1
|
Libri I, Silvestri C, Caratozzolo S, Alberici A, Pilotto A, Archetti S, Trainini L, Borroni B, Padovani A, Benussi A. Association of APOE genotype with blood-brain barrier permeability in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 140:33-40. [PMID: 38718740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is recognized for its role in modulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in vitro, which may have significant implications for the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. However, evidence in vivo is contrasting. This study explores the impact of APOE genotypes on BBB integrity among 230 participants experiencing cognitive impairment, encompassing cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as various non-AD neurodegenerative conditions. To assess BBB integrity, we utilized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin ratios and CSF/serum kappa and lambda free light chains (FLCs) as indirect markers. Our findings show a dose-dependent increase in BBB permeability in individuals carrying the APOE ε4 allele, marked by elevated CSF/serum albumin and FLCs ratios, with this trend being especially pronounced in AD patients. These results highlight the association of APOE ε4 with BBB permeability, providing valuable insights into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Libri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Silvestri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caratozzolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Alberici
- Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvana Archetti
- Biotechnology Laboratory and Department of Diagnostics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Trainini
- Biotechnology Laboratory and Department of Diagnostics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Neurology Unit, Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Brain Health Center, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste University Hospital, Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park S, Kim Y. Bias-generating factors in biofluid amyloid-β measurements for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 11:287-295. [PMID: 34616582 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia worldwide, yet the dearth of readily accessible diagnostic biomarkers is a substantial hindrance towards progressing to effective preventive and therapeutic approaches. Due to a long delay between cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and the onset of cognitive impairments, biomarkers that reflect Aβ pathology and enable routine screening for disease progression are of urgent need for application in the clinical diagnosis of AD. According to accumulating evidences, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma offer windows to the brain as they allow monitoring of biochemical changes in the brain. Considering the high availability and accuracy in depicting Aβ deposition in the brain, Aβ levels in CSF and plasma are regarded as promising fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD patients at an early stage. However, clinical data with intra- and interindividual variations in the concentrations of CSF and plasma Aβ implicate the need to reevaluate current Aβ detection methods and establish a standardized operating procedure. Therefore, this review introduces three bias-generating factors in biofluid Aβ measurement that may hamper the accurate Aβ quantification and how such complications can be overcome for the widespread implementation of fluid Aβ detection in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohui Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983 Republic of Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang J, Khademi M, Lindhe Ö, Jönsson G, Piehl F, Olsson T, Kockum I. Assessing the Preanalytical Variability of Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Processing and Its Effects on Inflammation-Related Protein Biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100157. [PMID: 34597789 PMCID: PMC8554621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics studies are important for the discovery of new biomarkers as clinical tools for diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, preanalytical variations caused by differences in sample handling protocol pose challenges for assessing biomarker reliability and comparability between studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of delayed centrifuging on measured protein levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Blood from healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis along with CSF from patients with suspected neurological disorders were left at room temperature for different periods (blood: 1, 24, 48, 72 h; CSF: 1 and 6 h) prior to centrifuging. Ninety-one inflammation-related proteins were analyzed using a proximity extension assay, a high-sensitivity multiplex immunoassay. Additional metabolic and neurology-related markers were also investigated in CSF. In summary, many proteins, particularly in plasma, had increased levels with longer delays in processing likely due in part to intracellular leakage. Levels of caspase 8, interleukin 8, interleukin 18, sirtuin 2, and sulfotransferase 1A1 increased 2-fold to 10-fold in plasma after 24 h at room temperature. Similarly, levels of cathepsin H, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5, and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 differentiated in CSF with <6 h delay in processing. However, the rate of change for many proteins was relatively consistent; therefore, we were able to characterize biomarkers for detecting sample handling variability. Our findings highlight the importance of timely and consistent sample collection and the need for increased awareness of protein susceptibility to sample handling bias. In addition, suggested biomarkers may be used in certain situations to detect and correct for preanalytical variation in future studies. Several blood and cerebrospinal fluid proteins are affected by sample handling. Plasma protein levels increased with longer centrifugation delay from hemolysis. Certain proteins may assess sample handling variability and predict delay time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Huang
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Lindhe
- Olink Proteomics AB, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunn Jönsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mommaerts K, Willemse EAJ, Marchese M, Larue C, van der Flier WM, Betsou F, Teunissen CE. A Cystatin C Cleavage ELISA Assay as a Quality Control Tool for Determining Sub-Optimal Storage Conditions of Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples in Alzheimer's Disease Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1367-1377. [PMID: 34420976 PMCID: PMC8673510 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: An N-terminal octapeptide cleavage of the cystatin C protein was discovered by mass spectrometry when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was stored at –20°C for 3 months, which did not occur when CSF was stored at –80°C. Objective: The aim was to develop an immunoassay as quality assessment tool to detect this –20°C cleavage of cystatin C in CSF and support Alzheimer’s disease research. Methods: A specific monoclonal antibody and a double indirect sandwich ELISA were developed: one assay quantifies the octapeptide uncleaved protein specifically and the other quantifies the total cystatin C present in the biological fluid (both cleaved and uncleaved forms). The ratio of these concentrations was calculated to assess the extent of cleavage of cystatin C. The novel ELISA was validated and applied in a short-term (up to 4 weeks) and mid-term (up to one year) stability study of CSF stored at 4°C, –20°C, –80°C, and liquid nitrogen. Impact of freeze-thaw cycles, adsorption, and protease inhibitors were tested. Results: The ratio of truncated protein was modified following –20°C storage and seemed to reach a plateau after 6 months. The ratio was impacted neither by freeze-thaw cycles nor adsorption. The –20°C specific cleavage was found to be protease related. Conclusion: Using this novel double indirect sandwich ELISA, absolute levels of the total and uncleaved cystatin C and the ratio of truncated cystatin C can be measured. This assay is an easily applicable tool which can be used to confirm that CSF biospecimen are fit-for-purpose for Alzheimer’s disease research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mommaerts
