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Zhang X, Liu QJ, Liu FS, Liu ZT. Predicting the thermal decomposition temperature of energetic materials from a simple model. J Mol Model 2024; 30:277. [PMID: 39033090 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The key factor in designing heat-resistant energetic materials is their thermal sensitivity. Further research and prediction of thermal sensitivity remains a great challenge for us. This study is based on first-principles calculations and establishes a theoretical model, which comprehensively considers band gap, density of states, and Young's modulus to obtain a empirical parameter Ψ. A quantitative relationship was established between the new parameter and the thermal decomposition temperature. The value of Ψ is calculated for 10 energetic materials and is found to have a strong correlation with the experimental thermal decomposition temperature. This further proves the reliability of our model. Specifically, the larger the value of Ψ, the higher the thermal decomposition temperature, and the more stable the energetic material will be. Therefore, to some extent, we can use the new parameter Ψ calculated by the model to predict thermal sensitivity. METHODS Based on first-principles, this paper used the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) module of Materials Studio (MS) for calculations. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functionals in Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) method as well as the Grimme dispersion correction was used in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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2
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Yang T, Liu D, Yang K, Lu J, Zhang B, Xiao Y, Zhang K, Wu J, Chen L. High energy barrier hydroxyl radical dissociation mechanism of a low shock sensitivity dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) explosive. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19302-19315. [PMID: 38963693 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
As a representative of the new generation of high-energy explosives, TKX-50 has attracted widespread attention due to its remarkably low sensitivity toward shock. However, the reported decomposition barriers of TKX-50 (∼37 kcal mol-1) are comparable to those of commonly used explosives. The mechanism of its low shock sensitivity remains unclear. In this study, using an ab initio molecular dynamics method combined with a multiscale shock simulation technique and transition state calculations (at the B2PLYP-D3/Def2TZVP level), we discovered an unconventional reaction pathway of TKX-50 under shock, and its rate-controlling step is the dissociation of the hydroxyl radical (OH) from the anion ring after proton transfer, followed by ring rupture and the production of H2O and N2. The barrier for this OH dissociation reaction is as high as 51.9 kcal mol-1. In contrast, under thermal stimuli, TKX-50 prefers to open rings directly after proton transfer without losing the OH. The corresponding barrier is 35.4 kcal mol-1, which is in good agreement with previous studies. The reason for the unconventional reaction pathway of TKX-50 under shock may be the suppression of anion ring opening in thermal decomposition by steric hindrance upon shock compression. In addition, the dominant N2 generation pathway under shock releases less energy than pyrolysis which further explains the low shock sensitivity of TKX-50. This study comprehensively elucidates the different reaction mechanisms of TKX-50 under thermal and shock conditions and proposes a crucial reaction pathway leading to its low shock sensitivity. These findings will contribute to the understanding and application of tetrazole anionic energetic salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Danyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yiwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kaining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Zhang X, Liu QJ, Liu FS, Liu ZT, Yang X. Molecular dynamics simulation of sensitivity of HMX, FOX-7, and TATB crystals. J Mol Model 2024; 30:150. [PMID: 38664264 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
METHODS This study used molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate three materials (HMX, FOX-7, and TATB) under the NVT ensemble. Six temperatures (100 K, 200 K, 300 K, 400 K, 500 K, and 600 K) were simulated. In addition, the trigger bond lengths, energy bands, and density of states of three materials were obtained at different temperatures and compared with the calculated results at 0 K. CONTEXT The results indicate that the trigger bond lengths of the three materials are very close to the experimental values. Overall, the maximum and average bond lengths of the trigger bonds increase with increasing temperature. The band gap value decreases with increasing temperature. The changes in trigger bond length and band gap value are consistent with the experimental fact that sensitivity increases with increasing temperature. And Eg > 1 eV is consistently found within the temperature range of 0-600 K, indicating that all three materials are non-metallic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Yang N, Wu T, Bao X, Ma T, Huang Y, Liu D, Gong X, Wang YA, Xu S, Zhou B. Exploring the thermal decomposition and detonation mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole by TG-FTIR-MS and molecular simulations. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11429-11442. [PMID: 38595715 PMCID: PMC11003239 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), an insensitive explosive, has replaced trinitrotoluene (TNT) in many melt-cast explosives to improve the safety of ammunition and becomes a promising material to desensitize novel explosives of high sensitivity. Here, we combine thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-Mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS), density functional theory (DFT), and ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate its thermal decomposition and detonation mechanisms. As revealed by TG-FTIR-MS, the thermal decomposition of DNAN starts at ca. 453 K when highly active NO2 is produced and quickly converted to NO resulting in the formation of a large amount of Ph(OH)(OH2)OCH3+. DFT calculations show that the activation energy of DNAN is higher than that of TNT due to the lack of α-H. Further steps in both thermal decomposition and detonation reactions of the DNAN are dominated by bimolecular O-transfers. ReaxFF MD indicates that DNAN has a lower heat of explosion than TNT, in accordance with the observation that the activation energies of polynitroaromatic explosives are inversely proportional to their heat of explosion. The inactive -OCH3 group and less nitro groups also render DNAN higher thermal stability than TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianlong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xiaofang Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yinsheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Dabin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yan A Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Sen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Baojing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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Devi R, Sharma K, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Bistriazolotriazole-tetramine: commendable energetic moiety and cation. J Mol Model 2024; 30:98. [PMID: 38461222 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Various 7H,7'H-[6,6'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole]-3,3',7,7'-tetramine (A) based nitrogen-rich energetic salts were designed and their properties explored. All energetic salts possess relatively high nitrogen content (> 48%), positive heats of formation (> 429 kJ/mol) and stability owing to a significant contribution from fused backbone. The cationic component shows a very high heat of formation (2516 kJ/mol); therefore, it is highly suitable for enthalpy enhancement in new energetic salts. The cation was paired with the energetic anions nitrate (NO3-), perchlorate (ClO4-), dinitromethanide (CH(NO2)2-), trinitromethanide (C(NO2)3-), nitroamide (NHNO2-), and dinitroamide (N(NO2)2-) to improve oxygen balance and detonation performance. Designed salts show moderate detonation velocities (7.9-8.7 km/s) and pressures (23.8 - 33.1 GPa). The distribution of frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic surface potentials, QTAIM topological properties, and noncovalent interactions of designed salts were simulated to understand the electronic structures, charge distribution in molecules, hydrogen bonding, and other nonbond interactions. The predicted safety factor (SF) and impact sensitivity (H50) of designed salts suggest their insensitivity to mechanical stimuli. This work explored the 7H,7'H-[6,6'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole]-3,3',7,7'-tetramine as a suitable cationic component which could be promising and serve exemplarily in energetic materials. METHODS The optimization and energy calculations of all the designed compounds were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) and M06-2X/def2-TZVPP levels, utilizing the Gaussian software package. The molecular surface electrostatic potential, quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), reduced density gradient (RDG), and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis were performed by employing Multiwfn software. The EXPLO5 (v 7.01) thermochemical code and PILEM web application were used to predict the detonation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpi Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Kalpana Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Liu WH, Zeng W, Liu FS, Liu ZT, Liu QJ. Probing into the theory of impact sensitivity: propelling the understanding of phonon-vibron coupling coefficients. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7695-7705. [PMID: 38372167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The determination of impact sensitivity of energetic materials traditionally relies on expensive and safety-challenged experimental means. This has instigated a shift towards scientific computations to gain insights into and predict the impact response of energetic materials. In this study, we refine the phonon-vibron coupling coefficients ζ in energetic materials subjected to impact loading, building upon the foundation of the phonon up-pumping model. Considering the full range of interactions between high-order phonon overtones and molecular vibrational frequencies, this is a pivotal element for accurately determining phonon-vibron coupling coefficients ζ. This new coupling coefficient ζ relies exclusively on phonon and molecular vibrational frequencies within the range of 0-700 cm-1. Following a regression analysis involving ζ and impact sensitivity (H50) of 45 molecular nitroexplosives, we reassessed the numerical values of damping factors, establishing a = 2.5 and b = 35. This coefficient is found to be a secondary factor in determining sensitivity, secondary to the rate of decomposition propagation and thermodynamic factor (heat of explosion). Furthermore, the relationship between phonon-vibron coupling coefficients ζ and impact sensitivity was studied in 16 energetic crystalline materials and eight nitrogen-rich energetic salts. It was observed that as the phonon-vibron coupling coefficient increases, the tendency for reduced impact sensitivity H50 still exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zeng
- Teaching and Research Group of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Liu H, Chen P, Huang X, Wei X. A physical organic strategy to predict and interpret stabilities of chemical bonds in energetic compounds for the discovery of thermal-resistant properties. J Mol Model 2024; 30:84. [PMID: 38407671 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The in-depth understanding about the stability of chemical bonds in energetic compounds plays a central role for molecular design and safety-related evaluations. Most energetic compounds contain nitro as explosophores, and nitro cleavage is fundamental for thermal and mechanical stability. However, the quantum chemistry approach to accurately predict energy and temperature properties related to bond stability is challenging, due to the tradeoff between computational costs and deviations. Herein, the bond orders are proposed as accurate and computational-cost efficient descriptors for predicting the chemical bond stability and thermal-resistant properties. The intrinsic bond strength index (IBSI) demonstrates the best prediction for experimental homolytic bond dissociation energies (R2 > 0.996), which is on par with the results from high-precision quantum chemistry methods. The effects from bond connectivity and steric hindrance hierarchy were analyzed to reveal underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the IBSI descriptors are successfully applied to predict the thermal decomposition temperatures of 24 heat-resistant energetic compounds (R2 = 0.995), thus validating the effectiveness for the prediction and interpretation of chemical bond stability in energetic compounds via a physical organic approach. METHODS All DFT calculations were performed with Gaussian 09 software. To investigate the dependence of the method on functionals and basis sets, 9 DFT methods were considered (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/def2-TZVP, M062X/6-31G(d,p), M062X/6-311G(d,p), M062X/def2-TZVP, ωB97XD/6-31G(d,p), ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p), and ωB97XD/def2-TZVP). The bond order descriptors LBO and IBSI are obtained through the bond order analysis module in the Multiwfn software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Wei
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Sharma K, Maan A, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Azo-Bridged Triazole Macrocycles: Computational Design, Energy Content, Performance, and Stability Assessment. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10128-10138. [PMID: 38015623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxadiazole and triazole are extensively investigated heterocyclic scaffolds in the development of energetic materials. New energetic molecules were designed by replacing 1,2,5-oxadiazole with 2H-1,2,3-triazole in the reported conjugated macrocyclic systems to assess the influence on the energetic properties and stability. In addition, nitro groups were introduced in triazole units (N-functionalization) to improve the energetic performance. Energetic properties, including heat of formation, oxygen balance, density, detonation pressure and velocity, and impact sensitivity, were estimated for these triazole-based macrocycles. The replacement of 1,2,5-oxadiazole with 2H-1,2,3-triazole and 2-nitro-1,2,3-triazole significantly enhances the energy content, detonation performance, and noncovalent interactions. The theoretically computed energetic properties of triazole-based macrocycles reveal high positive heats of formation (1507-2761 kJ/mol), oxygen balance (-88.8 to -22.8%), high densities (1.87-1.90 g/cm3), superior detonation velocities (8.41-9.52 km/s), pressures (26.64-40.55 GPa), acceptable impact sensitivity (27-40 cm), and safety factor (51-290). The overall energetic assessment highlights triazole-based macrocycles as a potential framework that will be useful for developing advanced energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Anjali Maan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Li HY, Gan YD, Liu FS, Liu ZT, Bai ZX, Liu QJ. Theoretical study on the correlation between the structure, excess energy, surface energy, electronic structure, nitro charge, and friction sensitivity of N, N'-dinitroethylenediamine (EDNA). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27488-27497. [PMID: 37800301 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of energetic materials along different crystal directions is not the same and is anisotropic. In order to explore the difference in friction sensitivity of different surfaces, we calculated the structure, excess energy, surface energy, electronic structure, and the nitro group along (1 1 1), (1 1 0), (1 0 1), (0 1 1), (0 0 1), (0 1 0), and (1 0 0) surfaces of EDNA based on density functional theory. The analysis results showed that relative to other surfaces, the (0 0 1) surface has the shortest N-N average bond length, largest N-N average bond population, smallest excess energy and surface energy, widest band gap, and the largest nitro group charge value, which indicates that the (0 0 1) surface has the lowest friction sensitivity compared to other surfaces. Furthermore, the conclusions obtained by analyzing the excess energy are consistent with the results of the N-N bond length and bond population, band gap, and nitro charge. Therefore, we conclude that the friction sensitivity of different surfaces of EDNA can be evaluated using excess energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Li
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun-Dan Gan
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xin Bai
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Zhang C, Wang TW, Lu ZJ, Yi ZX, Kuang BL, Bu S, Xie ZM, Li Y, Wang K, Zhang JG. Optimization of performance and sensitivity: preparation of two Ag(I)-based ECPs by using isomeric ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13716-13723. [PMID: 37706537 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
For energetic compounds, their structure determines their performance, and even minor variations in their structure can have a significant impact on their performance. The application scenarios for energetic materials are diverse, and their performance requirements vary as well. To investigate the influence of different substituent positions on the performance of primary explosives, we prepared two Ag(I)-based complexes, [Ag(2-IZCA)ClO4]n (ECPs-1) and [Ag(4-IZCA)ClO4]n (ECPs-2), using structurally isomeric ligands, 1H-imidazole-2-carbohydrazide (2-IZCA) and 1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazide (4-IZCA). The structures were confirmed using infrared, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Experimental results demonstrate that both ECPs exhibit good thermal stability. However, compared to ECPs-1, ECPs-2 exhibits a lower thermal initial decomposition temperature (Td = 210 °C), lower mechanical sensitivity (IS = 27 J, FS = 84 N), and more concentrated energy output. Although theoretical predictions suggest similar detonation velocities and pressures for both compounds, actual detonation performance tests indicate that ECPs-2 has stronger explosive power and initiating capability, with potential for use as a laser initiator (E = 126 mJ). The simple preparation method and inexpensive starting materials enrich the research on primary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Ting-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zu-Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Xin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bao-Long Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Shu Bu
