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Liu Y, Li J, Cai J, Zhang X, Hu L, Pang S, He C. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds Assisted Construction of Planar Tricyclic Structures for Insensitive and Highly Thermostable Energetic Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3910. [PMID: 38612720 PMCID: PMC11012039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Safety is fundamental for the practical development and application of energetic materials. Three tricyclic energetic compounds, namely, 1,3-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (ATDT), 5'-nitro-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2'H-[1,3'-bi(1,2,4-triazol)]-5-amine (ATNT), and 1-(3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (ATDNP), were effectively synthesized through a simple two-step synthetic route. The introduction of intramolecular hydrogen bonds resulted in excellent molecular planarity for the three new compounds. Additionally, they exhibit regular crystal packing, leading to numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. Benefiting from planar tricyclic structural features, ATDT, ATNT, and ATDNP are insensitive (IS > 60 J, FS = 360 N) when exposed to external stimuli. Furthermore, ATNT (Td = 361.1 °C) and ATDNP (Td = 317.0 °C) exhibit high decomposition temperatures and satisfying detonation performance. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding that produced this planar tricyclic molecular structure serves as a model for the creation of innovative multiple heterocycle energetic materials with excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lu Hu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (L.H.)
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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Maser E, Andresen KJ, Bünning TH, Clausen OR, Wichert U, Strehse JS. Ecotoxicological Risk of World War Relic Munitions in the Sea after Low- and High-Order Blast-in-Place Operations. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20169-20181. [PMID: 37933956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Submerged munitions from World War I and II are threatening human activities in the oceans, including fisheries and shipping or the construction of pipelines and offshore facilities. To avoid unforeseen explosions, remotely controlled "blast-in-place" (BiP) operations are a common practice worldwide. However, after underwater BiP detonations, the toxic and carcinogenic energetic compounds (ECs) will not completely combust but rather distribute within the marine ecosphere. To shed light on this question, two comparable World War II mines in Denmark's Sejerø Bay (Baltic Sea) were blown up by either low-order or high-order BiP operations by the Royal Danish Navy. Water and sediment samples were taken before and immediately after the respective BiP operation and analyzed for the presence of ECs with sensitive GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS technology. EC concentrations increased after high-order BiP detonations up to 353 ng/L and 175 μg/kg in water and sediment, respectively, while low-order BiP detonations resulted in EC water and sediment concentrations up to 1,000,000 ng/L (1 mg/L) and >10,000,000 μg/kg (>10 g/kg), respectively. Our studies provide unequivocal evidence that BiP operations in general lead to a significant increase of contamination of the marine environment and ecotoxicological risk with toxic ECs. Moreover, as compared to high-order BiP detonations, low-order BiP detonations resulted in a several 1000-fold higher burden on the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrine J Andresen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias H Bünning
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ole R Clausen
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Uwe Wichert
- Consultant BLANO, MEKUN and HELCOM SUBMERGED, Eichenweg 6, 24351 Damp, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Pang S, He C. Enhanced Energetic Performance via the Combination of Furoxan and Oxa-[5,5]bicyclic Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108846. [PMID: 37240192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new compounds based on the combination of furoxan (1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide) and oxa-[5,5]bicyclic ring were synthesized. Among them, the nitro compound showed satisfactory detonation properties (Dv, 8565 m s-1; P, 31.9 GPa), which is comparable to the performance of RDX (a classic high-energy secondary explosive). Additionally, the introduction of the N-oxide moiety and oxidation of the amino group more effectively improved the oxygen balance and density (d, 1.81 g cm-3; OB%, +2.8%) of the compounds compared to furazan analogues. Combined with good density and oxygen balance as well as moderate sensitivity, this type of furoxan and oxa-[5,5]bicyclic structure will open up a platform for the synthesis and design of new high-energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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Rzhevskiy SA, Minaeva LI, Topchiy MA, Melnikov IN, Kiselev VG, Pivkina AN, Fomenkov IV, Asachenko AF. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of High-Energy Fillers Derived from Nitroisobutylglycerol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8541. [PMID: 37239887 PMCID: PMC10218491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a comprehensive laboratory synthesis of a series of energetic azidonitrate derivatives (ANDP, SMX, AMDNNM, NIBTN, NPN, 2-nitro-1,3-dinitro-oxypropane) starting from the readily available nitroisobutylglycerol. This simple protocol allows obtaining the high-energy additives from the available precursor in yields higher than those reported using safe and simple operations not presented in previous works. A detailed characterization of the physical, chemical, and energetic properties including impact sensitivity and thermal behavior of these species was performed for the systematic evaluation and comparison of the corresponding class of energetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Rzhevskiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Lidiya I. Minaeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Maxim A. Topchiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Igor N. Melnikov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Igor V. Fomenkov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
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Strehse JS, Bünning TH, Koschorreck J, Künitzer A, Maser E. Long-Term Trends for Blue Mussels from the German Environmental Specimen Bank Show First Evidence of Munition Contaminants Uptake. Toxics 2023; 11:347. [PMID: 37112574 PMCID: PMC10142797 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Submerged munitions are present in marine waters across the globe. They contain energetic compounds (ECs), such as TNT and metabolites thereof, which are considered carcinogenic, exhibit toxic effects in marine organisms, and may affect human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ECs and their trends in blue mussels from the annual collections of the German Environmental Specimen Bank sampled over the last 30 years at three different locations along the coastline of the Baltic and North Sea. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS/MS for 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT). The first signals indicating trace levels of 1,3-DNB were observed in samples from 1999 and 2000. ECs were also found below the limit of detection (LoD) in subsequent years. From 2012 onwards, signals just above the LoD were detected. The highest signal intensities of 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT, just below the LoQ (0.14 ng/g d.w. and 0.17 ng/g d.w., respectively), were measured in 2019 and 2020. This study clearly shows that corroding submerged munitions are gradually releasing ECs into the waters that can be detected in randomly sampled blue mussels, even though the concentrations measured are still in the non-quantifiable trace range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Susanne Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany (E.M.)
| | - Tobias Hartwig Bünning
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany (E.M.)
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
| | - Anita Künitzer
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany (E.M.)
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den Otter JH, Pröfrock D, Bünning TH, Strehse JS, van der Heijden AEDM, Maser E. Release of Ammunition-Related Compounds from a Dutch Marine Dump Site. Toxics 2023; 11:toxics11030238. [PMID: 36977003 PMCID: PMC10055382 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
After World War II, large amounts of ammunition were dumped in surface waters worldwide, potentially releasing harmful and toxic compounds to the environment. To study their degradation, ammunition items dumped in the Eastern Scheldt in The Netherlands were surfaced. Severe damage due to corrosion and leak paths through the casings were observed, making the explosives in the ammunition accessible to sea water. Using novel techniques, the concentrations of ammunition-related compounds in the surrounding seabed and in the seawater were analyzed at 15 different locations. In the direct vicinity of ammunition, elevated concentrations of ammunition-related compounds (both metals and organic substances) were found. Concentrations of energetic compounds ranged from below the limit of detection (LoD) up to the low two-digit ng/L range in water samples, and from below the LoD up to the one-digit ng/g dry weight range in sediment samples. Concentrations of metals were found up to the low microgram/L range in water and up the low ng/g dry weight in sediment. However, even though the water and sediment samples were collected as close to the ammunition items as possible, the concentrations of these compounds were low and, as far as available, no quality standards or limits were exceeded. The presence of fouling, the low solubility of the energetic compounds, and dilution by the high local water current were concluded to be the main causes for the absence of high concentrations of ammunition-related compounds. As a conclusion, these new analytical methods should be applied to continuously monitor the Eastern Scheldt munitions dump site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. den Otter
- Department of Energetic Materials, TNO, Ypenburgse Boslaan 2, 2496 ZA The Hague, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - D. Pröfrock
- Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - T. H. Bünning
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - J. S. Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - E. Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Dalinger IL, Kormanov AV, Suponitsky KY, Muravyev NV, Sheremetev AB. Pyrazole-Tetrazole Hybrid with Trinitromethyl, Fluorodinitromethyl, or (Difluoroamino)dinitromethyl Groups: High-Performance Energetic Materials. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1165-1172. [PMID: 29457973 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