- Biospecimen Research Group, Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eline A J Willemse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Marchese
- Translational Biomarker Group, Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Larue
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fay Betsou
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mortensen WCP, Bendix L, Jensen HI, Varnum C, Rasmussen LE, Lauridsen JT, Borbye-Lorenzen N, Skogstrand K, Toft P, Vaegter HB, Blichfeldt-Eckhardt MR. The effect of pre-analytical handling on the stability of fractalkine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 in samples of human cerebrospinal fluid. J Immunol Methods 2021; 494:113057. [PMID: 33878334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine networks in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important to our understanding of several neuroinflammatory diseases. Knowledge about optimal handling of samples is limited but important to minimize bias and reduce costs in CSF biomarker studies. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of storage temperature and time delay from CSF sample collection until freezing on the concentration of 11 different cytokines thought to be associated with chronic pain. CSF samples from 21 individuals undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia were divided between two tubes. One tube was stored and centrifuged (within 30 min) at room temperature, and one tube was stored in ice water and centrifuged (within 30 min) at 4 °C. Each tube was split into six vials that were frozen at -80 °C, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 h after collection. Cytokines were analyzed using a multiplex panel. A random effect panel data regression was conducted for each biomarker including the variables of storage temperature until freezing and time delay. Four cytokines had detectable levels: Fractalkine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), interleukine 6 (IL-6), and interleukine 8 (IL-8). There was no significant effect of storage temperature and time delay on MCP-1, IL-6, or IL-8 concentrations. Fractalkine concentration showed no clear trend. No concentration differences were observed between samples kept in ice water and those at room temperature except at the 3-h time point, and there was no overall significant effect of time delay on fractalkine concentration. We found no clear effect of storage temperature and time delay up to five hours from sample collection until freezing on the CSF concentrations of fractalkine, MCP-1, IL-6, or IL-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laila Bendix
- Pain Research Group, Pain Center, Odense University Hospital, Heden 9, Odense DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Hanne Irene Jensen
- Department of Anesthesia, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Beriderbakken 4, Vejle DK-7100, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, Odense DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Claus Varnum
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, Odense DK-5000, Denmark; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Beriderbakken 4, Vejle DK-7100, Denmark
| | - Lasse Enkebølle Rasmussen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Beriderbakken 4, Vejle DK-7100, Denmark
| | - Jørgen T Lauridsen
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Palle Toft
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej 4, Odense DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bjarke Vaegter
- Pain Research Group, Pain Center, Odense University Hospital, Heden 9, Odense DK-5000, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, Odense DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Morten Rune Blichfeldt-Eckhardt
- Pain Research Group, Pain Center, Odense University Hospital, Heden 9, Odense DK-5000, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, Odense DK-5000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lind AL, Just D, Mikus M, Fredolini C, Ioannou M, Gerdle B, Ghafouri B, Bäckryd E, Tanum L, Gordh T, Månberg A. CSF levels of apolipoprotein C1 and autotaxin found to associate with neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2875-2889. [PMID: 31686904 PMCID: PMC6800548 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s215348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia are two common and poorly understood chronic pain conditions that lack satisfactory treatments, cause substantial suffering and societal costs. Today, there are no biological markers on which to base chronic pain diagnoses, treatment choices or to understand the pathophysiology of pain for the individual patient. This study aimed to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein profiles potentially associated with fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. Methods CSF samples were collected from 25 patients with neuropathic pain (two independent sets, n=14 patients for discovery, and n=11 for verification), 40 patients with fibromyalgia and 134 controls without neurological disease from two different populations. CSF protein profiling of 55 proteins was performed using antibody suspension bead array technology. Results We found increased levels of apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) in CSF of neuropathic pain patients compared to controls and there was a trend for increased levels also in fibromyalgia patients. In addition, levels of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase family member 2 (ENPP2, also referred to as autotaxin) were increased in the CSF of fibromyalgia patients compared to all other groups including patients with neuropathic pain. Conclusion The increased levels of APOC1 and ENPP2 found in neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia patients may shed light on the underlying mechanisms of these conditions. Further investigation is required to elucidate their role in maintaining pain and other main symptoms of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Li Lind
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Just
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Deptartment of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Mikus
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Deptartment of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Deptartment of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Ioannou
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Deptartment of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Center, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Center, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Bäckryd
- Pain and Rehabilitation Center, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lars Tanum
- Department of R&D in Mental Health, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Torsten Gordh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Deptartment of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cameron S, Gillio-Meina C, Ranger A, Choong K, Fraser DD. Collection and Analyses of Cerebrospinal Fluid for Pediatric Translational Research. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 98:3-17. [PMID: 31280949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid sample collection and analysis is imperative to better elucidate central nervous system injury and disease in children. Sample collection methods are varied and carry with them certain ethical and biologic considerations, complications, and contraindications. Establishing best practices for sample collection, processing, storage, and transport will ensure optimal sample quality. Cerebrospinal fluid samples can be affected by a number of factors including subject age, sampling method, sampling location, volume extracted, fraction, blood contamination, storage methods, and freeze-thaw cycles. Indicators of sample quality can be assessed by matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and include cystatin C fragments, oxidized proteins, prostaglandin D synthase, and evidence of blood contamination. Precise documentation of sample collection processes and the establishment of meticulous handling procedures are essential for the creation of clinically relevant biospecimen repositories. In this review we discuss the ethical considerations and best practices for cerebrospinal fluid collection, as well as the influence of preanalytical factors on cerebrospinal fluid analyses. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in highly researched pediatric diseases or disorders are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrianna Ranger
- Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Choong
- Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Translational Research Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Brix B, Hansson O. Towards a unified protocol for handling of CSF before β-amyloid measurements. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:63. [PMID: 31324260 PMCID: PMC6642586 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Widespread implementation of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in routine clinical practice requires the establishment of standard operating procedures for pre-analytical handling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods Here, CSF collection and storage protocols were optimized for measurements of β-amyloid (Aβ). We investigated the effects of (1) storage temperature, (2) storage time, (3) centrifugation, (4) sample mixing, (5) blood contamination, and (6) collection gradient on CSF levels of Aβ. For each study participant, we used fresh CSF directly collected into a protein low binding (LoB) tube that was analyzed within hours after lumbar puncture (LP) as standard of truth. Aβ42 and Aβ40 were measured in de-identified CSF samples using EUROIMMUN and Mesoscale discovery assays. Results CSF Aβ42 and Aβ40 were stable for at least 72 h at room temperature (RT), 1 week at 4 °C, and 2 weeks at − 20 °C and − 80 °C. Centrifugation of non-blood-contaminated CSF or mixing of samples before the analysis did not affect Aβ levels. Addition of 0.1–10% blood to CSF that was stored at RT without centrifugation led to a dose- and time-dependent decrease in Aβ42 and Aβ40, while Aβ42/Aβ40 did not change. The effects of blood contamination were mitigated by centrifugation and/or storage at 4 °C or − 20 °C. Aβ levels did not differ between the first to fourth 5-ml portions of CSF. Conclusions CSF can be stored for up to 72 h at RT, 1 week at 4 °C, or at least 2 weeks at either − 20 °C or − 80 °C before Aβ measurements. Centrifugation of fresh non-blood-contaminated CSF after LP, or mixing before analysis, is not required. In case of visible blood contamination, centrifugation and storage at 4 °C or − 20 °C is recommended. After discarding the first 2 ml, any portion of up to 20 ml of CSF is suitable for Aβ analysis. These findings will be important for the development of a clinical routine protocol for pre-analytical handling of CSF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-019-0517-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Simrisbanvägen 14, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Oskar Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Simrisbanvägen 14, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hok-A-Hin YS, Willemse EAJ, Teunissen CE, Del Campo M. Guidelines for CSF Processing and Biobanking: Impact on the Identification and Development of Optimal CSF Protein Biomarkers. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2044:27-50. [PMID: 31432404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9706-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The field of neurological diseases strongly needs biomarkers for early diagnosis and optimal stratification of patients in clinical trials or to monitor disease progression. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is one of the main sources for the identification of novel protein biomarkers for neurological diseases. Despite the enormous efforts employed to identify novel CSF biomarkers, the high variability observed across different studies has hampered their validation and implementation in clinical practice. Such variability is partly caused by the effect of different pre-analytical confounding factors on protein stability, highlighting the importance to develop and comply with standardized operating procedures. In this chapter, we describe the international consensus pre-analytical guidelines for CSF processing and biobanking that have been established during the last decade, with a special focus on the influence of pre-analytical confounders on the global CSF proteome. In addition, we provide novel results on the influence of different delayed storage and freeze/thaw conditions on the CSF proteome using two novel large multiplex protein arrays (SOMAscan and Olink). Compliance to consensus guidelines will likely facilitate the successful development and implementation of CSF protein biomarkers in both research and clinical settings, ultimately facilitating the successful development of disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eline A J Willemse
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Teunissen CE, Verheul C, Willemse EAJ. The use of cerebrospinal fluid in biomarker studies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:3-20. [PMID: 29110777 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an extremely useful matrix for biomarker research for several purposes, such as diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and identification of prominent leads in pathways of neurologic diseases. Such biomarkers can be identified based on a priori hypotheses around prominent protein changes, but also by applying -omics technologies. Proteomics is widely used, but metabolomics and transcriptomics are rapidly revealing their potential for CSF studies. The basis of such studies is the availability of high-quality biobanks. Furthermore, profound knowledge and consequent optimization of all aspects in biomarker development are needed. Here we discuss current knowledge and recently developed protocols for successful biomarker studies, from collection of CSF by lumbar puncture, processing, and biobanking protocols, preanalytic confounding factors, and cost-efficient development and validation of assays for implementation into clinical practice or research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - C Verheul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E A J Willemse
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hansson KT, Skillbäck T, Pernevik E, Holmén-Larsson J, Brinkmalm G, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gobom J. Sample Preparation for Endopeptidomic Analysis in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286401 DOI: 10.3791/56244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes a method developed to identify endogenous peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For this purpose, a previously developed method based on molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filtration and mass spectrometric analysis was combined with an offline high-pH reverse phase HPLC pre-fractionation step. Secretion into CSF is the main pathway for removal of molecules shed by cells of the central nervous system. Thus, many processes in the central nervous system are reflected in the CSF, rendering it a valuable diagnostic fluid. CSF has a complex composition, containing proteins that span a concentration range of 8 - 9 orders of magnitude. Besides proteins, previous studies have also demonstrated the presence of a large number of endogenous peptides. While less extensively studied than proteins, these may also hold potential interest as biomarkers. Endogenous peptides were separated from the CSF protein content through MWCO filtration. By removing a majority of the protein content from the sample, it is possible to increase the sample volume studied and thereby also the total amount of the endogenous peptides. The complexity of the filtrated peptide mixture was addressed by including a reverse phase (RP) HPLC pre-fractionation step at alkaline pH prior to LC-MS analysis. The fractionation was combined with a simple concatenation scheme where 60 fractions were pooled into 12, analysis time consumption could thereby be reduced while still largely avoiding co-elution. Automated peptide identification was performed by using three different peptide/protein identification software programs and subsequently combining the results. The different programs were complementary rather than comparable with less than 15% of the identifications overlapped between the three.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Hansson
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg;
| | - Tobias Skillbäck
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Elin Pernevik
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg
| | - Jessica Holmén-Larsson
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology
| | - Johan Gobom
