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Ferguson HR, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) and Noncanonical Partners in Cancer Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1201. [PMID: 34068954 PMCID: PMC8156822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that success of targeted therapies in the treatment of cancer is context-dependent and is influenced by a complex crosstalk between signaling pathways and between cell types in the tumor. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling axis highlights the importance of such context-dependent signaling in cancer. Aberrant FGFR signaling has been characterized in almost all cancer types, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. This occurs primarily through amplification and over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulting in ligand-independent activation. Mutations and translocations of FGFR1-4 are also identified in cancer. Canonical FGF-FGFR signaling is tightly regulated by ligand-receptor combinations as well as direct interactions with the FGFR coreceptors heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Klotho. Noncanonical FGFR signaling partners have been implicated in differential regulation of FGFR signaling. FGFR directly interacts with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to invasive and migratory properties of cancer cells, whereas interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate angiogenic, resistance to therapy, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The diversity in FGFR signaling partners supports a role for FGFR signaling in cancer, independent of genetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R. Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Michael P. Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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2
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Wang D, Yang L, Yu W, Zhang Y. Investigational fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 antagonists in early phase clinical trials to treat solid tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:903-916. [PMID: 31560229 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1672655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a highly conserved transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. FGFR2 dysregulation occurs in numerous human solid tumors and overexpression is closely associated with tumor progression. FGFR2 has recently been reported as a therapeutic target for cancer. Several targeted therapies are being investigated to disrupt FGFR2 activity; these include multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), pan-FGFR targeted TKIs and FGFR2 monoclonal antibodies. Areas: This review examines FGFR2 regulation and function in cancer and its potential as a target for cancer treatment. Expert opinion: Highly specific FGFR2 blockers have not yet been developed and moreover, resistance to FGFR2-targeted therapies is a challenge. More sophisticated patient selection strategies would help improve FGFR2-targeted therapies and combination therapy is considered the most promising approach for cancer patients with FGFR2 alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Weina Yu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , P.R. China
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3
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The Structural and Functional Diversity of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Transmembrane Proteins. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:273-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Cross-Talk between Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Other Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050455. [PMID: 31091809 PMCID: PMC6562592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute signaling circuits that transmit signals across the plasma membrane, regulating pivotal cellular processes like differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The malfunction of FGFs/FGFRs signaling axis is observed in numerous developmental and metabolic disorders, and in various tumors. The large diversity of FGFs/FGFRs functions is attributed to a great complexity in the regulation of FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signaling cascades. The function of FGFRs is modulated at several levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications, and protein trafficking. One of the emerging ways to adjust FGFRs activity is through formation of complexes with other integral proteins of the cell membrane. These proteins may act as coreceptors, modulating binding of FGFs to FGFRs and defining specificity of elicited cellular response. FGFRs may interact with other cell surface receptors, like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The cross-talk between various receptors modulates the strength and specificity of intracellular signaling and cell fate. At the cell surface FGFRs can assemble into large complexes involving various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The interplay between FGFRs and CAMs affects cell–cell interaction and motility and is especially important for development of the central nervous system. This review summarizes current stage of knowledge about the regulation of FGFRs by the plasma membrane-embedded partner proteins and highlights the importance of FGFRs-containing membrane complexes in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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5
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Alonso-Gordoa T, García-Bermejo ML, Grande E, Garrido P, Carrato A, Molina-Cerrillo J. Targeting Tyrosine kinases in Renal Cell Carcinoma: "New Bullets against Old Guys". Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1901. [PMID: 30999623 PMCID: PMC6515337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed tumor in adults in Europe and represents approximately 2.5% of cancer deaths. The molecular biology underlying renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression has been a key milestone in the management of this type of tumor. The discovery of Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene alterations that arouse in 50% of ccRCC patients, leads the identification of an intracellular accumulation of HIF and, consequently an increase of VEGFR expression. This change in cell biology represents a new paradigm in the treatment of metastatic renal cancer by targeting angiogenesis. Currently, there are multiple therapeutic drugs available for advanced disease, including therapies against VEGFR with successful results in patients´ survival. Other tyrosine kinases' pathways, including PDGFR, Axl or MET have emerged as key signaling pathways involved in RCC biology. Indeed, promising new drugs targeting those tyrosine kinases have exhibited outstanding efficacy. In this review we aim to present an overview of the central role of these tyrosine kinases' activities in relevant biological processes for kidney cancer and their usefulness in RCC targeted therapy development. In the immunotherapy era, angiogenesis is still an "old guy" that the medical community is trying to fight using "new bullets".
