screening enabling timely nutritional support, chronic therapies to improve mucociliary clearance, and prompt treatment of pulmonary infections have improved overall outcomes in children with CF. More widespread availability of novel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapies for children continues to revolutionize pediatric CF care.However, significant challenges exist to optimize care and outcomes for all children with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Z Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH 3121, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, BCH 3121, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Beebout CD. Why is this child sick again? JAAPA 2024; 37:47-49. [PMID: 39051696 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie D Beebout
- Carrie D. Beebout is director of and an associate professor in the PA program at Saint Francis University in Johnstown, Pa. The author has disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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3
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Swetland DV, Savant AP. Cystic fibrosis year in review 2023. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024. [PMID: 39056532 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.27190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This past year, there were many important advances for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Of the many publications related to CF in 2023, there was further evaluation of highly effective modulator therapy, new assessments and guidelines for clinical manifestations and therapies for CF, advances in newborn screening and diagnosis, and evaluation of outcomes for people with CF transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome/CF screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis. The aim of this review article is not to provide a full assessment of the wide range of articles published in 2023, but to provide a brief review of publication that may lead to changes in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Swetland
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Adrienne P Savant
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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4
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Wu M, Davis JD, Zhao C, Daley T, Oliver KE. Racial inequities and rare CFTR variants: Impact on cystic fibrosis diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2024; 36:100344. [PMID: 38765466 PMCID: PMC11099334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) has been traditionally viewed as a disease that affects White individuals. However, CF occurs among all races, ethnicities, and geographic ancestries. The disorder results from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Varying incidence of CF is reported among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), who typically exhibit worse clinical outcomes. These populations are more likely to carry rare CFTR variants omitted from newborn screening panels, leading to disparities in care such as delayed diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we present a case-in-point describing an individual of Gambian descent identified with CF. Patient genotype includes a premature termination codon (PTC) (c.2353C>T) and previously undescribed single nucleotide deletion (c.1970delG), arguing against effectiveness of currently available CFTR modulator-based interventions. Strategies for overcoming these two variants will likely include combinations of PTC suppressors, nonsense mediated decay inhibitors, and/or alternative approaches (e.g. gene therapy). Investigations such as the present study establish a foundation from which therapeutic treatments may be developed. Importantly, c.2353C>T and c.1970delG were not detected in the patient by traditional CFTR screening panels, which include an implicit racial and ethnic diagnostic bias as these tests are comprised of mutations largely observed in people of European ancestry. We suggest that next-generation sequencing of CFTR should be utilized to confirm or exclude a CF diagnosis, in order to equitably serve BIPOC individuals. Additional epidemiologic data, basic science investigations, and translational work are imperative for improving understanding of disease prevalence and progression, CFTR variant frequency, genotype-phenotype correlation, pharmacologic responsiveness, and personalized medicine approaches for patients with African ancestry and other historically understudied geographic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pediatric Institute, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob D. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Conan Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tanicia Daley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pediatric Institute, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Oliver
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pediatric Institute, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Therrell BL, Padilla CD, Borrajo GJC, Khneisser I, Schielen PCJI, Knight-Madden J, Malherbe HL, Kase M. Current Status of Newborn Bloodspot Screening Worldwide 2024: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Activities (2020-2023). Int J Neonatal Screen 2024; 10:38. [PMID: 38920845 PMCID: PMC11203842 DOI: 10.3390/ijns10020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) began in the early 1960s based on the work of Dr. Robert "Bob" Guthrie in Buffalo, NY, USA. His development of a screening test for phenylketonuria on blood absorbed onto a special filter paper and transported to a remote testing laboratory began it all. Expansion of NBS to large numbers of asymptomatic congenital conditions flourishes in many settings while it has not yet been realized in others. The need for NBS as an efficient and effective public health prevention strategy that contributes to lowered morbidity and mortality wherever it is sustained is well known in the medical field but not necessarily by political policy makers. Acknowledging the value of national NBS reports published in 2007, the authors collaborated to create a worldwide NBS update in 2015. In a continuing attempt to review the progress of NBS globally, and to move towards a more harmonized and equitable screening system, we have updated our 2015 report with information available at the beginning of 2024. Reports on sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, missing in 2015, have been included. Tables popular in the previous report have been updated with an eye towards harmonized comparisons. To emphasize areas needing attention globally, we have used regional tables containing similar listings of conditions screened, numbers of screening laboratories, and time at which specimen collection is recommended. Discussions are limited to bloodspot screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford L. Therrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- National Newborn Screening and Global Resource Center, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Carmencita D. Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines;