- State Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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11
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Guo Z, Yu Q, Chen Y, Liu J, Li T, Peng Y, Yi W. Fluorine-Containing Functional Group-Based Energetic Materials. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300108. [PMID: 37265346 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecules featuring fluorine-containing functional groups exhibit outstanding properties with high density, low sensitivity, excellent thermal stability, and good energetic performance due to the strong electron-withdrawing ability and high density of fluorine. Hence, they play a pivotal role in the field of energetic materials. In light of current theoretical and experimental reports, this review systematically focuses on three types of energetic materials possessing fluorine-containing functional groups F- and NF2 - substituted trinitromethyl groups (C(NO2 )2 F, C(NO2 )2 NF2 ), trifluoromethyl group (CF3 ), and difluoroamino and pentafluorosulfone groups (NF2 , SF5 ) and investigates the synthetic methods, physicochemical parameters, and energetic properties of each. The incorporation of fluorine-containing functional moieties is critical for the development of novel high energy density materials, and is rapidly being adopted in the design of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yucong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yuhuang Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenbin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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12
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Lease N, Spielvogel KD, Davis JV, Tisdale JT, Klamborowski LM, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Halogenated PETN derivatives: interplay between physical and chemical factors in explosive sensitivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7044-7056. [PMID: 37389270 PMCID: PMC10306076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01627g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the factors that influence and can help predict energetic material sensitivity has long been a challenge in the explosives community. Decades of literature reports identify a multitude of factors both chemical and physical that influence explosive sensitivity; however no unifying theory has been observed. Recent work by our team has demonstrated that the kinetics of "trigger linkages" (i.e., the weakest bonds in the energetic material) showed strong correlations with experimental drop hammer impact sensitivity. These correlations suggest that the simple kinetics of the first bonds to break are good indicators for the reactivity observed in simple handling sensitivity tests. Herein we report the synthesis of derivatives of the explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in which one, two or three of the nitrate ester functional groups are substituted with an inert group. Experimental and computational studies show that explosive sensitivity correlates well with Q (heat of explosion), due to the change in the number of trigger linkages removed from the starting material. In addition, this correlation appears more significant than other observed chemical or physical effects imparted on the material by different inert functional groups, such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, heat capacity, oxygen balance, and the crystal structure of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Kyle D Spielvogel
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jack V Davis
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jeremy T Tisdale
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Lisa M Klamborowski
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - M J Cawkwell
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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13
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Rzhevskiy SA, Minaeva LI, Topchiy MA, Melnikov IN, Kiselev VG, Pivkina AN, Fomenkov IV, Asachenko AF. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of High-Energy Fillers Derived from Nitroisobutylglycerol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8541. [PMID: 37239887 PMCID: PMC10218491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a comprehensive laboratory synthesis of a series of energetic azidonitrate derivatives (ANDP, SMX, AMDNNM, NIBTN, NPN, 2-nitro-1,3-dinitro-oxypropane) starting from the readily available nitroisobutylglycerol. This simple protocol allows obtaining the high-energy additives from the available precursor in yields higher than those reported using safe and simple operations not presented in previous works. A detailed characterization of the physical, chemical, and energetic properties including impact sensitivity and thermal behavior of these species was performed for the systematic evaluation and comparison of the corresponding class of energetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Rzhevskiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Lidiya I. Minaeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Maxim A. Topchiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Igor N. Melnikov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Igor V. Fomenkov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
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14
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Rein J, Meinhardt JM, Hofstra Wahlman JL, Sigman MS, Lin S. A Physical Organic Approach towards Statistical Modeling of Tetrazole and Azide Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218213. [PMID: 36823344 PMCID: PMC10079611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen atom-rich heterocycles and organic azides have found extensive use in many sectors of modern chemistry from drug discovery to energetic materials. The prediction and understanding of their energetic properties are thus key to the safe and effective application of these compounds. In this work, we disclose the use of multivariate linear regression modeling for the prediction of the decomposition temperature and impact sensitivity of structurally diverse tetrazoles and organic azides. We report a data-driven approach for property prediction featuring a collection of quantum mechanical parameters and computational workflows. The statistical models reported herein carry predictive accuracy as well as chemical interpretability. Model validation was successfully accomplished via tetrazole test sets with parameters generated exclusively in silico. Mechanistic analysis of the statistical models indicated distinct divergent pathways of thermal and impact-initiated decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jonathan M Meinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Duarte JC, da Rocha RD, Borges I. Which molecular properties determine the impact sensitivity of an explosive? A machine learning quantitative investigation of nitroaromatic explosives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6877-6890. [PMID: 36799468 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05339j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We decomposed density functional theory charge densities of 53 nitroaromatic molecules into atom-centered electric multipoles using the distributed multipole analysis that provides a detailed picture of the molecular electronic structure. Three electric multipoles, (the charge of the nitro groups), (the total dipole, i.e., polarization, of the nitro groups), (the total electron delocalization of the C ring atoms), and the number of explosophore groups (#NO2) were selected as features for a comprehensive machine learning (ML) investigation. The target property was the impact sensitivity h50 (cm) values quantified by drop-weight measurements, with a large h50 (e.g., 150 cm) indicating that an explosive is insensitive and vice versa. After a preliminary screening of 42 ML algorithms, four were selected based on the lowest root mean square errors: Extra Trees, Random Forests, Gradient Boosting, and AdaBoost. Compared to experimental data, the predicted h50 values of molecules having very different sensitivities for the four algorithms have differences in the range 19-28%. The most important properties for predicting h50 are the electron delocalization in the ring atoms and the polarization of the nitro groups with averaged weights of 39% and 35%, followed by the charge (16%) and number (10%) of nitro groups. A significant result is how the contribution of these properties to h50 depends on their actual sensitivities: for the most sensitive explosives (h50 up to ∼50 cm), the four properties contribute to reducing h50, and for intermediate ones (∼50 cm ≲ h50 ≲ 100 cm) #NO2 and contribute to increasing it and the other two properties to reducing it. For highly insensitive explosives (h50 ≳ 200 cm), all four properties essentially contribute to increasing it. These results furnish a consistent molecular basis of the sensitivities of known explosives that also can be used for developing safer new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Duarte