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Laura García-Bermejo
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group and Core Facility, Ramón y Cajal Research Institute, (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Grande
- Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Garrido
- Medical Oncology Department, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS). CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, The Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), CIBERONC, Alcalá University, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Porębska N, Latko M, Kucińska M, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Targeting Cellular Trafficking of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors as a Strategy for Selective Cancer Treatment. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010007. [PMID: 30577533 PMCID: PMC6352210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) transmit signals across the cell membrane, regulating important cellular processes, like differentiation, division, motility, and death. The aberrant activity of FGFRs is often observed in various diseases, especially in cancer. The uncontrolled FGFRs' function may result from their overproduction, activating mutations, or generation of FGFRs' fusion proteins. Besides their typical subcellular localization on the cell surface, FGFRs are often found inside the cells, in the nucleus and mitochondria. The intracellular pool of FGFRs utilizes different mechanisms to facilitate cancer cell survival and expansion. In this review, we summarize the current stage of knowledge about the role of FGFRs in oncogenic processes. We focused on the mechanisms of FGFRs' cellular trafficking-internalization, nuclear translocation, and mitochondrial targeting, as well as their role in carcinogenesis. The subcellular sorting of FGFRs constitutes an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. The blocking of FGFRs' nuclear and mitochondrial translocation can lead to the inhibition of cancer invasion. Moreover, the endocytosis of FGFRs can serve as a tool for the efficient and highly selective delivery of drugs into cancer cells overproducing these receptors. Here, we provide up to date examples how the cellular sorting of FGFRs can be hijacked for selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Latko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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7
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Porta R, Borea R, Coelho A, Khan S, Araújo A, Reclusa P, Franchina T, Van Der Steen N, Van Dam P, Ferri J, Sirera R, Naing A, Hong D, Rolfo C. FGFR a promising druggable target in cancer: Molecular biology and new drugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:256-267. [PMID: 28427515 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family consists of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (TKR) involved in several biological functions. Recently, alterations of FGFR have been reported to be important for progression and development of several cancers. In this setting, different studies are trying to evaluate the efficacy of different therapies targeting FGFR. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current status of treatments targeting FGFR, focusing on the trials that are evaluating the FGFR profile as inclusion criteria: Multi-Target, Pan-FGFR Inhibitors and anti-FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)/FGFR Monoclonal Antibodies. EXPERT OPINION Most of the TKR share intracellular signaling pathways; therefore, cancer cells tend to overcome the inhibition of one tyrosine kinase receptor by activating another. The future of TKI (Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor) therapy will potentially come from multi-targeted TKIs that target different TKR simultaneously. It is crucial to understand the interaction of the FGF-FGFR axis with other known driver TKRs. Based on this, it is possible to develop therapeutic strategies targeting multiple connected TKRs at once. One correct step in this direction is the reassessment of multi target inhibitors considering the FGFR status of the tumor. Another opportunity arises from assessing the use of FGFR TKI on patients harboring FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGi), Girona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Roberto Borea
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Andreia Coelho
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine and Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Araújo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pablo Reclusa
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit A.O. Papardo & Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nele Van Der Steen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Dam
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Jose Ferri
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Rafael Sirera
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2)
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) and Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp University, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium(2).