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fawaz CN, Makki IS, Kazan JM, Gebara NY, Andary FS, Itani MM, El-Sayyed M, Zeidan A, Quartarone A, Darwish H, Mondello S. Neuroproteomics and microRNAs studies in multiple sclerosis: transforming research and clinical knowledge in biomarker research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:637-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1099435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
13
|
Häggmark A, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P. Neuroproteomic profiling of human body fluids. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:485-502. [PMID: 26286680 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of protein expression and abundance provides a possibility to extend the current knowledge on disease-associated processes and pathways. The human brain is a complex organ and dysfunction or damage can give rise to a variety of neurological diseases. Although many proteins potentially reflecting disease progress are originating from brain, the scarce availability of human tissue material has lead to utilization of body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood in disease-related research. Within the most common neurological disorders, much effort has been spent on studying the role of a few hallmark proteins in disease pathogenesis but despite extensive investigation, the signatures they provide seem insufficient to fully understand and predict disease progress. In order to expand the view the field of neuroproteomics has lately emerged alongside developing technologies, such as affinity proteomics and mass spectrometry, for multiplexed and high-throughput protein profiling. Here, we provide an overview of how such technologies have been applied to study neurological disease and we also discuss some important considerations concerning discovery of disease-associated profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Häggmark
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cicognola C, Chiasserini D, Parnetti L. Preanalytical Confounding Factors in the Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: The Issue of Diurnal Variation. Front Neurol 2015; 6:143. [PMID: 26175714 PMCID: PMC4483516 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the growing use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau as biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it is essential that the diagnostic procedures are standardized and the results comparable across different laboratories. Preanalytical factors are reported to be the cause of at least 50% of the total variability. Among them, diurnal variability is a key issue and may have an impact on the comparability of the values obtained. The available studies on this issue are not conclusive so far. Fluctuations of CSF biomarkers in young healthy volunteers have been previously reported, while subsequent studies have not confirmed those observations in older subjects, the ones most likely to receive this test. The observed differences in circadian rhythms need to be further assessed not only in classical CSF biomarkers but also in novel forthcoming biomarkers. In this review, the existing data on the issue of diurnal variations of CSF classical biomarkers for AD will be analyzed, also evaluating the available data on new possible biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cicognola
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biobanking of Cerebrospinal Fluid for Biomarker Analysis in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 864:79-93. [PMID: 26420615 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20579-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflects pathophysiological aspects of neurological diseases, where neuroprotective strategies and biomarkers are urgently needed. Therefore, biobanking is very relevant for biomarker discovery and evaluation for these neurological diseases.An important aspect of CSF biobanking is quality control, needed for e.g. consistent patient follow-up and the exchange of patient samples between research centers. Systematic studies to address effects of pre-analytical and storage variation on a broad range of CSF proteins are needed and initiated.Important features of CSF biobanking are intensive collaboration in international networks and the tight application of standardized protocols. The current adoption of standardized protocols for CSF and blood collection and for biobanking of these samples, as presented in this chapter, enables biomarker studies in large cohorts of patients and controls.In conclusion, biomarker research in neurodegenerative diseases has entered a new era due to the collaborative and multicenter efforts of many groups. The streamlining of biobanking procedures, including sample collection, quality control, and the selection of optimal control groups for investigating biomarkers is an important improvement to perform high quality biomarker studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kroksveen AC, Opsahl JA, Guldbrandsen A, Myhr KM, Oveland E, Torkildsen Ø, Berven FS. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in multiple sclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:746-56. [PMID: 25526888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system usually initiated during young adulthood, affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. There is currently no cure for MS, but disease modifying treatment has become increasingly more effective, especially when started in the first phase of the disease. The disease course and prognosis are often unpredictable and it can be challenging to determine an early diagnosis. The detection of novel biomarkers to understand more of the disease mechanism, facilitate early diagnosis, predict disease progression, and find treatment targets would be very attractive. Over the last decade there has been an increasing effort toward finding such biomarker candidates. One promising strategy has been to use state-of-the-art quantitative proteomics approaches to compare the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome between MS and control patients or between different subgroups of MS. In this review we summarize and discuss the status of CSF proteomics in MS, including the latest findings with a focus on the last five years. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in Neuroscience and Neurology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Kroksveen
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jill A Opsahl
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Astrid Guldbrandsen
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein Oveland
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode S Berven
- Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for MS-Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Postbox 7804, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Postbox 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Larssen E, Brede C, Hjelle AB, Øysaed KB, Tjensvoll AB, Omdal R, Ruoff P. A rapid method for preparation of the cerebrospinal fluid proteome. Proteomics 2014; 15:10-5. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Larssen
- Research Department; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
- International Research Institute of Stavanger, IRIS Envrionment; Stavanger Norway
| | - Cato Brede
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
| | | | - Kjell Birger Øysaed
- International Research Institute of Stavanger, IRIS Envrionment; Stavanger Norway
| | | | - Roald Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit; Department of Internal Medicine; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
- Department of Medical Science; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Peter Ruoff
