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Esteban PF, Garcia-Ovejero D, Paniagua-Torija B, Moreno-Luna R, Arredondo LF, Zimmer A, Arevalo-Martin A, Molina-Holgado E. Revisiting CB1 cannabinoid receptor detection and the exploration of its interacting partners. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 337:108680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Alhouayek M, Stafberg L, Karlsson J, Bergström SH, Fowler CJ. Effects of orthotopic implantation of rat prostate tumour cells upon components of the N-acylethanolamine and monoacylglycerol signalling systems: an mRNA study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6314. [PMID: 32286386 PMCID: PMC7156441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is good evidence that the N-acylethanolamine (NAE)/monoacylglycerol (MAG) signalling systems are involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. However, it is not known how prostate tumours affect these systems in the surrounding non-malignant tissue and vice versa. In the present study we have investigated at the mRNA level 11 components of these systems (three coding for anabolic enzymes, two for NAE/MAG targets and six coding for catabolic enzymes) in rat prostate tissue following orthotopic injection of low metastatic AT1 cells and high metastatic MLL cells. The MLL tumours expressed higher levels of Napepld, coding for a key enzyme in NAE synthesis, and lower levels of Naaa, coding for the NAE hydrolytic enzyme N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase than the AT1 tumours. mRNA levels of the components of the NAE/MAG signalling systems studied in the tissue surrounding the tumours were not overtly affected by the tumours. AT1 cells in culture expressed Faah, coding for the NAE hydrolytic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, at much lower levels than Naaa. However, the ability of the intact cells to hydrolyse the NAE arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) was inhibited by an inhibitor of FAAH, but not of NAAA. Treatment of the AT1 cells with interleukin-6, a cytokine known to be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, did not affect the expression of the components of the NAE/MAG system studied. It is thus concluded that in the model system studied, the tumours show different expressions of mRNA coding for key the components of the NAE/MAG system compared to the host tissue, but that these changes are not accompanied by alterations in the non-malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B1.72.01-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Linda Stafberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Apotek Hjärtat, Ringvägen 113, SE-118 60, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Karlsson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Javid FA, Phillips RM, Afshinjavid S, Verde R, Ligresti A. Cannabinoid pharmacology in cancer research: A new hope for cancer patients? Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 775:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Häggström J, Cipriano M, Forshell LP, Persson E, Hammarsten P, Stella N, Fowler CJ. Potential upstream regulators of cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling in prostate cancer: a Bayesian network analysis of data from a tissue microarray. Prostate 2014; 74:1107-17. [PMID: 24913716 PMCID: PMC4145668 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system regulates cancer cell proliferation, and in prostate cancer a high cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression is associated with a poor prognosis. Down-stream mediators of CB1 receptor signaling in prostate cancer are known, but information on potential upstream regulators is lacking. RESULTS Data from a well-characterized tumor tissue microarray were used for a Bayesian network analysis using the max-min hill-climbing method. In non-malignant tissue samples, a directionality of pEGFR (the phosphorylated form of the epidermal growth factor receptor) → CB1 receptors were found regardless as to whether the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) was included as a parameter. A similar result was found in the tumor tissue, but only when FAAH was included in the analysis. A second regulatory pathway, from the growth factor receptor ErbB2 → FAAH was also identified in the tumor samples. Transfection of AT1 prostate cancer cells with CB1 receptors induced a sensitivity to the growth-inhibiting effects of the CB receptor agonist CP55,940. The sensitivity was not dependent upon the level of receptor expression. Thus a high CB1 receptor expression alone does not drive the cells towards a survival phenotype in the presence of a CB receptor agonist. CONCLUSIONS The data identify two potential regulators of the endocannabinoid system in prostate cancer and allow the construction of a model of a dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling network in this tumor. Further studies should be designed to test the veracity of the predictions of the network analysis in prostate cancer and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Häggström
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business and Economics, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Mariateresa Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Linus Plym Forshell