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8
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Bocharov EV, Lesovoy DM, Pavlov KV, Pustovalova YE, Bocharova OV, Arseniev AS. Alternative packing of EGFR transmembrane domain suggests that protein-lipid interactions underlie signal conduction across membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1254-61. [PMID: 26903218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) of HER/ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family mediates a broad spectrum of cellular responses transducing biochemical signals via lateral dimerization in plasma membrane, while inactive receptors can exist in both monomeric and dimeric forms. Recently, the dimeric conformation of the helical single-span transmembrane domains of HER/ErbB employing the relatively polar N-terminal motifs in a fashion permitting proper kinase activation was experimentally determined. Here we describe the EGFR transmembrane domain dimerization via an alternative weakly polar C-terminal motif A(661)xxxG(665) presumably corresponding to the inactive receptor state. During association, the EGFR transmembrane helices undergo a structural adjustment with adaptation of inter-molecular polar and hydrophobic interactions depending upon the surrounding membrane properties that directly affect the transmembrane helix packing. This might imply that signal transduction through membrane and allosteric regulation are inclusively mediated by coupled protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, elucidating paradoxically loose linkage between ligand binding and kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard V Bocharov
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitry M Lesovoy
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin V Pavlov
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia E Pustovalova
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Bocharova
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
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9
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Stangl M, Schneider D. Functional competition within a membrane: Lipid recognition vs. transmembrane helix oligomerization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1886-96. [PMID: 25791349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of specific lipids to large, polytopic membrane proteins is well described, and it is clear that such lipids are crucial for protein stability and activity. In contrast, binding of defined lipid species to individual transmembrane helices and regulation of transmembrane helix monomer-oligomer equilibria by binding of distinct lipids is a concept, which has emerged only lately. Lipids bind to single-span membrane proteins, both in the juxta-membrane region as well as in the hydrophobic membrane core. While some interactions counteract transmembrane helix oligomerization, in other cases lipid binding appears to enhance oligomerization. As reversible oligomerization is involved in activation of many membrane proteins, binding of defined lipids to single-span transmembrane proteins might be a mechanism to regulate and/or fine-tune the protein activity. But how could lipid binding trigger the activity of a protein? How can binding of a single lipid molecule to a transmembrane helix affect the structure of a transmembrane helix oligomer, and consequently its signaling state? These questions are discussed in the present article based on recent results obtained with simple, single-span transmembrane proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stangl
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Reddy T, Manrique S, Buyan A, Hall BA, Chetwynd A, Sansom MSP. Primary and secondary dimer interfaces of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 transmembrane domain: characterization via multiscale molecular dynamics simulations. Biochemistry 2014; 53:323-32. [PMID: 24397339 PMCID: PMC4871223 DOI: 10.1021/bi401576k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases are single-pass membrane proteins that form dimers within the membrane. The interactions of their transmembrane domains (TMDs) play a key role in dimerization and signaling. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is of interest as a G380R mutation in its TMD is the underlying cause of ~99% of the cases of achondroplasia, the most common form of human dwarfism. The structural consequences of this mutation remain uncertain: the mutation shifts the position of the TMD relative to the lipid bilayer but does not alter the association free energy. We have combined coarse-grained and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the dimerization of wild-type, heterodimer, and mutant FGFR3 TMDs. The simulations reveal that the helices pack together in the dimer to form a flexible interface. The primary packing mode is mediated by a Gx3G motif. There is also a secondary dimer interface that is more highly populated in heterodimer and mutant configurations that may feature in the molecular mechanism of pathology. Both coarse-grained and atomistic simulations reveal a significant shift of the G380R mutant dimer TMD relative to the bilayer to allow interactions of the arginine side chain with lipid headgroup phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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11
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Bocharov EV, Lesovoy DM, Goncharuk SA, Goncharuk MV, Hristova K, Arseniev AS. Structure of FGFR3 transmembrane domain dimer: implications for signaling and human pathologies. Structure 2013; 21:2087-93. [PMID: 24120763 PMCID: PMC3844157 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) transduces biochemical signals via lateral dimerization in the plasma membrane, and plays an important role in human development and disease. Eight different pathogenic mutations, implicated in cancers and growth disorders, have been identified in the FGFR3 transmembrane segment. Here, we describe the dimerization of the FGFR3 transmembrane domain in membrane-mimicking DPC/SDS (9/1) micelles. In the solved NMR structure, the two transmembrane helices pack into a symmetric left-handed dimer, with intermolecular stacking interactions occurring in the dimer central region. Some pathogenic mutations fall within the helix-helix interface, whereas others are located within a putative alternative interface. This implies that although the observed dimer structure is important for FGFR3 signaling, the mechanism of FGFR3-mediated transduction across the membrane is complex. We propose an FGFR3 signaling mechanism that is based on the solved structure, available structures of isolated soluble FGFR domains, and published biochemical and biophysical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard V Bocharov
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Street 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation.
