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Kumar P, Gupta S, Das BC. Saliva as a potential non-invasive liquid biopsy for early and easy diagnosis/prognosis of head and neck cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 40:101827. [PMID: 38042138 PMCID: PMC10701368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the most devastating diseases in India and southeast Asia. It is a preventable and curable disease if detected early. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the two major risk-factors but infection of high-risk HPVs are also associated with development of predominantly oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Interestingly, unlike cervical cancer, HPV-induced HNSCCs show good prognosis and better survival in contrast, majority of tobacco-associated HPV-ve HNSCCs are highly aggressive with poor clinical outcome. Biomarker analysis in circulatory body-fluids for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring are becoming important in clinical practice. Early diagnosis using non-invasive saliva for oral or other diseases plays an important role in successful treatment and better prognosis. Saliva mirrors the body's state of health as it comes into direct contact with oral lesions and needs no trained manpower to collect, making it a suitable bio-fluid of choice for screening. Saliva can be used to detect not only virus, bacteria and other biomarkers but variety of molecular and genetic markers for an early detection, treatment and monitoring cancer and other diseases. The performance of saliva-based diagnostics are reported to be highly (≥95 %) sensitive and specific indicating the test's ability to correctly identify true positive or negative cases. This review focuses on the potentials of saliva in the early detection of not only HPV or other pathogens but also identification of highly reliable gene mutations, oral-microbiomes, metabolites, salivary cytokines, non-coding RNAs and exosomal miRNAs. It also discusses the importance of saliva as a reliable, cost-effective and an easy alternative to invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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2
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Avila-Sierra A, Decerle N, Ramaioli M, Peyron MA. Effect of salivary fluid characteristics on the physical features of in vitro bread bolus: From the absence of saliva to artificially simulated hypersalivation. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113753. [PMID: 38128995 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Saliva facilitates food oral processing, bolus formation, swallowing, and sensory perception, in addition to contributing to oral health and phonation. Ageing, health affections, and polymedication are among many causes altering salivary production, modifying the mastication process, the food impregnation ratio, and in turn altering the characteristics of the bolus, swallowing, and digestion. In this in vitro work, using the AM2 masticator apparatus, which replicates the mechanical actions taking place while chewing solid foods and produces realistic food bolus in various oral conditions, we investigated the effect of salivary fluid characteristics, i.e., composition, quantity (from absence to hypersalivation), temperature, and enzymatic action, on the physical characteristics (i.e., particle size distribution (PSD), bolus mass, salivary fluid content) of in vitro boluses of Traditional French baguette. A ready-to-swallow bolus of baguette displayed on average a d50 value (median particle size by mass) of 4.1 ± 0.4 mm, with saliva fluid constituting ∼ 35 % of the final bolus mass. The absence of saliva in mouth led to a deficient oral processing, forming bread boluses constituted by extremely big particles (ca. 80 % of particles had a size > 7.1 mm) that likely cannot be swallowed safely. On the contrary, an excess of saliva favoured an excessive breaking down of bread, leading to bread boluses constituted by smaller particles than those formed under healthy salivary conditions (d50 decreased from 4.1 mm to 3.1 mm), having a higher salivary fluid content (+10 %). On the other hand, the salivary fluid temperature did not affect PSD, d50, bolus mass, or salivary fluid content of in vitro bread boluses, however, the addition of human salivary α-amylase did, favouring particle size reduction (d50 decreased to 2.6 mm). Therefore, beyond the correlation between bolus hydration by saliva and food properties such as hardness and moisture content, our findings indicate that the quantity of salivary fluid present in the oral cavity and the enzymatic activity of salivary α-amylase during bread mastication significantly influence both the particle size distribution and the fluid content of bread boluses, ultimately determining the physical properties of the bolus and, therefore, potentially impacting the subsequent swallowing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Decerle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique (CROC) EA 4847, UFR Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marco Ramaioli
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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3
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Al-Manei K, Jia L, Al-Manei KK, Ndanshau EL, Grigoriadis A, Kumar A. Food Hardness Modulates Behavior, Cognition, and Brain Activation: A Systematic Review of Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051168. [PMID: 36904167 PMCID: PMC10005610 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Food hardness is one of the dietary features that may impact brain functions. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effect of food hardness (hard food versus soft food diet) on behavior, cognition, and brain activation in animals and humans (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021254204). The search was conducted on 29 June 2022 using Medline (Ovid), Embase, and Web of Science databases. Data were extracted, tabulated by food hardness as an intervention, and summarized by qualitative synthesis. The SYRCLE and JBI tools were used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies. Of the 5427 studies identified, 18 animal studies and 6 human studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The RoB assessment indicated that 61% of animal studies had unclear risks, 11% had moderate risks, and 28% had low risks. All human studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias. The majority (48%) of the animal studies showed that a hard food diet improved behavioral task performance compared to soft food diets (8%). However, 44% of studies also showed no differential effects of food hardness on behavioral tests. It was also evident that certain regions of the brain were activated in response to changes in food hardness in humans, with a positive association between chewing hard food, cognition performance, and brain function. However, variations in the methodologies of the included studies hindered the meta-analysis execution. In conclusion, our findings highlight the beneficial effects of dietary food hardness on behavior, cognition, and brain function in both animals and humans, however, this effect may depend on several factors that require further understanding of the causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al-Manei