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Persson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence to: Professor Christopher J. Fowler, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden. E-mail:
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Benz AH, Renné C, Maronde E, Koch M, Grabiec U, Kallendrusch S, Rengstl B, Newrzela S, Hartmann S, Hansmann ML, Dehghani F. Expression and functional relevance of cannabinoid receptor 1 in Hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81675. [PMID: 24349109 PMCID: PMC3857220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is expressed in certain types of malignancies. An analysis of CB1 expression and function in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), one of the most frequent lymphomas, was not performed to date. Design and Methods We examined the distribution of CB1 protein in primary cases of HL. Using lymphoma derived cell lines, the role of CB1 signaling on cell survival was investigated. Results A predominant expression of CB1 was found in Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells in a vast majority of classical HL cases. The HL cell lines L428, L540 and KM-H2 showed strong CB1-abundance and displayed a dose-dependent decline of viability under CB1 inhibition with AM251. Further, application of AM251 led to decrease of constitutively active NFκB/p65, a crucial survival factor of HRS-cells, and was followed by elevation of apoptotic markers in HL cells. Conclusions The present study identifies CB1 as a feature of HL, which might serve as a potential selective target in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Benz
- Institute of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Renné
- Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erik Maronde
- Institute of Anatomy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Koch
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urszula Grabiec
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cipriano M, Häggström J, Hammarsten P, Fowler CJ. Association between cannabinoid CB₁ receptor expression and Akt signalling in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65798. [PMID: 23755281 PMCID: PMC3673925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In prostate cancer, tumour expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors is associated with a poor prognosis. One explanation for this association comes from experiments with transfected astrocytoma cells, where a high CB receptor expression recruits the Akt signalling survival pathway. In the present study, we have investigated the association between CB1 receptor expression and the Akt pathway in a well-characterised prostate cancer tissue microarray. Methodology/Principal Findings Phosphorylated Akt immunoreactivity (pAkt-IR) scores were available in the database. CB1 receptor immunoreactivity (CB1IR) was rescored from previously published data using the same scale as pAkt-IR. There was a highly significant correlation between CB1IR and pAkt-IR. Further, cases with high expression levels of both biomarkers were much more likely to have a more severe form of the disease at diagnosis than those with low expression levels. The two biomarkers had additive effects, rather than an interaction, upon disease-specific survival. Conclusions/Significance The present study provides data that is consistent with the hypothesis that at a high CB1 receptor expression, the Akt signalling pathway becomes operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Cipriano
- Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggström
- Umeå School of Business and Economics, Department of Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Pathology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christopher J. Fowler
- Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ventura S, Oliver VL, White CW, Xie JH, Haynes JM, Exintaris B. Novel drug targets for the pharmacotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:891-907. [PMID: 21410684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the major cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in men aged 50 or older. Symptoms are not normally life threatening, but often drastically affect the quality of life. The number of men seeking treatment for BPH is expected to grow in the next few years as a result of the ageing male population. Estimates of annual pharmaceutical sales of BPH therapies range from $US 3 to 10 billion, yet this market is dominated by two drug classes. Current drugs are only effective in treating mild to moderate symptoms, yet despite this, no emerging contenders appear to be on the horizon. This is remarkable given the increasing number of patients with severe symptoms who are required to undergo invasive and unpleasant surgery. This review provides a brief background on prostate function and the pathophysiology of BPH, followed by a brief description of BPH epidemiology, the burden it places on society, and the current surgical and pharmaceutical therapies. The recent literature on emerging contenders to current therapies and novel drug targets is then reviewed, focusing on drug targets which are able to relax prostatic smooth muscle in a similar way to the α(1) -adrenoceptor antagonists, as this appears to be the most effective mechanism of action. Other mechanisms which may be of benefit are also discussed. It is concluded that recent basic research has revealed a number of novel drug targets such as muscarinic receptor or P2X-purinoceptor antagonists, which have the potential to produce more effective and safer drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ventura