- Center for Organelle Research (CORE); University of Stavanger; Stavanger Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Greco V, Pieragostino D, Piras C, Aebersold R, Wiltfang J, Caltagirone C, Bernardini S, Urbani A. Direct analytical sample quality assessment for biomarker investigation: qualifying cerebrospinal fluid samples. Proteomics 2014; 14:1954-62. [PMID: 25044759 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of biochemical markers represents an important aid to clinicians in the early diagnosis and prognosis of neurological diseases. Many factors can contribute to increase the chances that a biomarker study becomes successful. In a cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF), more than 84% of laboratory errors can be attributed to several preanalytical variables that include CSF collection, storage, and freeze thawing cycles. In this concept paper, we focus on some critical issues arising from basic proteomics investigation in order to highlight some key elements of CSF quality control. Furthermore, we propose a direct assessment of sample quality (DASQ) by applying a fast MALDI-TOF-MS methodology to evaluate molecular features of sample degradation and oxidation. We propose DASQ as a fast and simple initial step to be included in large-scale projects for neurological biomarker studies. In fact, such a procedure will improved the development of standardized protocols in order to have well-characterized CSF biobanks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS-Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Samuel N, Remke M, Rutka JT, Raught B, Malkin D. Proteomic analyses of CSF aimed at biomarker development for pediatric brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:225-238. [PMID: 24771250 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors cumulatively represent the most common solid tumors of childhood and are the leading cause of cancer related death in this age group. Traditionally, molecular findings and histological analyses from biopsies of resected tumor tissue have been used for diagnosis and classification of these diseases. However, there is a dearth of useful biomarkers that have been validated and clinically implemented for pediatric brain tumors. Notably, diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can be assayed through analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and as such, CSF represents an appropriate medium to obtain liquid biopsies that can be informative for diagnosis, disease classification and risk stratification. Proteomic profiling of pediatric CNS malignancies has identified putative protein markers of disease, yet few effective biomarkers have been clinically validated or implemented. Advances in protein quantification techniques have made it possible to conduct such investigations rapidly and accurately through proteome-wide analyses. This review summarizes the current literature on proteomics in pediatric neuro-oncology and discusses the implications for clinical applications of proteomics research. We also outline strategies for translating effective CSF proteomic studies into clinical applications to optimize the care of this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nardin Samuel
- MD/PhD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effects of blood contamination and the rostro-caudal gradient on the human cerebrospinal fluid proteome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90429. [PMID: 24599184 PMCID: PMC3943968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years there has been an increased focus on the importance of knowing the effect of pre-analytical influence on the proteomes under study, particularly in the field of biomarker discovery. We present three proteomics studies examining the effect of blood contamination and the rostro-caudal gradient (RCG) on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome, in addition to plasma/CSF protein ratios. The studies showed that the central nervous system (CNS) derived proteins appeared to be unaffected by the RCG, while the plasma-derived proteins showed an increase in concentration towards the lumbar area. This implies that the concentration of the plasma-derived proteins in CSF will vary depending on the volume of CSF that is collected. In the CSF samples spiked with blood, 262 of 814 quantified proteins showed an abundance increase of more than 1.5 fold, while 403 proteins had a fold change of less than 1.2 and appeared to be unaffected by blood contamination. Proteins with a high plasma/CSF ratio appeared to give the largest effect on the CSF proteome upon blood contamination. The results give important background information on how factors like blood contamination, RCG and blood-CNS-barrier influences the CSF proteome. This information is particularly important in the field of biomarker discovery, but also for routine clinical measurements. The data from the blood contamination and RCG discovery studies have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000401.
Collapse
|
21
|
Salvesen L, Tanassi JT, Bech S, Pålhagen S, Svenningsson P, Heegaard NHH, Winge K. The influence of preanalytical conditions on the DJ-1 concentration in human cerebrospinal fluid. Biomark Med 2014; 8:387-94. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of centrifugation and protease activity on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of DJ-1 and hemoglobin. Materials & methods: The concentrations of DJ-1 and hemoglobin were determined in 12 (DJ-1) and six (hemoglobin) pairs of CSF samples, with one sample being stored without centrifugation and the other being centrifuged at 2000 × g before storage. The DJ-1 concentration was also determined in centrifuged and uncentrifuged CSF containing protease inhibitors and compared with values determined in centrifuged and uncentrifuged CSF samples without protease inhibitors. Furthermore, specific protein concentrations were determined in CSF from two groups, each comprising 23 patients with Parkinson’s disease. In one group the CSF was centrifuged at 1300−1800 × g, 4°C, 10 min, and in the other at 2000 × g, 4°C, 10 min. Results: Centrifugation at 2000 × g resulted in significantly lower CSF DJ-1 concentrations compared with no centrifugation and centrifugation at a lower g-force. There was a significant difference in the hemoglobin concentration between centrifuged and uncentrifuged CSF. In all centrifuged samples the hemoglobin concentration was <200 ng/ml including blood contaminated samples centrifuged at 2000 × g. When a protease inhibitor cocktail was added to the CSF prior to centrifugation, the DJ-1 concentration was significantly higher. Conclusion: Preanalytical factors such as centrifugation and protease inhibition must be carefully controlled when handling CSF for analysis of DJ-1 and other biomarkers, as DJ-1 was influenced by blood contamination, centrifugation and protease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Salvesen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Laboratory for Stereology & Neuroscience, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia T Tanassi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Bech
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Pålhagen
- Section of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels HH Heegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Winge
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bispebjerg Movement Disorders Biobank, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Biobanking of CSF: International standardization to optimize biomarker development. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
23
|
Tammen H, Peck A, Budde P, Zucht HD. Peptidomics analysis of human blood specimens for biomarker discovery. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:605-13. [PMID: 17892366 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.5.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the concepts, limitations and perspectives for the application of peptidomics science and technologies to discover putative biomarkers in blood specimens. Peptidomics can be defined as the comprehensive multiplex analysis of endogenous peptides contained within a biological sample under defined conditions to describe the multitude of native peptides in a biological compartment. In addition to the discovery of disease associated biomarkers, an emerging field in peptidomics is the analysis of peptides to describe in vivo effects of protease inhibitors. The development and application of peptidomics technologies represent an arena of biomarker research that has the potential for adding significant clinical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Tammen
- Digilab BioVisioN GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 5, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Gitau EN, Kokwaro GO, Karanja H, Newton CRJC, Ward SA. Plasma and cerebrospinal proteomes from children with cerebral malaria differ from those of children with other encephalopathies. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1494-503. [PMID: 23888081 PMCID: PMC3789566 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral malaria in children are nonspecific and are seen in other common encephalopathies in malaria-endemic areas. This makes accurate diagnosis difficult in resource-poor settings. Novel malaria-specific diagnostic and prognostic methods are needed. We have used 2 proteomic strategies to identify differentially expressed proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from children with a diagnosis of cerebral malaria, compared with those with a diagnosis of malaria-slide-negative acute bacterial meningitis and other nonspecific encephalopathies. Here we report the presence of differentially expressed proteins in cerebral malaria in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid that could be used to better understand pathogenesis and help develop more-specific diagnostic methods. In particular, we report the expression of 2 spectrin proteins that have known Plasmodium falciparum–binding partners involved in the stability of the infected red blood cell, suppressing further invasion and possibly enhancing the red blood cell's ability to sequester in microvasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn N Gitau
- Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wan J, Cui XW, Zhang J, Fu ZY, Guo XR, Sun LZ, Ji CB. Peptidome analysis of human skim milk in term and preterm milk. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:236-41. [PMID: 23891694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The abundant proteins in human milk have been well characterized and are known to provide nutritional, protective, and developmental advantages to both term and preterm infants. Due to the difficulties associated with detection technology of the peptides, the expression of the peptides present in human milk is not known widely. In recent years, peptidome analysis has received increasing attention. In this report, the analysis of endogenous peptides in human milk was done by mass spectrometry. A method was also developed by our researchers, which can be used in the extraction of peptide from human milk. Analysis of the extracts by LC-MS/MS resulted in the detection of 1000-3000Da peptide-like features. Out of these, 419 peptides were identified by MS/MS. The identified peptides were found to originate from 34 proteins, of which several have been reported. Analysis of the peptides' cleavage sites showed that the peptides are cleaved with regulations. This may reflect the protease activity and distribution in human body, and also represent the biological state of the tissue and provide a fresh source for biomarker discovery. Isotope dimethyl labeling analysis was also used to test the effects of premature delivery on milk protein composition in this study. Differences in peptides expression between breast milk in term milk (38-41weeks gestation) and preterm milk (28-32weeks gestation) were investigated in this study. 41 Peptides in these two groups were found expressed differently. 23 Peptides were present at higher levels in preterm milk, and 18 were present at higher levels in term milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pesek J, Krüger T, Krieg N, Schiel M, Norgauer J, Großkreutz J, Rhode H. Native chromatographic sample preparation of serum, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid does not comprise a risk for proteolytic biomarker loss. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 923-924:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
28
|
Simonsen AH, Bahl JMC, Danborg PB, Lindstrom V, Larsen SO, Grubb A, Heegaard NHH, Waldemar G. Pre-analytical factors influencing the stability of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 215:234-40. [PMID: 23537933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential source for new biomarkers due to its proximity to the brain. This study aimed to clarify the stability of the CSF proteome when undergoing pre-analytical factors. We investigated the effects of repeated freeze/thaw cycles, protease inhibitors and delayed storage for 4h, 24h or 14 days at -20°C, 4°C and room temperature (RT) after centrifugation compared with our standard practice of two hours at RT before placing the samples in an -80°C environment. The results were obtained using immunoassays for amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ42), tau, phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and cystatin C and using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for proteomic profiling. Tau and P-tau were susceptible to repeated freeze/thaw cycles while SELDI-TOF analysis produced eight significant peaks and additional artefact peaks from samples with added protease inhibitors. Delayed storage for different durations and in different temperatures produced six significant SELDI-TOF peaks. Aβ42 and tau were susceptible to increased temperatures and the duration before storage, whereas P-tau and cystatin C were not. Transthyretin and several of its isoforms were found using SELDI-TOF and were susceptible to freeze/thaw cycles and to increased temperature and length of time prior to storage. We recommend that CSF should be collected and centrifuged immediately after sampling and prior to storage at -80°C without the addition of protease inhibitors. Freeze/thawing should be avoided because of the instability of tau, P-tau and transthyretin. Standardised CSF sampling, handling and storage for biomarker research are essential for accurately comparing the results obtained by different studies and institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja H Simonsen
- Memory Disorders Research Group, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
del Campo M, Mollenhauer B, Bertolotto A, Engelborghs S, Hampel H, Simonsen AH, Kapaki E, Kruse N, Le Bastard N, Lehmann S, Molinuevo JL, Parnetti L, Perret-Liaudet A, Sáez-Valero J, Saka E, Urbani A, Vanmechelen E, Verbeek M, Visser PJ, Teunissen C. Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: an update. Biomark Med 2013; 6:419-30. [PMID: 22917144 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) is needed to slow down or halt the disease at the earliest stage. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can be a good tool for early diagnosis. However, their use in clinical practice is challenging due to the high variability found between centers in the concentrations of both AD CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau) and PD CSF biomarker (α-synuclein). Such a variability has been partially attributed to different preanalytical procedures between laboratories, thus highlighting the need to establish standardized operating procedures. Here, we merge two previous consensus guidelines for preanalytical confounding factors in order to achieve one exhaustive guideline updated with new evidence for Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau, and α-synuclein. The proposed standardized operating procedures are applicable not only to novel CSF biomarkers in AD and PD, but also to biomarkers for other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta del Campo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology Laboratory, VU University medical center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hölttä M, Zetterberg H, Mirgorodskaya E, Mattsson N, Blennow K, Gobom J. Peptidome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by LC-MALDI MS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42555. [PMID: 22880031 PMCID: PMC3412831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the analysis of endogenous peptides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by mass spectrometry. A method was developed for preparation of peptide extracts from CSF. Analysis of the extracts by offline LC-MALDI MS resulted in the detection of 3,000–4,000 peptide-like features. Out of these, 730 peptides were identified by MS/MS. The majority of these peptides have not been previously reported in CSF. The identified peptides were found to originate from 104 proteins, of which several have been reported to be involved in different disorders of the central nervous system. These results support the notion that CSF peptidomics may be viable complement to proteomics in the search of biomarkers of CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Hölttä
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rosenling T, Stoop MP, Smolinska A, Muilwijk B, Coulier L, Shi S, Dane A, Christin C, Suits F, Horvatovich PL, Wijmenga SS, Buydens LMC, Vreeken R, Hankemeier T, van Gool AJ, Luider TM, Bischoff R. The Impact of Delayed Storage on the Measured Proteome and Metabolome of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1703-11. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.167601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Because cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in close contact with diseased areas in neurological disorders, it is an important source of material in the search for molecular biomarkers. However, sample handling for CSF collected from patients in a clinical setting might not always be adequate for use in proteomics and metabolomics studies.