- Departamento de Engenharia de Computação, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 22290-270, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Defesa, Militar de Engenharia, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Romulo Dias da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Defesa, Militar de Engenharia, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 22290-270, Brazil
| | - Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Engenharia de Computação, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 22290-270, Brazil. .,Departamento de Química, Militar de Engenharia, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 22290-270, Brazil
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16
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Zhang G, Liang X, Li J, Liu Z. Heuristic-Based Alkaline Hydrolysis Mechanism of Nitrate Ester (Nitrocellulose Monomer) and Nitroamine (Hexogen) Compounds: Electrostatic Attraction Effect of the Nitro Group. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1609-1618. [PMID: 36780375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The alkaline hydrolysis reaction of energetic materials is important and complex. With improved performance, AMK_Mountain was used to systematically study the alkaline hydrolysis of the nitrocellulose monomer and hexogen. The reaction pathways showed that the nitrocellulose monomer produces the nitrate anion and nitrite anion differently, while hexogen only produces the nitrite anion. Electronic structure results at the M06-2X/6-311G(d,p)/PCM(Pauling) level showed that the nitrocellulose monomer and hexogen have a similar pathway in their main energy-releasing process (nitrite anion production): with electrostatic attraction effects after proton transfer, the nitrite anion dissociates from the original structure with a low barrier. Moreover, during the alkaline hydrolysis of the nitrocellulose monomer, the metastable intermediates after proton transfer may be directly generated following transition states that, structurally, tend to produce nitrite anions "proximal" to the proton transfer site and produce nitrate anions "distal" to the proton transfer site. Electronic structure analysis showed that representative metastable intermediates revealed that the charge transfer caused by electrostatic attraction may be the direct cause of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhang
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zongkuan Liu
- School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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17
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Zheng W, Liu QJ, Liu FS, Liu ZT. Triggering the mechanism of the initial reaction of energetic materials under pressure based on Raman intensity analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5685-5693. [PMID: 36734476 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp06012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Raman intensity and other stoichiometric calculations of nitromethane (NM) and 2-nitrimino-5-nitro-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (NNHT) have been made by using first-principles density functional theory. We propose a method to judge the initial reaction mechanism of NM and NNHT under pressure based on the Raman intensity. Both the resulting NM and NNHT undergo hydrogen transfer and conventional trigger bond cleavage. And the results obtained from the Raman peak intensities infer a reaction path that is not inferior to the traditional C-NO2 and N-NO2 bond cleavage, thus verifying our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
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18
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Marrs FW, Davis JV, Burch AC, Brown GW, Lease N, Huestis PL, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Chemical Descriptors for a Large-Scale Study on Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity of High Explosives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:753-769. [PMID: 36695777 PMCID: PMC9930127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The drop-weight impact test is an experiment that has been used for nearly 80 years to evaluate handling sensitivity of high explosives. Although the results of this test are known to have large statistical uncertainties, it is one of the most common tests due to its accessibility and modest material requirements. In this paper, we compile a large data set of drop-weight impact sensitivity test results (mainly performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory), along with a compendium of molecular and chemical descriptors for the explosives under test. These data consist of over 500 unique explosives, over 1000 repeat tests, and over 100 descriptors, for a total of about 1500 observations. We use random forest methods to estimate a model of explosive handling sensitivity as a function of chemical and molecular properties of the explosives under test. Our model predicts well across a wide range of explosive types, spanning a broad range of explosive performance and sensitivity. We find that properties related to explosive performance, such as heat of explosion, oxygen balance, and functional group, are highly predictive of explosive handling sensitivity. Yet, models that omit many of these properties still perform well. Our results suggest that there is not one or even several factors that explain explosive handling sensitivity, but that there are many complex, interrelated effects at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Jack V. Davis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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19
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Li HY, Wei D, Du YH, Liu ZT, Bai ZX, Liu FS, Liu QJ. Effects of pressure on structural, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of nitrogen-rich energetic material: 6-azido-8-nitrotetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-7-amine (3at). J Mol Model 2023; 29:43. [PMID: 36653549 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND RESULTS 6-Azido-8-nitrotetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-7-amine (3at) is a promising green energetic material, which meets the development requirements of environment-friendly explosives. By discussing the relationship between lattice parameters and pressure, it is found that the compression ratio indicates anisotropy of compressibility. And bond lengths get shorter under pressure, resulting in stronger intermolecular bonds. The N3 group rotates under pressure. And then, the optical properties basically change regularly with the change of pressure. As the pressure increases, the absorption range widens. In the low energy interval, it shows transparency, and then with the increase of energy and pressure, it shows better optical activity. With the increase of pressure and energy, the absorption coefficient increases, representing that the optical activity becomes high. Finally, according to the analysis of mechanical properties, 3at exhibited brittle behavior at 0 GPa and 100 GPa, while at 10 to 90 GPa, the values of ν and B/G are malleable. COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL TECHNIQUES Based on density functional theory, the crystal parameters, electronic properties, optical properties, and elastic and mechanical properties of 3at under different pressures were studied theoretically. The GGA-PW91+OBS method was used to calculate the physical parameters under pressure, such as lattice parameters, energy band structures, dielectric function, refractive index, absorption coefficient, and elastic constants. Physical properties under (3at) pressure are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Li
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Wei
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hua Du
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xin Bai
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Huestis PL, Lease N, Freye CE, Huber DL, Brown GW, McDonald DL, Nelson T, Snyder CJ, Manner VW. Radiolytic degradation of dodecane substituted with common energetic functional groups †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9304-9315. [PMID: 36959879 PMCID: PMC10028498 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00998j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Explosives exist in and are expected to withstand a variety of harsh environments up to and including ionizing radiation, though little is known about the chemical consequences of exposing explosives to an ionizing radiation field. This study focused on the radiation-induced chemical changes to a variety of common energetic functional groups by utilizing a consistent molecular backbone. Dodecane was substituted with azide, nitro, nitrate ester, and nitramine functional groups and γ-irradiated with 60Co in order to study how the functional group degraded along with what the relative stability to ionizing radiation was. Chemical changes were assessed using a combination of analysis techniques including: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography of both the condensed and gas phases, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results revealed that much of the damage to the molecules was on the energetic functional group and often concentrated on the trigger linkage, also known as the weakest bond in the molecule. The general trend from most to least susceptible to radiolytic damage was found to be D–ONO2 → D–N3 → D–NHNO2 → D–NO2. These results also appear to be in line with the relative stability of these functional groups to things such as photolysis, thermolysis, and explosive insults. The relative radiolytic stability of dodecane functionalized with common energetic functional groups was explored with gamma irradiation and probed by various analytical techniques.![]()