High-nitrogen-content compounds have attracted great scientific interest and technological importance because of their unique energy content, and they find diverse applications in many fields of science and technology. Understanding of structure-property relationship trends and how to modify them is of paramount importance for their further improvement. Herein, the installation of oxygen-rich modules, C(NO2 )3 , C(NO2 )2 F, or C(NO2 )2 NF2 , into an endothermic framework, that is, the combination of a nitropyrazole unit and tetrazole ring, is used as a way to design novel energetic compounds. Density, oxygen balance, and enthalpy of formation are enhanced by the presence of these oxygen-containing units. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by XRD. For crystal packing analysis, it is proposed to use new criterion, ΔOED , that can serve as a measure of the tightness of molecular packing upon crystal formation. Overall, the materials show promising detonation and propulsion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor L Dalinger
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 LeninskyProsp, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr V Kormanov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 LeninskyProsp, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Kyrill Yu Suponitsky
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita V Muravyev
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina St, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksei B Sheremetev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 LeninskyProsp, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Golius A, Gorb L, Isayev O, Leszczynski J. Diffusion of energetic compounds through biological membrane: Application of classical MD and COSMOmic approximations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:247-255. [PMID: 29301457 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1424037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies of the potential biological impact of several energetic compounds were performed. The most commonly used explosives were considered in the present studies: trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 5-Nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO). The effect of such factors as ionic strength and presence of DMSO in the water solution on the structure of the membrane were considered using the POPC lipid bilayer as an example. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that, even on a short-time scale, the influence of those additives is noticeable, and therefore those factors should always be taken into account. The MD and the COSMOmic approaches were used to elucidate the ability of the energetic compounds to penetrate the living cell. Calculated free energy profiles and partitioning coefficients revealed distributions of the compounds in the lipid bilayer as well as an overall ability to enter the cell. MD in this case provides a better representation of the free energy profile, while the COSMOmic approach works better to predict log(Klipw) values. The effect of the functional group was observed for the profiles that were obtained using the MD method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Golius
- a Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science , Jackson State University , Jackson , Mississippi , USA
| | - Leonid Gorb
- b Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olexander Isayev
- c Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- a Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science , Jackson State University , Jackson , Mississippi , USA
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Deblitz R, Hrib CG, Hilfert L, Edelmann FT. Crystal structure of the high-energy-density material guanylurea dipicryl-amide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:111-4. [PMID: 25249869 PMCID: PMC4158545 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814017164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, 1-carbamoylguanidinium bis-(2,4,6-tri-nitro-phen-yl)amide [H2NC(=O)NHC(NH2)2](+)[N{C6H2(NO2)3-2,4,6}2](-) (= guanylurea dipicryl-amide), was prepared as dark-red block-like crystals in 70% yield by salt-metathesis reaction between guanylurea sulfate and sodium dipicryl-amide. In the solid state, the new compound builds up an array of mutually linked guanylurea cations and dipicryl-amide anions. The crystal packing is dominated by an extensive network of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a high density of 1.795 Mg m(-3), which makes the title compound a potential secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raik Deblitz
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitaet Magdeburg, Universitaetsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cristian G Hrib
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitaet Magdeburg, Universitaetsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Liane Hilfert
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitaet Magdeburg, Universitaetsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank T Edelmann
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitaet Magdeburg, Universitaetsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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