METHODS
We left CSF for 0, 30, and 120 min at room temperature immediately after sample collection and centrifugation/removal of cells. At 2 laboratories CSF proteomes were subjected to tryptic digestion and analyzed by use of nano-liquid chromatography (LC) Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) and chipLC quadrupole TOF-MS. Metabolome analysis was performed at 3 laboratories by NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS. Targeted analyses of cystatin C and albumin were performed by LC–tandem MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode.
RESULTS
We did not find significant changes in the measured proteome and metabolome of CSF stored at room temperature after centrifugation, except for 2 peptides and 1 metabolite, 2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic (threonic) acid, of 5780 identified peptides and 93 identified metabolites. A sensitive protein stability marker, cystatin C, was not affected.
CONCLUSIONS
The measured proteome and metabolome of centrifuged human CSF is stable at room temperature for up to 2 hours. We cannot exclude, however, that changes undetectable with our current methodology, such as denaturation or proteolysis, might occur because of sample handling conditions. The stability we observed gives laboratory personnel at the collection site sufficient time to aliquot samples before freezing and storage at −80 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Rosenling
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Stoop
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Shanna Shi
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adrie Dane
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christin Christin
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Suits
- IBM TJ Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, NY
| | - Peter L Horvatovich
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sybren S Wijmenga
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lutgarde MC Buydens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Vreeken
- Analytical BioSciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Analytical BioSciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Standardization of preanalytical aspects of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: a consensus paper from the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Standardization Initiative. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 8:65-73. [PMID: 22047631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies show that the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers total tau (T-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau(181P)), and amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ(1-42)) have high diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer's disease. Variability in concentrations for Aβ(1-42), T-tau, and P-tau(181P) drives the need for standardization. METHODS Key issues were identified and discussed before the first meeting of the members of the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Standardization Initiative (ABSI). Subsequent ABSI consensus meetings focused on preanalytical issues. RESULTS Consensus was reached on preanalytical issues such as the effects of fasting, different tube types, centrifugation, time and temperature before storage, storage temperature, repeated freeze/thaw cycles, and length of storage on concentrations of Aβ(1-42), T-tau, and P-tau(181P) in cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS The consensus reached on preanalytical issues and the recommendations put forward during the ABSI consensus meetings are presented in this paper.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hubel A, Aksan A, Skubitz AP, Wendt C, Zhong X. State of the Art in Preservation of Fluid Biospecimens. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:237-44. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2010.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hubel
- Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alptekin Aksan
- Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy P.N. Skubitz
- Biopreservation Core Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chris Wendt
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Consensus Guidelines for CSF and Blood Biobanking for CNS Biomarker Studies. Mult Scler Int 2011; 2011:246412. [PMID: 22096631 PMCID: PMC3195993 DOI: 10.1155/2011/246412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long history of research into body fluid biomarkers in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, only a few biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are being used in clinical practice. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in serum are currently useful for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), but we could expect novel CSF biomarkers that help define prognosis and response to treatment for this disease. One of the most critical factors in biomarker research is the inadequate powering of studies performed by single centers. Collaboration between investigators is needed to establish large biobanks of well-defined samples. A key issue in collaboration is to establish standardized protocols for biobanking to ensure that the statistical power gained by increasing the numbers of CSF samples is not compromised by pre-analytical factors. Here, consensus guidelines for CSF collection and biobanking are presented, based on the guidelines that have been published by the BioMS-eu network for CSF biomarker research. We focussed on CSF collection procedures, pre-analytical factors and high quality clinical and paraclinical information. Importantly, the biobanking protocols are applicable for CSF biobanks for research targeting any neurological disease.
Collapse
|
35
|
Berle M, Kroksveen AC, Haaland OA, Aye TT, Opsahl JA, Oveland E, Wester K, Ulvik RJ, Helland CA, Berven FS. Protein profiling reveals inter-individual protein homogeneity of arachnoid cyst fluid and high qualitative similarity to cerebrospinal fluid. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:19. [PMID: 21599959 PMCID: PMC3120722 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms behind formation and filling of intracranial arachnoid cysts (AC) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate AC fluid by proteomics to gain further knowledge about ACs. Two goals were set: 1) Comparison of AC fluid from individual patients to determine whether or not temporal AC is a homogenous condition; and 2) Evaluate the protein content of a pool of AC fluid from several patients and qualitatively compare this with published protein lists of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. METHODS AC fluid from 15 patients with temporal AC was included in this study. In the AC protein comparison experiment, AC fluid from 14 patients was digested, analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a semi-quantitative label-free approach and the data were compared by principal component analysis (PCA) to gain knowledge of protein homogeneity of AC. In the AC proteome evaluation experiment, AC fluid from 11 patients was pooled, digested, and fractionated by SCX chromatography prior to analysis by LC-MS/MS. Proteins identified were compared to published databases of proteins identified from CSF and plasma. AC fluid proteins not found in these two databases were experimentally searched for in lumbar CSF taken from neurologically-normal patients, by a targeted protein identification approach called MIDAS (Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) initiated detection and sequence analysis). RESULTS We did not identify systematic trends or grouping of data in the AC protein comparison experiment, implying low variability between individual proteomic profiles of AC.In the AC proteome evaluation experiment, we identified 199 proteins. When compared to previously published lists of proteins identified from CSF and plasma, 15 of the AC proteins had not been reported in either of these datasets. By a targeted protein identification approach, we identified 11 of these 15 proteins in pooled CSF from neurologically-normal patients, demonstrating that the majority of abundant proteins in AC fluid also can be found in CSF. Compared to plasma, as many as 104 proteins in AC were not found in the list of 3017 plasma proteins. CONCLUSIONS Based on the protein content of AC fluid, our data indicate that temporal AC is a homogenous condition, pointing towards a similar AC filling mechanism for the 14 patients examined. Most of the proteins identified in AC fluid have been identified in CSF, indicating high similarity in the qualitative protein content of AC to CSF, whereas this was not the case between AC and plasma. This indicates that AC is filled with a liquid similar to CSF. As far as we know, this is the first proteomics study that explores the AC fluid proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berle