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21
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ENERGY TRANSFERRED TO ENERGETIC MATERIALS DURING IMPACT TEST AT REACTION THRESHOLD: LOOK BACK TO GO FORWARD. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Lease N, Klamborowski LM, Perriot R, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Identifying the Molecular Properties that Drive Explosive Sensitivity in a Series of Nitrate Esters. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9422-9428. [PMID: 36191261 PMCID: PMC9575148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials undergo hundreds of chemical reactions during exothermic runaway, generally beginning with the breaking of the weakest chemical bond, the "trigger linkage." Herein we report the syntheses of a series of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) derivatives in which the energetic nitrate ester groups are systematically substituted by hydroxyl groups. Because all the PETN derivatives have the same nitrate ester-based trigger linkages, quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations show very similar Arrhenius kinetics for the first reactions. However, handling sensitivity testing conducted using drop weight impact indicates that sensitivity decreases precipitously as nitrate esters are replaced by hydroxyl groups. These experimental results are supported by QMD simulations that show systematic decreases in the final temperatures of the products and the energy release as the nitrate ester functional groups are removed. To better interpret these results, we derive a simple model based only on the specific enthalpy of explosion and the kinetics of trigger linkage rupture that accounts qualitatively for the decrease in sensitivity as nitrate ester groups are removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High
Explosives Science & Technology, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Lisa M. Klamborowski
- High
Explosives Science & Technology, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Romain Perriot
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- High
Explosives Science & Technology, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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23
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Nelson T, Huestis PL, Manner VW. Modeling Photolytic Decomposition of Energetically Functionalized Dodecanes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7094-7101. [PMID: 36196028 PMCID: PMC9574918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The photolytic stability of explosives and energetic
functional
groups is of importance for those who regularly handle or are exposed
to explosives in typical environmental conditions. This study models
the photolytic degradation of dodecane substituted with various energetic
functional groups: azide, nitro, nitrate ester, and nitramine. For
the studied molecules, it was found that excitons localize on the
energetic functional group, no matter where they were initially formed,
and thus, the predominant degradation pathway involves the degradation
of the energetic functional group. The relative trends for both 4
and 8 eV excitation energies followed with what is expected from the
relative stability of the energetic functional groups to thermal and
sub-shock degradation. The one notable exception was the azide functional
group; more work should be done to further understand the photolytic
effects on the azide functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Nelson
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Patricia L Huestis
- High Explosives Science & Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science & Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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24
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Maan A, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Computational Evaluation of Polycyclic Bis-Oxadiazolo-Pyrazine Backbone in Designing Potential Energetic Materials. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2124282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Maan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D. Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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25
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Hussein AK, Elbeih A, Mokhtar M, Abdelhafiz M. Spun of improvised cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-D]-Imidazole (BCHMX) in polystyrene nanofibrous membrane by electrospinning techniques. BMC Chem 2022; 16:59. [PMID: 35945603 PMCID: PMC9364567 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of ultra-fine fiber technology and nano-sized materials are widely taking place to enhance the characteristic of different materials. In our study, a newly developed technique was used to produce improvised nano energetic fibers with the exploitation of cis-1,3,4,6-Tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d] imidazole (BCHMX) to spin in a polystyrene nanofiber membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the synthesized nanofibrous polystyrene (PS)/BCHMX sheets with clear and continual fiber were imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Characterization of the produced nanofiber was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Explosive sensitivity was also evaluated by both BAM impact and friction apparatus. Thermal behavior for the synthesized PS/BCHMX fiber and the pure materials were also investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show enhancement in the fabrication of nano energetic fibers with a size of 200-460 nm. The TG confirms the high weight percentage of BCHMX which reaches 60% of the total mass. PS/BCHMX fiber was confirmed with the XRD, FTIR spectrum. Interestingly, XRD sharp peaks showed the conversion of amorphous PS via electrospinning into crystalline shape regarding the applied high voltage. The synthesized PS/BCHMX nanofiber was considered insensitive to the mechanical external stimuli; more than 100 J impact energy and > 360 N initiation force as friction stimuli. PS/BCHMX is considering a candidate tool to deal with highly sensitive explosives safely and securely for explosives detection training purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Elbeih
- Military Technical College, Kobry Elkobbah, Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Cleveland A, Snyder C, Imler G, Chavez D, Parrish D. Synthesis of a new 1,2,4‐triazine derived Azidoxime. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory Chemistry Division UNITED STATES
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27
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Tong Z, Sun W, Li C, Tang Z, Huang Y, Yao C, Zhang L, Sun CQ. O:H N bond cooperativity in the energetic TATB under mechanical and thermal perturbation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Patil VB, Bělina P, Trzcinski WA, Zeman S. Preparation and properties of co-mixed crystals of 1,3-di- and 1,3,5-tri-amino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzenes with attractive cyclic nitramines. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Cawkwell MJ, Davis J, Lease N, Marrs FW, Burch A, Ferreira S, Manner VW. Understanding Explosive Sensitivity with Effective Trigger Linkage Kinetics. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:448-458. [PMID: 36855691 PMCID: PMC9955191 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple linear model for ranking the drop weight impact sensitivity of organic explosives that is based explicitly on chemical kinetics. The model is parameterized to specific heats of explosion, Q, and Arrhenius kinetics for the onset of chemical reactions that are obtained from gas-phase Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations for a chemically diverse set of 24 molecules. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations sample all possible decomposition pathways of the molecules with the appropriate probabilities to provide an effective reaction barrier. In addition, the calculations of effective trigger linkage kinetics can be accomplished without prior physical intuition of the most likely decomposition pathways. We found that the specific heat of explosion tends to reduce the effective barrier for decomposition in accordance with the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle, which accounts naturally for the well-known correlations between explosive performance and sensitivity. Our model indicates that sensitive explosives derive their properties from a combination of weak trigger linkages that react at relatively low temperatures and large specific heats of explosion that further reduce the effective activation energy.