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leming Jia
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kholod Khalil Al-Manei
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anastasios Grigoriadis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
- Academic Center for Geriatric Dentistry, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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4
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Al-Manei K, Almotairy N, Al-Manei KK, Grigoriadis A, Kumar A. Effect of Apical Microsurgery on Force Regulation of Incisor Teeth during Unpredictable Force Control Task. J Oral Rehabil 2022; 49:788-795. [PMID: 35441717 PMCID: PMC9542888 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apical microsurgery (AMS) involves removal of the root-end which can affect the force regulation of teeth. OBJECTIVE To investigate the force regulation of incisor teeth treated with AMS during the unpredictable force control task in comparison to their contralateral teeth with complete root apices, in humans. METHODS Fifteen eligible participants (8 women and 7 men; mean age 52.9 ± SD 4.4 years) performed a standardized unpredictable force control task which involved pulling and holding a force transducer with AMS-treated incisors and its contralateral control teeth (n =30 teeth). A series of four load masses: 100, 200, 50, and 300 gm were attached to the force transducer through a string in an unpredictable manner. The force profile obtained was divided into initial and later time-segments. The peak force and peak force rate during the initial time-segment, and the holding force and coefficient of variability during the later time-segments were calculated and compared by the repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS During the initial time-segment, the peak force and peak force rate were significantly lower in the AMS-treated teeth than in the controls (P = 0.001, P = 0.013, respectively). However, during the later time-segment, no significant differences in the holding force nor the coefficient of variability were observed between the AMS-treated teeth and their controls (P = 0.755, P = 0.213, respectively). CONCLUSION In contrast to incisors with complete normal root apices, AMS-treated incisors do not show robust changes in force regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al-Manei
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14104, Sweden.,Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel Almotairy
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraidah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholod Khalil Al-Manei
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anastasios Grigoriadis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14104, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14104, Sweden
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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary Gland Function, Development and Regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels; the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis and regeneration and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Philip Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Wohkittel C, Högger P, Fekete S, Romanos M, Gerlach M. Relationship Between Amphetamine Concentrations in Saliva and Serum in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 43:564-569. [PMID: 33149054 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a valid tool for the optimization of psychopharmacotherapy; however, in child and adolescent psychiatry, uncomfortable intravenous sample collection is the main challenge and restricts the use of TDM. Therefore, it is important to evaluate alternate specimens to facilitate TDM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using saliva for the TDM of amphetamine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. METHODS In this study, 28 patient samples (mean age, 11.3 years; boys, 23; and girls, 5) treated with lisdexamfetamine were included. The active compound amphetamine was extracted and derivatized before quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Nonparametric Spearman rank correlations were used for correlation analyses; for clinical validation, Bland-Altman analysis was applied. RESULTS The median amphetamine concentrations in saliva were 2.7 times higher (range 0.7-23.6) than those in serum (257.8 ng/mL versus 77.2 ng/mL; z = -4.51, P < 0.001). A strong positive linear correlation was observed between saliva and serum concentrations (ρ = 0.628, P < 0.001). The ratio of saliva-to-serum concentration was strongly pH dependent (ρ = -0.712, P < 0.001). Therefore, a transformation formula, factoring in salivary pH, to calculate serum concentrations from the measured saliva concentrations was applied. Theoretical and measured serum amphetamine concentrations were subjected to Bland-Altman analysis. Using an acceptance limit of 20%, only 21% (n = 6) of samples fulfilled this criterion. CONCLUSIONS Amphetamine paired saliva-to-serum concentrations were highly variable and strongly affected by salivary pH, indicating that saliva is an inappropriate sampling matrix for TDM of amphetamine. Furthermore, Bland-Altman analysis did not support saliva as a suitable matrix for TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wohkittel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg; and
| | - Petra Högger
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fekete
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg; and
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg; and
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg; and
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Stribițcaia E, Gibbons C, Sier J, Boesch C, Blundell J, Finlayson G, Sarkar A. Effects of oral lubrication on satiety, satiation and salivary biomarkers in model foods: A pilot study. Appetite 2021; 165:105427. [PMID: 34051275 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