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Abstract
Cannabinoids, their receptors and their metabolizing enzymes are emerging as a new regulatory system, which is involved in multiple physiological functions. Normal prostate tissue expresses several constituents of the endocannabinoid system including the CB(1) receptor, receptors belonging to the transient receptor potential family and fatty acid amide hydrolase, a hydrolyzing enzyme, all of which have been localized in the glandular epithelia. Accumulating evidence indicate that the endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in prostate cancer, suggesting that it has a role in prostate homeostasis. Overexpression of several components of the endocannabinoid system correlate with prostate cancer grade and progression, potentially providing a new therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Moreover, several cannabinoids exert antitumoral properties against prostate cancer, reducing xenograft prostate tumor growth, prostate cancer cell proliferation and cell migration. Although the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids against prostate cancer is very promising, future research using animal models is needed to evaluate the influence of systemic networks in their antitumoral action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Díaz-Laviada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
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Tyagi P, Tyagi V, Yoshimura N, Chancellor M. Functional role of cannabinoid receptors in urinary bladder. Indian J Urol 2011; 26:26-35. [PMID: 20535281 PMCID: PMC2878434 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.60440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa (maijuana), and their derivatives produce a wide spectrum of central and peripheral effects, some of which may have clinical applications. The discovery of specific cannabinoid receptors and a family of endogenous ligands of those receptors has attracted much attention to the general cannabinoid pharmacology. In recent years, studies on the functional role of cannabinoid receptors in bladder have been motivated by the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids on voiding dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients. In this review, we shall summarize the literature on the expression of cannabinoid receptors in urinary bladder and the peripheral influence of locally and systemically administered cannabinoids in the bladder. The ongoing search for cannabinoid-based therapeutic strategies devoid of psychotropic effects can be complemented with local delivery into bladder by the intravesical route. A greater understanding of the role of the peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptor system in lower urinary tract is necessary to allow the development of new treatment for pelvic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Tyagi
- Departments of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital, MI, USA
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Gratzke C, Weinhold P, Reich O, Seitz M, Schlenker B, Stief CG, Andersson KE, Hedlund P. Transient Receptor Potential A1 and Cannabinoid Receptor Activity in Human Normal and Hyperplastic Prostate: Relation to Nerves and Interstitial Cells. Eur Urol 2010; 57:902-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Agirregoitia E, Carracedo A, Subirán N, Valdivia A, Agirregoitia N, Peralta L, Velasco G, Irazusta J. The CB2 cannabinoid receptor regulates human sperm cell motility. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:1378-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Olea-Herrero N, Vara D, Malagarie-Cazenave S, Díaz-Laviada I. The cannabinoid R+ methanandamide induces IL-6 secretion by prostate cancer PC3 cells. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 6:249-56. [PMID: 19908944 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903241696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effect of the cannabinoid R+ methanandamide (MET) in the androgen-resistant prostate cancer PC3 cells. MET induced a dose-dependent decrease in PC3 cell viability as well as a dose-dependent increase in the secretion of the cytokine IL-6. Looking deeper into the mechanisms involved, we found that MET-induced de novo synthesis of the lipid mediator ceramide that was blocked by the ceramide synthase inhibitor Fumonisin B1. Pre-incubation of cells with the cannabinoid receptor CB2 antagonist SR 144528 (SR2), but not the CB1 antagonist Rimonabant or the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine, partially prevented the anti-proliferative effect, the ceramide accumulation, and the IL-6-induced secretion, suggesting a CB2 receptor-dependent mechanism. Fumonisin B1 did not have any effect in the IL-6 secretion increase induced by MET. However, even an incomplete down-regulation of (i.e., not a total silencing of) ceramide kinase expression by specific siRNA prevented the MET-induced IL-6 secretion. These results suggest that MET regulates ceramide metabolism in prostate PC3 cells which is involved in cell death as well as in IL-6 secretion. Our findings also suggest that CB2 agonists may offer a novel approach in the treatment of prostate cancer by decreasing cancer epithelial cell proliferation. However, the interaction of prostate cancer cells with their surrounding, and in particular with the immune system in vivo, needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Olea-Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Inhibition of human tumour prostate PC-3 cell growth by cannabinoids R(+)-Methanandamide and JWH-015: involvement of CB2. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:940-50. [PMID: 19690545 PMCID: PMC2743360 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We have previously shown that cannabinoids induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in prostate cancer PC-3 cells, which express high levels of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). In this study, we investigated the role of CB2 receptor in the anti-proliferative action of cannabinoids and the signal transduction triggered by receptor ligation. Methods: The human prostate cancer cell lines, namely PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP, were used for this study. Cell proliferation was measured using MTT proliferation assay, [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and cell-cycle study by flow cytometry. Ceramide quantification was performed using the DAG kinase method. The CB2 receptor was silenced with specific small interfering RNA, and was blocked pharmacologically with SR 144528. In vivo studies were conducted by the induction of prostate xenograft tumours in nude mice. Results: We found that the anandamide analogue, R(+)-Methanandamide (MET), as well as JWH-015, a synthetic CB2 agonist, exerted anti-proliferative effects in PC-3 cells. R(+)-Methanandamide- and JWH-015-induced cell death was rescued by treatment with the CB2 receptor antagonist, SR 144528. Downregulation of CB2 expression reversed the effects of JWH-015, confirming the involvement of CB2 in the pro-apoptotic effect of cannabinoids. Further analysing the mechanism of JWH-015-induced cell growth inhibition, we found that JWH-015 triggered a de novo synthesis of ceramide, which was involved in cannabinoid-induced cell death, insofar as blocking ceramide synthesis with Fumonisin B1 reduced cell death. Signalling pathways activated by JWH-015 included JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) activation and Akt inhibition. In vivo treatment with JWH-015 caused a significant reduction in tumour growth in mice. Conclusions: This study defines the involvement of CB2-mediated signalling in the in vivo and in vitro growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells and suggests that CB2 agonists have potential therapeutic interest and deserve to be explored in the management of prostate cancer.
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Lee Y, Tharp WG, Dixon AE, Spaulding L, Trost S, Nair S, Permana PA, Pratley RE. Dysregulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression in subcutaneous adipocytes of obese individuals. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2009.9647232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Chung SC, Hammarsten P, Josefsson A, Stattin P, Granfors T, Egevad L, Mancini G, Lutz B, Bergh A, Fowler CJ. A high cannabinoid CB(1) receptor immunoreactivity is associated with disease severity and outcome in prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2008; 45:174-82. [PMID: 19056257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the light of findings indicating that cannabinoids can affect the proliferation of a number of cancer cell types and that cannabinoid receptor expression is higher in prostate cancer cell lines than in non-malignant cells, we investigated whether the level of cannabinoid 1 receptor immunoreactivity (CB(1)IR) in prostate cancer tissues is associated with disease severity and outcome. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded non-malignant and tumour tissue samples from patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer at a transurethral resection for voiding problems were used. CB(1)IR, which was scored in a total of 399 cases, was associated with the epithelial cell membranes, with little staining in the stroma. Patients with a tumour CB(1)IR score greater or equal to the median (2) had a significantly higher proportion of Gleason scores 8-10, metastases at diagnosis, tumour size and rate of cell proliferation at diagnosis than patients with a score<2. For 269 cases, tumour CB(1)IR was measured for patients who only received palliative therapy at the end stages of the disease, allowing the influence of CB(1)IR upon the disease outcome to be determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed an area under the curve of 0.67 (95% confidence limits 0.59-0.74) for CB(1)IR in the tumour. CB(1)IR in non-malignant tissue was not associated with disease outcome. A tumour CB(1)IR score >or=2 was associated with a significantly lower disease specific survival. A Cox proportional hazards regression indicated that the tumour CB(1)IR score and the Gleason score were independent prognostic variables. It is concluded that a high tumour CB(1)IR score is associated with prostate cancer