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30
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Friction sensitivity of nitramine energetic materials: a prediction based on genetic function approximation. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Wiik K, Høyvik IM, Unneberg E, Jensen TL, Swang O. Unimolecular Decomposition Reactions of Picric Acid and Its Methylated Derivatives─A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2645-2657. [PMID: 35472276 PMCID: PMC9082609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
To handle energetic
materials safely, it is important to have knowledge
about their sensitivity. Density functional theory (DFT) has proven
a valuable tool in the study of energetic materials, and in the current
work, DFT is employed to study the thermal unimolecular decomposition
of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid, PA), 3-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrophenol
(methyl picric acid, mPA), and 3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrophenol (dimethyl
picric acid, dmPA). These compounds have similar molecular structures,
but according to the literature, mPA is far less sensitive to impact
than the other two compounds. Three pathways believed important for
the initiation reactions are investigated at 0 and 298.15 K. We compare
the computed energetics of the reaction pathways with the objective
of rationalizing the unexpected sensitivity behavior. Our results
reveal a few if any significant differences in the energetics of the
three molecules, and thus do not reflect the sensitivity deviations
observed in experiments. These findings point toward the potential
importance of crystal structure, crystal morphology, bimolecular reactions,
or combinations thereof on the impact sensitivity of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Wiik
- Chemistry Department, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Process Technology, SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida-Marie Høyvik
- Chemistry Department, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Unneberg
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), P.O. Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Tomas Lunde Jensen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), P.O. Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Ole Swang
- Department of Process Technology, SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
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32
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Tarchoun AF, Trache D, Klapötke TM, Slimani K, Belouettar B, Abdelaziz A, Bekhouche S, Bessa W. Valorization of Esparto Grass Cellulosic Derivatives for the Development of Promising Energetic Azidodeoxy Biopolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Isoconversional Thermal Kinetic Analysis. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
- Energetic Propulsion Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Djalal Trache
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Butenandtstrasse 5–13 (D) D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Kheireddine Slimani
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Baha‐eddine Belouettar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Amir Abdelaziz
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Slimane Bekhouche
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
| | - Wissam Bessa
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Teaching and Research unit of Energetic Processes Ecole Militaire Polytechnique BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri 16046 Algiers Algeria
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33
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Patil VB, Yan QL, Trzciński WA, Bělina P, Shánělová J, Musil T, Zeman S. Co-agglomerated crystals of cyclic nitramines with sterically crowded molecules. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of cyclic nitramines with sterically crowded molecules, i.e., ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL-20) with cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole, is difficult, but co-agglomeration given good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerabhadragouda B. Patil
- Institute of Energetic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Qi-Long Yan
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710 072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Waldemar A. Trzciński
- Faculty of Advanced Technology and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, PL-00 908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Petr Bělina
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Shánělová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Musil
- Austin Detonator, Inc., CZ-755 01 Vsetín, Czech Republic
| | - Svatopluk Zeman
- Institute of Energetic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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34
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Synthesis of Energetic 7-Nitro-3,5-dihydro-4 H-pyrazolo[4,3- d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one Based on a Novel Hofmann-Type Rearrangement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237319. [PMID: 34885900 PMCID: PMC8659268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions are efficient strategies in organic synthesis and contribute enormously to the development of energetic materials. Here, we report on the preparation of a fused energetic structure of 7-nitro-3,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one (NPTO) based on a novel Hofmann-type rearrangement. The 1,2,3-triazine unit was introduced into the fused bicyclic skeleton from a pyrazole unit for the first time. The new compound of NPTO was fully characterized using multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis as well as X-ray diffraction studies. The thermal behaviors and detonation properties of NPTO were investigated through a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC-TG) approach and EXPLO5 program-based calculations, respectively. The calculation results showed similar detonation performances between NPTO and the energetic materials of DNPP and ANPP, indicating that NPTO has a good application perspective in insensitive explosives and propellants.