| | - Gustavo J. C. Borrajo
- Detección de Errores Congénitos—Fundación Bioquímica Argentina, La Plata 1908, Argentina;
| | - Issam Khneisser
- Jacques LOISELET Genetic and Genomic Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Peter C. J. I. Schielen
- Office of the International Society for Neonatal Screening, Reigerskamp 273, 3607 HP Maarssen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jennifer Knight-Madden
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research—Sickle Cell Unit, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Helen L. Malherbe
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
- Rare Diseases South Africa NPC, The Station Office, Bryanston, Sandton 2021, South Africa
| | - Marika Kase
- Strategic Initiatives Reproductive Health, Revvity, PL10, 10101 Turku, Finland;
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6
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Rosenfeld M, Cromwell EA, Schechter MS, Ren C, Flume PA, Szczesniak RD, Morgan WJ, Jain R. The impact of switching to race-neutral reference equations on FEV 1 percent predicted among people with cystic fibrosis . J Cyst Fibros 2024; 23:443-449. [PMID: 38556415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The American Thoracic Society recommended switching to race-neutral spirometry reference equations, as race is a social construct and to avoid normalizing disparities in lung function due to structural racism. Understanding the impact of the race-neutral equations on percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (ppFEV1) in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) will help prepare patients and providers to interpret pulmonary function test results. OBJECTIVE(S) To quantify the impact of switching from Global Lung Initiative (GLI) 2012 race-specific to GLI 2022 Global race-neutral reference equations on the distribution of ppFEV1 among PwCF of different races. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of FEV1 among PwCF ages ≥6 years in the 2021 U.S. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry. We describe the absolute difference in ppFEV1 between the two reference equations by reported race and the effect of age and height on this difference. RESULTS With the switch to GLI Global, ppFEV1 will increase for White (median increase 4.7, (IQR: 3.1; 6.4)) and Asian (2.6 (IQR: 1.6; 3.7)) individuals and decrease for Black individuals (-7.7, (IQR: -10.9; -5.2)). Other race categories will see minimal changes in median ppFEV1. Individuals with higher baseline ppFEV1 and younger age will see a greater change in ppFEV1 (i.e., a greater improvement among White and Asian individuals and a greater decline among Black individuals). CONCLUSIONS Switching from GLI 2012 race-specific reference equations to GLI 2022 Global race-neutral equations will result in larger reductions in ppFEV1 among Black individuals with CF than increases among White and Asian people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Childrens Hospital, USA
| | | | - Michael S Schechter
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital of Richmond at Viriginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Clement Ren
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Patrick A Flume
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Rhonda D Szczesniak
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Wayne J Morgan
- Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Raksha Jain
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, USA
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7
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Green DM, Lahiri T, Raraigh KS, Ruiz F, Spano J, Antos N, Bonitz L, Christon L, Gregoire-Bottex M, Hale JE, Langfelder-Schwind E, La Parra Perez Á, Maguiness K, Massie J, McElroy-Barker E, McGarry ME, Mercier A, Munck A, Oliver KE, Self S, Singh K, Smiley M, Snodgrass S, Tluczek A, Tuley P, Lomas P, Wong E, Hempstead SE, Faro A, Ren CL. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of CRMS/CFSPID. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064657. [PMID: 38577740 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A multidisciplinary committee developed evidence-based guidelines for the management of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome/cystic fibrosis screen-positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CRMS/CFSPID). A total of 24 patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome questions were generated based on surveys sent to people with CRMS/CFSPID and clinicians caring for these individuals, previous recommendations, and expert committee input. Four a priori working groups (genetic testing, monitoring, treatment, and psychosocial/communication issues) were used to provide structure to the committee. A systematic review of the evidence was conducted, and found numerous case series and cohort studies, but no randomized clinical trials. A total of 30 recommendations were graded using the US Preventive Services Task Force methodology. Recommendations that received ≥80% consensus among the entire committee were approved. The resulting recommendations were of moderate to low certainty for the majority of the statements because of the low quality of the evidence. Highlights of the recommendations include thorough evaluation with genetic sequencing, deletion/duplication analysis if <2 disease-causing variants were noted in newborn screening; repeat sweat testing until at least age 8 but limiting further laboratory testing, including microbiology, radiology, and pulmonary function testing; minimal use of medications, which when suggested, should lead to shared decision-making with families; and providing communication with emphasis on social determinants of health and shared decision-making to minimize barriers which may affect processing and understanding of this complex designation. Future research will be needed regarding medication use, antibiotic therapy, and the use of chest imaging for monitoring the development of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Green