severity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Chu Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Czifra G, Varga A, Nyeste K, Marincsák R, Tóth BI, Kovács I, Kovács L, Bíró T. Increased expressions of cannabinoid receptor-1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 in human prostate carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:507-14. [PMID: 18830626 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, functional cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) and vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) have been described in human prostate and prostate cancer-derived cell lines where the activation of the receptors resulted in inhibition of cellular growth. We, however, lack the description of the expression of these molecules in human prostate cancer (PCC) and in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS Therefore, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative "real-time Q-PCR were performed to define the expressions of CB1 and TRPV1 in healthy and diseased prostate tissues. RESULTS CB1 was identified in epithelial and smooth muscle cells types of the human prostate, whereas TRPV1 was exclusively localized to the mucosal cells. We also found that the expression of CB1 and TRPV1 (both at the protein and mRNA levels) were significantly up-regulated in PCC. However, while the increased expression of TRPV1 showed a proper correlation with increasing PCC tumor grades, such phenomenon was not observed with CB1. In addition, we also measured markedly elevated CB1 levels in BPH tissues whilst the expression of TRPV1 was not altered when compared to healthy control prostate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly argue for that (1) the CB1 and TRPV1 molecules as well as their ligands may indeed possess a promising future role in the treatment of PCC; (2) TRPV1 may also serve as a prognostic factor in PCC; and (3) CB1 may act as a potential target molecule in the therapeutic management of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Czifra
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Wang J, Zhao LY, Uyama T, Tsuboi K, Wu XX, Kakehi Y, Ueda N. Expression and secretion of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolysing acid amidase in human prostate cancer cells. J Biochem 2008; 144:685-90. [PMID: 18806270 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are a class of bioactive lipid molecules in animal tissues, including the endocannabinoid anandamide and the anti-inflammatory substance N-palmitoylethanolamine. Enzymatic hydrolysis of NAEs is considered to be an important step to regulate their endogenous levels. Lysosomal NAE-hydrolysing acid amidase (NAAA) as well as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is responsible for this reaction. Here, we report relatively high expression of NAAA in human prostate cancer cells (PC-3, DU-145 and LNCaP) and prostate epithelial cells (PrEC), with the highest mRNA level in LNCaP cells. FAAH and the NAE-forming enzyme N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolysing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) were also detected in these cells. NAAA activity in LNCaP cells could be distinguished from coexisting FAAH activity, based on their different pH dependency profiles and specific inhibition of FAAH activity by URB597. These results showed that both the enzymes were functionally active. We also found that NAAA was partly secreted from LNCaP cells, which underlined possible usefulness of this enzyme as a biomarker of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
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18
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Tokanovic S, Malone DT, Ventura S. Stimulation of epithelial CB1 receptors inhibits contractions of the rat prostate gland. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 150:227-34. [PMID: 17099718 PMCID: PMC2042910 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study investigated whether stimulation of cannabinoid receptors influences smooth muscle contractility in the rat prostate gland. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize and localize cannabinoid receptors in the rat prostate gland. Isolated organ bath experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on prostate contractility. KEY RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies of the rat prostate yielded positive immunoreactivity for the CB(1) receptor, but not the CB(2) receptor. Double labelling revealed that CB(1) receptors were not colocalized with alpha-actin in the smooth muscle layer but were primarily expressed within the epithelial lining of the prostatic acini. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (10 nM - 10 microM) inhibited contractile responses to electrical-field stimulation (10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 60 V for 2 s per minute) in a concentration-dependent manner. The CB(1) selective antagonists, SR141716 (1 microM) and LY 320135 (1 microM), reversed the WIN 55,212-2-mediated inhibition but the CB(2) selective antagonist, SR144528 (1 microM), did not. Furthermore, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (0.1 microM) caused significant reversal of the WIN 55,212-2 mediated inhibition of contractile responses, whereas the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, 1 mM) did not. Prostaglandin E(2) (10 nM - 10 microM), produced a similar concentration-dependent inhibition to WIN 55,212-2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS WIN 55,212-2, an agonist at cannabinoid receptors, causes inhibition of smooth muscle contraction in the rat prostate by activating epithelial CB(1) receptors. This inhibition is mediated via the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Electric Stimulation