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35
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Tetranitro-diazinodiazines as high energy materials: computational investigation of structural aspects of fused heterocyclic backbone and isomerism. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Joy J, Danovich D, Shaik S. Nature of the Trigger Linkage in Explosive Materials Is a Charge-Shift Bond. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15588-15596. [PMID: 34612631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Explosion begins by rupture of a specific bond, in the explosive, called a trigger linkage. We characterize this bond in nitro-containing explosives. Valence-bond (VB) investigations of X-NO2 linkages in alkyl nitrates, nitramines, and nitro esters establish the existence of Pauli repulsion that destabilizes the covalent structure of these bonds. The trigger linkages are mainly stabilized by covalent-ionic resonance and are therefore charge-shift bonds (CSBs). The source of Pauli repulsion in nitro explosives is unique. It is traced to the hyperconjugative interaction from the oxygen lone pairs of NO2 into the σ(X-N)* orbital, which thereby weakens the X-NO2 bond, and depletes its electron density as X becomes more electronegative. Weaker trigger bonds have higher CSB characters. In turn, weaker bonds increase the sensitivity of the explosive to impacts/shocks which lead to detonation. Application of the analysis to realistic explosives supports the CSB character of their X-NO2 bonds by independent criteria. Furthermore, other families of explosives also involve CSBs as trigger linkages (O-O, N-O, Cl-O, N-I, etc. bonds). In all of these, detonation is initiated selectively at the CSB of the molecule. A connection is made between the CSB bond-weakening and the surface-electrostatic potential diagnosis in the trigger bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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37
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Recent Synthetic Efforts towards High Energy Density Materials: How to Design High-Performance Energetic Structures? FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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38
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Theory of impact sensitivity revisited: mechanical-to-vibrational energy transfer phenomenon. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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39
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Veljković IS, Radovanović JI, Veljković DŽ. How aromatic system size affects the sensitivities of highly energetic molecules? RSC Adv 2021; 11:31933-31940. [PMID: 35495524 PMCID: PMC9041559 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06482g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive values of electrostatic potentials above the central regions of the molecular surface are strongly related to the high sensitivities of highly energetic molecules. The influence of aromatic system size on the positive values of electrostatic potentials and bond dissociation energies of C-NO2 bonds was studied by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on a series of polycyclic nitroaromatic molecules. Calculations performed at PBE/6-311G** level showed that with the increase of the aromatic system size, values of positive electrostatic potential above the central areas of selected energetic molecules decrease from 32.78 kcal mol-1 (1,2,4,5-tetranitrobenzene) to 15.28 kcal mol-1 (2,3,9,10-tetranitropentacene) leading to the decrease in the sensitivities of these molecules towards detonation. Results of the analysis of electrostatic potential maps were in agreement with the trends in bond dissociation energies calculated for C-NO2 bonds of studied nitroaromatic molecules. Bond dissociation energies values indicate that the C-NO2 bond in the molecule of 1,2,4,5-tetranitrobenzene (56.72 kcal mol-1) is weaker compared to the nitroaromatic molecules with the additional condensed aromatic rings and with a similar arrangement of -NO2 groups (59.75 kcal mol-1 in the case of 2,3,9,10-tetranitropentacene). The influence of the mutual arrangement of -NO2 groups on the sensitivity of nitroaromatic molecules was also analyzed. Results obtained within this study could be of great importance for the development of new classes of highly energetic molecules with lower sensitivity towards detonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana S Veljković
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry Njegoševa 12 11000 Belgrade Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena I Radovanović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry Studentski trg 12-16 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - Dušan Ž Veljković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry Studentski trg 12-16 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
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40
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Deng Y, Wu X, Deng P, Guan F, Ren H. Fabrication of Energetic Composites with 91% Solid Content by 3D Direct Writing. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101160. [PMID: 34683211 PMCID: PMC8540018 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct writing is a rapidly developing manufacturing technology that is convenient, adaptable and automated. It has been used in energetic composites to manufacture complex structures, improve product safety, and reduce waste. This work is aimed at probing the formability properties and combustion performances of aluminum/ammonium perchlorate with a high solid content for direct writing fabrication. Four kinds of samples with different solid content were successfully printed by adjusting printing parameters and inks formulas with excellent rheological behavior and combustion properties. A high solid content of 91% was manufactured and facile processed into complex structures. Micromorphology, rheology, density, burning rate, heat of combustion and combustion performance were evaluated to characterized four kinds of samples. As the solid content increases, the density, burning rate and heat of combustion are greatly enhanced. Based on 3D direct writing technology, complex energetic 3D structures with 91% solid content are shaped easier and more flexibly than in traditional manufacturing process, which provides a novel way for the manufacture of complicated structures of energetic components.
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41
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Zhang LY, Wu YH, Wang NX, Yan Z, Gao XW, Liu YH, Xu BC, Liu N, Wang BZ. Synthetic optimization of TACOT-derived nitrogen-rich energetic compounds and reaction mechanism research. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1952434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yang Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Yan
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Cai Xu
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
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42
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Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Plasticizing Process of Single-Base Gun Propellant Using Mutual Information Weighted MPCA under Limited Batch Samples Modelling. MACHINES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/machines9080166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the lack of reliable gradual fault detection and abnormal condition alarm and evaluation ability in the plasticizing process of single-base gun propellant, a fault detection and diagnosis method based on normalized mutual information weighted multiway principal component analysis (NMI-WMPCA) under limited batch samples modelling was proposed. In this method, the differences of coupling correlation among multi-dimensional process variables and the coupling characteristics of linear and nonlinear relationships in the process are considered. NMI-WMPCA utilizes the generalization ability of a multi-model to establish an accurate fault detection model in limited batch samples, and adopts fault diagnosis methods based on a multi-model SPE statistic contribution plot to identify the fault source. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective, which can realize the rapid detection and diagnosis of multiple faults in the plasticizing process.
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43
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Shem-Tov D, Petrutik N, Wurzenberger MHH, Meincke M, Flaxer E, Tumanskii B, Zhang L, Dobrovetsky R, Fleischer S, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Low-Power Laser Ignition of an Antenna-Type Secondary Energetic Copper Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Evaluation, and Ignition Mechanism Studies. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10909-10922. [PMID: 34292708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, development of new energetic compounds and formulations, suitable for ignition with relatively low-power lasers, is a highly active and competitive field of research. The main goal of these efforts is focused on achieving and providing much safer solutions for various detonator and initiator systems. In this work, we prepared, characterized, and studied thermal and ignition properties of a new laser-ignitable compound, based on the 5,6-bis(ethylnitroamino)-N'2,N'3-dihydroxypyrazine-2,3-bis(carboximidamide) (DS3) proligand. This new energetic proligand was prepared in three steps, starting with 5,6-bis(ethylamino)-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile. Crystallography studies of the DS3-derived Cu(II) complex (DS4) revealed a unique stacked antenna-type structure of the latter compound. DS4 has an exothermal temperature of 154.5 °C and was calculated to exhibit a velocity of detonation of 6.36 km·s-1 and a detonation pressure of 15.21 GPa. DS4 showed properties of a secondary explosive, having sensitivity to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge of 8 J, 360 N, and 12 mJ, respectively. In order to study the mechanism of ignition by a laser (using a diode laser, 915 nm), we conducted a set of experiments that enabled us to characterize a photothermal ignition mechanism. Furthermore, we found that a single pulse, with a time duration of 1 ms and with a total energy of 4.6 mJ, was sufficient for achieving a consistent and full ignition of DS4. Dual-pulse experiments, with variable time intervals between the laser pulses, showed that DS4 undergoes ignition via a photothermal mechanism. Finally, calculating the chemical mechanism of the formation of the complex DS4 and modeling its anhydrous and hydrated crystal structures (density functional theory calculations using Gaussian and HASEM software) allowed us to pinpoint a more precise location of water molecules in experimental crystallographic data. These results suggest that DS4 has potential for further development to a higher technology readiness level and for integration into small-size safe detonator systems as for many civil, aerospace, and defense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shem-Tov