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida
| | - Thomas Lahiri
- University of Vermont Children's Hospital, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Karen S Raraigh
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jacquelyn Spano
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nicholas Antos
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lynn Bonitz
- Cohen Children's Medical Center of NY/Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Lillian Christon
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Myrtha Gregoire-Bottex
- Advanced Pediatric Pulmonology, Pllc, Miramar, Florida
- Memorial Health Network, Hollywood, Florida
| | - Jaime E Hale
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Álvaro La Parra Perez
- John B. Goddard School of Business and Economics, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah
| | - Karen Maguiness
- Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - John Massie
- University of Melbourne Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Meghan E McGarry
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Angelique Mercier
- Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anne Munck
- Hospital Necker Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Staci Self
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kathryn Singh
- University of California, Irvine, Orange, California Miller Children's and Women's Hospital, Long Beach, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula Lomas
- The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise Wong
- The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Albert Faro
- The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Clement L Ren
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Terlizzi V, Manti S, D'Amico F, Parisi GF, Chiappini E, Padoan R. Biochemical and genetic tools to predict the progression to Cystic Fibrosis in CRMS/CFSPID subjects: A systematic review. Paediatr Respir Rev 2024:S1526-0542(24)00002-2. [PMID: 38309973 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of this study was to identify risk factors for a progression to cystic fibrosis (CF) in individuals detected as CF Screening Positive, Inconclusive Diagnosis (CFSPID). METHODS This is a systematic review through literature databases (2015-2023). Blood immunoreactive trypsinogen (b-IRT) values, CFTR genotype, sweat chloride (SC) values, isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) from respiratory samples, Lung Clearance Index (LCI) values in CFSPIDs who converted to CF (CFSPID > CF) and age at CF transition were assessed. RESULTS Percentage of CFSPID > CF varies from 5.3 % to 44 %. Presence of one CF-causing CFTR variant in trans with a variant with variable clinical consequences (VVCC), an initial SC ≥ 40 mmol/L, an increase of SC > 2.5 mmol/L/year and recurrent isolation of pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) from airway samples could allow identification of subjects at risk of progression to CF. CONCLUSIONS CFSPIDs with CF causing variant/VVCC genotype and first SC in the higher borderline range may require more frequent and prolonged clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Terlizzi
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Cystic Fibrosis Regional Reference Center, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Manti
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Federica D'Amico
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe F Parisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Padoan
- Italian Cystic Fibrosis Registry, Scientific Board, Rome, Italy
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9
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Baldwin K, Barker EM, Carayannopoulos M, Farrell PM, Zanni R, Scanlin TF. Severe lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis missed in newborn screening. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:163-168. [PMID: 37888495 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is now routinely diagnosed through newborn screening (NBS), but the tests employed in the USA have been evolving for two decades as missed cases become recognized and lab methods improve in association with more knowledge about CF genetics. New Jersey was among the first states to implement CF NBS in 2001 when it introduced the original two-tiered method that combined measurements of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) with detection of the principal pathogenic variant (F508del) in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. OBJECTIVE With continuation of the IRT/DNA (F508del) algorithm for two decades and identification of screening false negative children, we decided to examine the condition of some missed cases with special attention to their respiratory status. METHODS To strengthen the arguments for quality improvement in New Jersey's CF NBS program, we reviewed and evaluated false negative cases to determine the potential extent of preventable patient suffering as a consequence of delayed diagnoses. RESULTS Five children with CF who had false negative screening results were studied in detail. In each case there was a different cause of the negative screening results. They all had clinically significant/severe lung disease, ranging from chronic cough with CF pathogens on respiratory culture at a young age to respiratory failure. CONCLUSION This case series highlights the consequences of false negative screening results, which served as the impetus to upgrade New Jersey's CF NBS algorithm. Implemented changes include lowering the IRT cutoff to 70 ng/mL and expanding to a 139 variant CFTR panel. In 2023, a floating IRT cutoff is anticipated to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Erin McElroy Barker
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary Carayannopoulos
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Philip M Farrell
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert Zanni