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12
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Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Atanasova M, Whitty A. Understanding cytokine and growth factor receptor activation mechanisms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47:502-30. [PMID: 23046381 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.729561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the detailed mechanism of action of cytokine and growth factor receptors - and particularly our quantitative understanding of the link between structure, mechanism and function - lags significantly behind our knowledge of comparable functional protein classes such as enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, and ion channels. In particular, it remains controversial whether such receptors are activated by a mechanism of ligand-induced oligomerization, versus a mechanism in which the ligand binds to a pre-associated receptor dimer or oligomer that becomes activated through subsequent conformational rearrangement. A major limitation to progress has been the relative paucity of methods for performing quantitative mechanistic experiments on unmodified receptors expressed at endogenous levels on live cells. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge on the activation mechanisms of cytokine and growth factor receptors, critically evaluate the evidence for and against the different proposed mechanisms, and highlight other key questions that remain unanswered. New approaches and techniques have led to rapid recent progress in this area, and the field is poised for major advances in the coming years which promise to revolutionize our understanding of this large and biologically and medically important class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Atanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Bocharov EV, Mineev KS, Goncharuk MV, Arseniev AS. Structural and thermodynamic insight into the process of “weak” dimerization of the ErbB4 transmembrane domain by solution NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2158-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Prakash A, Janosi L, Doxastakis M. Self-association of models of transmembrane domains of ErbB receptors in a lipid bilayer. Biophys J 2011; 99:3657-65. [PMID: 21112290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of transmembrane (TM) helices is facilitated by the close packing of small residues present along the amino-acid sequence. Extensive studies have established the role of such small residue motifs (GxxxG) in the dimerization of Glycophorin A (GpA) and helped to elucidate the association of TM domains in the epidermal growth factor family of receptors (ErbBs). Although membrane-mediated interactions are known to contribute under certain conditions to the dimerization of proteins, their effect is often considered nonspecific, and any potential dependence on protein sequence has not been thoroughly investigated. We recently reported that the association of GpA is significantly assisted by membrane-induced contributions as quantified in different lipid bilayers. Herein we extend our studies to explore the origin of these effects and quantify their magnitude using different amino-acid sequences in the same lipid environment. Using a coarse-grained model that accounts for amino-acid specificity, we perform extensive parallel Monte Carlo simulations of ErbB homodimerization in dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers. A detailed characterization of dimer formation and estimates of the free energy of association reveal that the TM domains show a significant affinity to self-associate in lipid bilayers, in qualitative agreement with experimental findings. The presence of GxxxG motifs enhances favorable protein-protein interactions at short separations. However, the lipid-induced attraction presents a more complex character than anticipated. Depending on the interfacial residues, lipid-entropic contributions support a decrease of separation or a parallel orientation to the membrane normal, with important implications for protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Prakash
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Bocharov EV, Mayzel ML, Volynsky PE, Mineev KS, Tkach EN, Ermolyuk YS, Schulga AA, Efremov RG, Arseniev AS. Left-handed dimer of EphA2 transmembrane domain: Helix packing diversity among receptor tyrosine kinases. Biophys J 2010; 98:881-9. [PMID: 20197042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands control a diverse array of cell-cell interactions in the developing and adult organisms. During signal transduction across plasma membrane, Eph receptors, like other receptor tyrosine kinases, are involved in lateral dimerization and subsequent oligomerization presumably with proper assembly of their single-span transmembrane domains. Spatial structure of dimeric transmembrane domain of EphA2 receptor embedded into lipid bicelle was obtained by solution NMR, showing a left-handed parallel packing of the transmembrane helices (535-559)(2). The helices interact through the extended heptad repeat motif L(535)X(3)G(539)X(2)A(542)X(3)V(546)X(2)L(549) assisted by intermolecular stacking interactions of aromatic rings of (FF(557))(2), whereas the characteristic tandem GG4-like motif A(536)X(3)G(540)X(3)G(544) is not used, enabling another mode of helix-helix association. Importantly, a similar motif AX(3)GX(3)G as was found is responsible for right-handed dimerization of transmembrane domain of the EphA1 receptor. These findings serve as an instructive example of the diversity of transmembrane domain formation within the same family of protein kinases and seem to favor the assumption that the so-called rotation-coupled activation mechanism may take place during the Eph receptor signaling. A possible role of membrane lipid rafts in relation to Eph transmembrane domain oligomerization and Eph signal transduction was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Bocharov EV, Volynsky PE, Pavlov KV, Efremov RG, Arseniev AS. Structure elucidation of dimeric transmembrane domains of bitopic proteins. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:284-98. [PMID: 20421711 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.2.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between transmembrane helices is of great interest because it directly determines biological activity of a membrane protein. Either destroying or enhancing such interactions can result in many diseases related to dysfunction of different tissues in human body. One much studied form of membrane proteins known as bitopic protein is a dimer containing two membrane-spanning helices associating laterally. Establishing structure-function relationship as well as rational design of new types of drugs targeting membrane proteins requires precise structural information about this class of objects. At present time, to investigate spatial structure and internal dynamics of such transmembrane helical dimers, several strategies were developed based mainly on a combination of NMR spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, protein engineering and molecular modeling. These approaches were successfully applied to homo- and heterodimeric transmembrane fragments of several bitopic proteins, which play important roles in normal and in pathological conditions of human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard V Bocharov
- Division of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia.
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Hubert P, Sawma P, Duneau JP, Khao J, Hénin J, Bagnard D, Sturgis J. Single-spanning transmembrane domains in cell growth and cell-cell interactions: More than meets the eye? Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:313-24. [PMID: 20543559 PMCID: PMC2900628 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.2.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a whole, integral membrane proteins represent about one third of sequenced genomes, and more than 50% of currently available drugs target membrane proteins, often cell surface receptors. Some membrane protein classes, with a defined number of transmembrane (TM) helices, are receiving much attention because of their great functional and pharmacological importance, such as G protein-coupled receptors possessing 7 TM segments. Although they represent roughly half of all membrane proteins, bitopic proteins (with only 1 TM helix) have so far been less well characterized. Though they include many essential families of receptors, such as adhesion molecules and receptor tyrosine kinases, many of which are excellent targets for biopharmaceuticals (peptides, antibodies, et al.). A growing body of evidence suggests a major role for interactions between TM domains of these receptors in signaling, through homo and heteromeric associations, conformational changes, assembly of signaling platforms, etc. Significantly, mutations within single domains are frequent in human disease, such as cancer or developmental disorders. This review attempts to give an overview of current knowledge about these interactions, from structural data to therapeutic perspectives, focusing on bitopic proteins involved in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hubert
- LISM UPR 9027, CNRS-Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Lehiy CJ, Martinez O, Passarelli AL. Virion-associated viral fibroblast growth factor stimulates cell motility. Virology 2009; 395:152-60. [PMID: 19800090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) viral fibroblast growth factor (vFGF) has functional parallels to cellular FGFs. Deletion of the AcMNPV vfgf has no obvious phenotype in cell culture but delays the time of insect death. Here, we determined vFGF production during virus infection. vFGF was detected at 24 hours post infection and through the remainder of the infection cycle. Since vFGF is thought to be a secreted membrane-binding protein and virions acquire an envelope derived from the cell membrane, we examined virions for the presence of vFGF using microscopy, flow cytometry, and affinity chromatography. We found that vFGF associated with virions. Furthermore, budded virus carrying vFGF had more affinity to heparin than vFGF-deficient budded virus, consistent with the affinity of FGFs for heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Although the function of virion-associated vFGF is not clear, we found that virion-associated vFGF stimulated cell motility and affected virus attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jon Lehiy
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
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