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Natan Petrutik
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne 81800, Israel
| | | | - Melanie Meincke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Eli Flaxer
- Afeka, Tel-Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 218 Bney Efrayim Road, Tel-Aviv 69107, Israel
| | - Boris Tumanskii
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China.,Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sharly Fleischer
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, München 81377, Germany
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45
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Fan J, Su Y, Zheng Z, Zhao J. Thermal properties of energetic materials from quasi-harmonic first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:275702. [PMID: 33906164 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abfc11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structure and properties at a finite temperature are critical to understand the temperature effects on energetic materials (EMs). Combining dispersion-corrected density functional theory with quasi-harmonic approximation, the thermodynamic properties for several representative EMs, including nitromethane, PETN, HMX, and TATB, are calculated. The inclusion of zero-point energy and temperature effect could significantly improve the accuracy of lattice parameters at ambient condition; the deviations of calculated cell volumes and experimental values at room temperature are within 0.62%. The calculated lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients with increasing temperature show strong anisotropy. In particular, the expansion rate (2.61%) of inter-layer direction of TATB is higher than intra-layer direction and other EMs. Furthermore, the calculated heat capacities could reproduce the experimental trends and enrich the thermodynamic data set at finite temperatures. The predicted isothermal and adiabatic bulk moduli could reflect the softening behavior of EMs. These results would fundamentally provide a deep understanding and serve as a reference for the experimental measurement of the thermodynamic parameters of EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Computational and Applied Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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46
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Marrs FW, Manner VW, Burch AC, Yeager JD, Brown GW, Kay LM, Buckley RT, Anderson-Cook CM, Cawkwell MJ. Sources of Variation in Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity Testing of the Explosive Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - John D. Yeager
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Lisa M. Kay
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Reid T. Buckley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Abstract
In spite of the importance of energetic materials to a broad range of military (munitions, missiles) and civilian (mining, space exploration) technologies, the introduction of new chemical entities in the field occurs at a very slow pace. This situation is understandable considering the stringent requirements for cost and safety that must be met for new chemical entities to be fielded. If existing manufacturing infrastructure could be leveraged, then this would offer a fundamental shift in the discovery paradigm. Cocrystallization is an approach poised to realize this goal because it can use existing materials and make new chemical compositions through the assembly of multiple unique components in the solid state. This account describes early proof-of-principle studies with widely used energetics in the field, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), forming cocrystals with nonenergetic coformers that alter key properties such as density, sensitivity, and morphology. The evolution of these studies to produce cocrystals between two energetic components is detailed, including those exploiting new intermolecular interaction motifs that drive assembly such as halogen bonding. Implications of cocrystallization for performance, sensitivity to external stimuli, and manufacturability are explored at each stage. The derivation of many of these cocrystals from energetic materials in common use satisfies the goal of using materials already demonstrated to be cost-effective at scale and with well-understood safety profiles. The account concludes with a discussion of cocrystallizing molecules having excess of oxidizing power with those that are oxygen-deficient to push the limits of explosive performance to unprecedented levels. The purposeful production of an arbitrary combination of two solid components into a cocrystal is far from certain, but the studies described motivate the continued exploration of novel materials and the development of predictive models for identifying crystallization partners. When such cocrystals form, many of their most important properties cannot be predicted, pointing to another challenge for the purposeful development of energetic materials based on cocrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Bennion
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, FCDD-RLW-WB, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Adam J. Matzger
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Kretić DS, Radovanović JI, Veljković DŽ. Can the sensitivity of energetic materials be tuned by using hydrogen bonds? Another look at the role of hydrogen bonding in the design of high energetic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7472-7479. [PMID: 33876107 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strongly positive electrostatic potential in the central areas of molecules of energetic materials is one of the most important factors that determines the sensitivity of these molecules towards detonation. Quantum chemical and density functional theory calculations were used to reveal the influence of hydrogen bonding on the values of electrostatic potential above the central areas of molecules of three conventional explosives: 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Both the case when energetic molecules act as hydrogen atom donors and when they act as hydrogen atom acceptors were considered. Results of the calculations performed using the M06/cc-PVDZ level of theory showed that there are significant differences in the influence of hydrogen bonding on the electrostatic potential of energetic molecules acting as hydrogen atom donors and hydrogen atom acceptors. In the case when energetic molecules act as hydrogen acceptors, an increase of 10% in the strength of positive electrostatic potential was identified. In the case when energetic molecules act as hydrogen atom donors, a significant decrease (20-25%) in the strength of the positive potential on the molecular surface was calculated. These differences give an opportunity for fine-tuning the impact sensitivities of energetic compounds and provide new guidelines for the design of explosives with desirable characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela S Kretić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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49
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Oliveira MAS, Oliveira RSS, Borges I. Quantifying bond strengths via a Coulombic force model: application to the impact sensitivity of nitrobenzene, nitrogen-rich nitroazole, and non-aromatic nitramine molecules. J Mol Model 2021; 27:69. [PMID: 33543327 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of bond strengths is a useful and general concept in chemistry. In this work, a Coulombic force model based on atomic electric charges computed using the accurate distributed multipole analysis (DMA) partition of the molecular charge density was employed to quantify the weakest N-NO2 and C-NO2 bond strengths of 19 nitrobenzene, 11 nitroazole, and 10 nitramine molecules. These bonds are known as trigger linkages because they are usually related to the initiation of an explosive. The three families of explosives combine different types of molecular properties and structures ranging from essentially aromatic molecules (nitrobenzenes) to others with moderate aromaticity (nitroazoles) and non-aromatic molecules with cyclic and acyclic skeletons (nitramines). We used the results to investigate the impact sensitivity of the corresponding explosives employing the trigger linkage concept. For this purpose, the computed Coulombic bond strength of the trigger linkages was used to build four sensitivity models that lead to an overall good agreement between the predicted values and available experimental sensitivity values even when the model included the three chemical families simultaneously. We discussed the role of the trigger linkages for determining the sensitivity of the explosives and rationalized eventual discrepancies in the models by examining alternative decomposition mechanisms and features of the molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Souza Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil
| | | | - Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-270, Brazil.
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50
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Hussein AK, Zeman S, Elbeih A. Cis‐1,3,4,6‐Tetranitrooctahydroimidazo‐[4,5‐d]Imidazole (BCHMX) as a Part of Low Sensitive Compositions based on DATB or HNAB. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Svatopluk Zeman
- Institute of Energetic Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Czech Rep
| | - Ahmed Elbeih
- Military Technical College Kobry Elkobbah Cairo Egypt
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