With a dramatic increase in overweight and population with obesity over the last decades, there is an imminent need to tackle this issue using novel strategies. Addressing obesity issues by generating satiety in food to reduce energy intake has been one of those prominent strategies and often textural interventions have been used to generate satiety, specifically in short-term trials. This study aimed to investigate the role of preloads varying in their oral lubricating properties on appetite sensations, food intake, salivary friction and concentration of salivary biomarkers (proteins, α-amylase and mucins) in collected human saliva (n = 17 healthy participants). The preloads were model foods (flavoured hydrogels) either high or low in their lubricating properties, assessed both by instrumental and sensorial measurements. The results showed that hunger and desire to eat decreased immediately after preload and remained decreased for 10 and 20 min, respectively, after preload in the high lubricating condition compared to control (all p < 0.05). Fullness increased immediately after preload and remained increased for 10 and 20 min, respectively, after preload in high lubricating condition compared to control (p < 0.05). However, after controlling the values for baseline, such significant effect of the intervention did not exist anymore. Only the effect of time is observed. Consuming high lubricating hydrogels showed no effect on food intake and salivary biomarkers in this pilot study. Salivary lubrication correlated with feeling of fullness. Considering the issue of large time-interval (30 min) between preload and next meal in this study, it is worthwhile investigating the immediate effects of oral lubrication on appetite control, food intake and salivary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecaterina Stribițcaia
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Sier
- Nutritional Sciences & Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Boesch
- Nutritional Sciences & Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Simões C, Caeiro I, Carreira L, Silva FCE, Lamy E. How Different Snacks Produce a Distinct Effect in Salivary Protein Composition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092403. [PMID: 33919042 PMCID: PMC8122275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva secretion changes in response to different stimulation. Studies performed in animals and humans suggest that dietary constituents may influence saliva composition, although the dynamics of these changes, and how they are specific for each type of food, are little known. The objective of the present study was to access the short-term effects of different foods in salivation and salivary protein composition. Twelve participants were tested for four snacks (yoghurt, bread, apple and walnuts). Non-stimulated saliva was collected before and at 0′, 5′ and 30′ after each snack intake. Flow rate, total protein, alpha-amylase enzymatic activity and salivary protein profile were analyzed. Yoghurt and apple were the snacks resulting in higher salivary changes, with higher increases in flow rate and alpha-amylase activity immediately after intake. The expression levels of immunoglobulin chains decreased after the intake of all snacks, whereas cystatins and one pink band (proline-rich proteins—PRPs) increased only after yoghurt intake. Walnut’s snack was the one resulting in lower changes, probably due to lower amounts eaten. Even so, it resulted in the increase in one PRPs band. In conclusion, changes in saliva composition varies with foods, with variable changes in proteins related to oral food processing and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Simões
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Inês Caeiro
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Laura Carreira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Fernando Capela e Silva
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development and Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Bostanci N. Revisiting "-omics" in Oral Health and Disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900022. [PMID: 32426939 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Division of Oral Disease, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14104, Sweden
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10
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Carreira L, Midori Castelo P, Simões C, Capela e Silva F, Viegas C, Lamy E. Changes in Salivary Proteome in Response to Bread Odour. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041002. [PMID: 32260553 PMCID: PMC7230670 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that smelling food results in a mouth-watering feeling and influences appetite. However, besides changes in volume, little is known about the effects that food odours have on the composition of saliva. The aim of the present study was to access the effects that smelling bread has on saliva proteome and to compare such effects with those of chewing and ingesting it. Besides a significant increase in saliva flow rate, together with a decrease in total protein concentration, bread odour induced changes in the proportion of different salivary proteins. The expression levels of two spots of cystatins and two spots of amylase increased due to olfactory stimulation, similar to what happened with bread mastication, suggesting that odour can allow anticipation of the type of food eaten and consequently the physiological oral changes necessary to that ingestion. An interesting finding was that bread odour increased the expression levels of several protein spots of immunoglobulin chains, which were decreased by both bread or rice mastication. This may be of clinical relevance since food olfactory stimulation of salivary immunoglobulins can be used to potentiate the oral immune function of saliva. Moreover, the effects of bread odour in the levels of salivary proteins, previously observed to be involved in oral food processing led to the hypothesis of an influence of this odour in the sensory perception of foods further ingested. Further studies are needed to elucidate this point, as well as whether the changes observed for bread odour are specific, or if different food odours lead to similar salivary proteome responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carreira
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; (L.C.); (C.S.); (F.C.e.S.)
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carla Simões
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; (L.C.); (C.S.); (F.C.e.S.)
| | - Fernando Capela e Silva
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; (L.C.); (C.S.); (F.C.e.S.)
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Viegas
- Department of Food Science, Estoril Higher Institute of Hospitality and Tourism (ESHTE), 2769-510 Estoril, Portugal;
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- IIFA—Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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