- Unterberg Children's Hospital, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas F Scanlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Palla JB, Laguna TA. Health inequities in the modulator era. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2023; 29:626-633. [PMID: 37611037 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the existing health inequities in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and how the recent development of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) modulators may impact these inequities. RECENT FINDINGS People with CF (pwCF) from low socioeconomic status (SES) have more pulmonary exacerbations, worse nutritional status, lower pulmonary function, and an increased mortality rate with less access to lung transplantation. pwCF who identify as racial and ethnic minorities have earlier mortality, lower lung function, are less likely to be detected on newborn screening resulting in a delayed diagnosis, are underrepresented in clinic trials, and less likely to be eligible for a CFTR modulator. Female sex is associated with more pulmonary exacerbations and earlier mortality. Sexual gender minorities are a vulnerable population with worse health outcomes, and more research is needed in CF. CFTR modulators are inaccessible to low to middle-income countries due to significant cost burden. SUMMARY People with CF from low SES, racial and ethnic minorities, female sex, and sexual gender minorities face health inequities. CFTR modulator use will further widen existing health inequities given the unequal access to modulators based on nonqualifying genetics and exorbitant cost restricting use both on an individual and global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Palla
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theresa A Laguna
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Rock MJ, Baker M, Farrell PM. Cystic fibrosis screen-positive neonates with one pathogenic variant still warrant sweat testing. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:3342-3345. [PMID: 37503874 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mei Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Philip M Farrell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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12
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Farrell PM. Why cystic fibrosis newborn screening programs have failed to meet original expectations… thus far. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 140:107679. [PMID: 37573205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
This Commentary summarizes what the author has learned in 46 years of research on newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) combined with healthcare and public health practice. The original expectation was that screening for this relatively common, life-threatening genetic disorder would lead to consistently timely diagnoses in the neonatal period and be equitable. Unfortunately, this ambitious goal has not been achieved in the USA despite the availability of an excellent, although imperfect, 2-tiered screening test employing immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and DNA analysis for pathogenic variants in the gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In fact, variations in the quality of NBS programs, inconsistencies in their operations, and disparities in outcomes have been prominent features. The causes include leadership challenges and deficiencies among both CF centers and NBS labs; failures to form effective partnerships among CF centers and with NBS programs; relatively rapid implementation after 2005 with variable quality planning; misunderstandings and erroneous dogma about CF; data limitations regarding IRT, especially cutoff values, and CFTR genetics; tolerance of suboptimal protocols and false negative results; problems in dried blood spot collections plus a lack of transparency and national oversight; partial lack of readiness, qualifications, funding and/or willingness to innovate with floating IRT cutoffs and DNA/CFTR analyses; follow up challenges/deficiencies impairing timeliness, including sweat testing limitations; and published guidelines that are more descriptive than sufficiently critical and directive. But the lessons learned through uniquely intensive CF NBS research have been enlightening and guided the U.S. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation to nationwide quality improvement initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Farrell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Clinical Sciences Center (K4/948), Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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13
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McGarry ME, Huang CY, Ly NP. Ethnic differences in staphylococcus aureus acquisition in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2023; 22:909-915. [PMID: 37460380 PMCID: PMC10802839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hispanic people with CF (pwCF) have increased morbidity than non-Hispanic White pwCF, including increased risk of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We aimed to determine if Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) acquisition varies between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White pwCF. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study of pwCF ages 0-25 years in the CF Foundation Patient Registry compared acquisition of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), persistent MRSA between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White pwCF. Risk of acquisition was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and its association with ethnicity was evaluated using Cox regressions. Adjusted associations were evaluated using multivariate Cox models adjusting for sex, age of entry into CFFPR, CFTR variant severity, pancreatic insufficiency, CF-related diabetes, maternal education, insurance status. RESULTS Of 10,640 pwCF, 7.5% were Hispanic and 92.5% were non-Hispanic White. Hispanic pwCF had a 19% higher risk of acquiring MSSA (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10-1.28, p<0.001) and 13% higher risk of acquiring MRSA (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26, p = 0.02) than non-Hispanic White pwCF. The difference in persistent MRSA between ethnicities did not reach statistical significance. After adjusting for confounding variables, only the risk of MSSA was significantly associated with ethnicity. Compared to non-Hispanic White pwCF, Hispanic pwCF acquired MSSA and MRSA at younger median ages (4.9 vs. 3.8 years (p<0.001), 22.4 vs. 20.8 years (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Hispanic pwCF <25 years of age have an increased risk of acquiring MSSA and acquired MSSA and MRSA at an earlier age. Differences in S. aureus acquisition may contribute to increased morbidity in Hispanic pwCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E McGarry