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Automated analysis of mouse serum peptidome using restricted access media and nanoliquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Kroksveen A, Opsahl J, Aye T, Ulvik R, Berven F. Proteomics of human cerebrospinal fluid: Discovery and verification of biomarker candidates in neurodegenerative diseases using quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 2011; 74:371-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
38
|
Li T, Dai S, Wang Z, Zhang H. Improved disc SDS-PAGE for extraction of low molecular weight proteins from serum. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1090-6. [PMID: 20166138 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The low molecular weight proteins can provide a lot of valuable information of biomarkers. To study these proteins, the high abundance and high molecular weight proteins must be removed prior to analysis. In this work, a simple and inexpensive disc SDS-PAGE to extract low molecular weight proteins from human serum and cutoff proteins larger than 30 kDa was developed. Some experimental conditions were examined. The experimental results obtained by plate SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS showed that the molecular weight of extracted proteins was about in the range from 0.3 to 28 kDa. Some experiments, including precipitation of proteins in organic solvents, SPE and cytochrome C test, were carried out and the experimental results demonstrated successful recovery of proteins/peptides with molecular weight from several hundreds of dalton to about 30 kDa. The experimental results obtained by plate SDS-PAGE indicated the repeatability was satisfactory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiechun Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Berle M, Wester KG, Ulvik RJ, Kroksveen AC, Haaland OA, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Berven FS, Helland CA. Arachnoid cysts do not contain cerebrospinal fluid: A comparative chemical analysis of arachnoid cyst fluid and cerebrospinal fluid in adults. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2010; 7:8. [PMID: 20537169 PMCID: PMC2898803 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arachnoid cyst (AC) fluid has not previously been compared with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the same patient. ACs are commonly referred to as containing "CSF-like fluid". The objective of this study was to characterize AC fluid by clinical chemistry and to compare AC fluid to CSF drawn from the same patient. Such comparative analysis can shed further light on the mechanisms for filling and sustaining of ACs. Methods Cyst fluid from 15 adult patients with unilateral temporal AC (9 female, 6 male, age 22-77y) was compared with CSF from the same patients by clinical chemical analysis. Results AC fluid and CSF had the same osmolarity. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium or glucose. We found significant elevated concentration of phosphate in AC fluid (0.39 versus 0.35 mmol/L in CSF; p = 0.02), and significantly reduced concentrations of total protein (0.30 versus 0.41 g/L; p = 0.004), of ferritin (7.8 versus 25.5 ug/L; p = 0.001) and of lactate dehydrogenase (17.9 versus 35.6 U/L; p = 0.002) in AC fluid relative to CSF. Conclusions AC fluid is not identical to CSF. The differential composition of AC fluid relative to CSF supports secretion or active transport as the mechanism underlying cyst filling. Oncotic pressure gradients or slit-valves as mechanisms for generating fluid in temporal ACs are not supported by these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berle
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rezeli M, Végvári Á, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T. Isotope labeled internal standards (ILIS) as a basis for quality control in clinical studies using plasma samples. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1219-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
41
|
Jackson DH, Banks RE. Banking of clinical samples for proteomic biomarker studies: A consideration of logistical issues with a focus on pre-analytical variation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:250-70. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
42
|
Teunissen CE, Petzold A, Bennett JL, Berven FS, Brundin L, Comabella M, Franciotta D, Frederiksen JL, Fleming JO, Furlan R, Hintzen RQ, Hughes SG, Johnson MH, Krasulova E, Kuhle J, Magnone MC, Rajda C, Rejdak K, Schmidt HK, van Pesch V, Waubant E, Wolf C, Giovannoni G, Hemmer B, Tumani H, Deisenhammer F. A consensus protocol for the standardization of cerebrospinal fluid collection and biobanking. Neurology 2009; 73:1914-22. [PMID: 19949037 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c47cc2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long history of research into body fluid biomarkers in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, only a few biomarkers in CSF are being used in clinical practice. One of the most critical factors in CSF biomarker research is the inadequate powering of studies because of the lack of sufficient samples that can be obtained in single-center studies. Therefore, collaboration between investigators is needed to establish large biobanks of well-defined samples. Standardized protocols for biobanking are a prerequisite to ensure that the statistical power gained by increasing the numbers of CSF samples is not compromised by preanalytical factors. Here, a consensus report on recommendations for CSF collection and biobanking is presented, formed by the BioMS-eu network for CSF biomarker research in multiple sclerosis. We focus on CSF collection procedures, preanalytical factors, and high-quality clinical and paraclinical information. The biobanking protocols are applicable for CSF biobanks for research targeting any neurologic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rajalahti T, Arneberg R, Kroksveen AC, Berle M, Myhr KM, Kvalheim OM. Discriminating Variable Test and Selectivity Ratio Plot: Quantitative Tools for Interpretation and Variable (Biomarker) Selection in Complex Spectral or Chromatographic Profiles. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2581-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802514y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Rajalahti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Pattern Recognition Systems AS, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, The National Competence Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidar Arneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Pattern Recognition Systems AS, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, The National Competence Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann C. Kroksveen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Pattern Recognition Systems AS, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, The National Competence Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus Berle
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Pattern Recognition Systems AS, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, The National Competence Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Pattern Recognition Systems AS, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, The National Competence Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav M. Kvalheim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Pattern Recognition Systems AS, Bergen, Norway, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, The National Competence Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, and Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rajalahti T, Arneberg R, Berven F, Kroksveen A, Berle M, Myhr KM, Vedeler C, Ulvik R, Kvalheim O. Biomarker discovery from mass spectral profiles: A combined proteomics and multivariate analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|