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Ave, Box 0632, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - Chiung-Yu Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ngoc P Ly
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Ave, Box 0632, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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14
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DeCelie-Germana JK, Bonitz L, Langfelder-Schwind E, Kier C, Diener BL, Berdella M. Diagnostic and Communication Challenges in Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1646. [PMID: 37629501 PMCID: PMC10455801 DOI: 10.3390/life13081646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As of December 2009, cystic fibrosis (CF) newborn screening (NBS) is performed in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. Widespread implementation of CF newborn screening (CFNBS) in the US and internationally has brought about new and varied challenges. Immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) remains the first, albeit imperfect, biomarker used universally in the screening process. Advances in genetic testing have provided an opportunity for newborn screening programs to add CFTR sequencing tiers to their algorithms. This in turn will enable earlier identification of babies with CF and improve longer-term outcomes through prompt treatment and intervention. CFTR sequencing has led to the ability to identify infants with CF from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds more equitably while also identifying an increasing proportion of infants with inconclusive diagnoses. Using the evolution of the New York State CF newborn screening program as a guide, this review outlines the basic steps in a universal CF newborn screening program, considers how to reduce bias, highlights challenges, offers guidance to address these challenges and provides recommendations for future consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kathleen DeCelie-Germana
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Cystic Fibrosis, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY 11040, USA;
| | - Lynn Bonitz
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Cystic Fibrosis, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY 11040, USA;
| | - Elinor Langfelder-Schwind
- The Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10075, USA; (E.L.-S.); (M.B.)
| | - Catherine Kier
- Department of Pediatrics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (C.K.); (B.L.D.)
| | - Barry Lawrence Diener
- Department of Pediatrics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; (C.K.); (B.L.D.)
| | - Maria Berdella
- The Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY 10075, USA; (E.L.-S.); (M.B.)
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15
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Giannini HM, Lee C, Baston C, Dorgan D. A Diagnostic Sequence. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:1702-1707. [PMID: 37133589 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcps2214685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Giannini
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Clement Lee
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Cameron Baston
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel Dorgan
- From the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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16
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Patel P, Yeley J, Brown C, Wesson M, Lesko BG, Slaven JE, Chmiel JF, Jain R, Sanders DB. Immunoreactive Trypsinogen in Infants Born to Women with Cystic Fibrosis Taking Elexacaftor–Tezacaftor–Ivacaftor. Int J Neonatal Screen 2023; 9:ijns9010010. [PMID: 36975847 PMCID: PMC10056483 DOI: 10.3390/ijns9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Most people with cystic fibrosis (CF) are diagnosed following abnormal newborn screening (NBS), which begins with measurement of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) values. A case report found low concentrations of IRT in an infant with CF exposed to the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator, elexacaftor–tezacaftor–ivacaftor (ETI), in utero. However, IRT values in infants born to mothers taking ETI have not been systematically assessed. We hypothesized that ETI-exposed infants have lower IRT values than newborns with CF, CFTR-related metabolic syndrome/CF screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CRMS/CFSPID), or CF carriers. IRT values were collected from infants born in Indiana between 1 January 2020, and 2 June 2022, with ≥1 CFTR mutation. IRT values were compared to infants born to mothers with CF taking ETI followed at our institution. Compared to infants identified with CF (n = 51), CRMS/CFSPID (n = 21), and CF carriers (n = 489), ETI-exposed infants (n = 19) had lower IRT values (p < 0.001). Infants with normal NBS results for CF had similar median (interquartile range) IRT values, 22.5 (16.8, 30.6) ng/mL, as ETI-exposed infants, 18.9 (15.2, 26.5). IRT values from ETI-exposed infants were lower than for infants with abnormal NBS for CF. We recommend that NBS programs consider performing CFTR variant analysis for all ETI-exposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jana Yeley
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cynthia Brown
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa Wesson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Barbara G. Lesko
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - James E. Slaven
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - James F. Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Raksha Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Don B. Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
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