- Epithelium/physiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Prostate/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tokanovic
- Prostate Research Co-operative, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Prestifilippo JP, Fernández-Solari J, de la Cal C, Iribarne M, Suburo AM, Rettori V, McCann SM, Elverdin JC. Inhibition of salivary secretion by activation of cannabinoid receptors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1421-9. [PMID: 16946411 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that marijuana use decreases saliva secretion. Therefore, we hypothesized that cannabinoid receptors (CBs) are located in salivary glands to mediate that effect. In these experiments, we used the submandibular gland (SMG) of male rats, which is one of the major salivary glands. Mammalian tissues contain at least two types of CBs, CB1 and CB2, mainly located in the nervous system and peripheral tissues, respectively. Both receptors are coupled to Gi protein and respond by inhibiting the activity of adenylyl cyclase. We demonstrated that both CB1 and CB2 are present in the SMG, each showing specific localizations. The best-known endocannabinoid is anandamide (AEA), which binds with high affinity to CB1 and CB2. We showed that AEA markedly reduced forskolin-induced increase of cAMP content in vitro. This effect was blocked by AM251 and AM630 (CB1 and CB2 antagonists, respectively), indicating that both receptors are implicated in SMG physiology. In addition, we showed that AEA injected intraglandularly to anesthetized rats inhibited norepinephrine (NE)- and methacholine (MC)-stimulated saliva secretion in vivo and that both AM251 or AM630 prevented the inhibitory action of AEA. Also, the intraglandular injection of AM251 increased saliva secretion induced by lower doses of NE or MC. This increase was synergized after coinjection with AM630. Therefore, we concluded that AEA decreases saliva secretion in the SMG acting through CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Prestifilippo
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO-CONICET) (ex CIBIER), Paraguay 2155, piso 16, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
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20
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Ständer S, Schmelz M, Metze D, Luger T, Rukwied R. Distribution of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) on sensory nerve fibers and adnexal structures in human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 38:177-88. [PMID: 15927811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid receptors mediate the psychopharmacological action of marijuana and have been localized in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as on cells of the immune system. OBJECTIVE Up to now, two cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) have been cloned and recent studies on animal tissue gave evidence for the presence of cannabinoid receptors in the skin. METHODS In the present immunohistochemical investigation we determined the precise localization of CB1 and CB2 in sections of human skin and in one case of mastocytosis. RESULTS CB1 and CB2 immunoreactivity was observed in cutaneous nerve fiber bundles, mast cells, macrophages, epidermal keratinocytes, and the epithelial cells of hair follicles, sebocytes and eccrine sweat glands. In epidermal keratinocytes, hair follicle and sebaceous glands, CB1 and CB2 were distributed in a complementary fashion. Double-immunostaining with an anti-CGRP antibody suggested the presence of cannabinoid receptors on small afferent peptidergic nerves. CONCLUSION The abundant distribution of cannabinoid receptors on skin nerve fibers and mast cells provides implications for an anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive action of cannabinoid receptor agonists and suggests their putatively broad therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany.
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21
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Ruiz-Llorente L, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Viso A, Sánchez MG, Sánchez AM, Fernández C, Ramos JA, Hillard C, Lasunción MA, López-Rodríguez ML, Díaz-Laviada I. Characterization of an anandamide degradation system in prostate epithelial PC-3 cells: synthesis of new transporter inhibitors as tools for this study. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:457-67. [PMID: 14718261 PMCID: PMC1574211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of anandamide is terminated by a carrier-mediated transport followed by degradation catalyzed by the cloned enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase (FAAH). In this study, we provide biochemical data showing an anandamide uptake process and the expression of FAAH in human prostate. Anandamide was accumulated in PC-3 cells by a saturable and temperature-dependent process. Kinetic studies of anandamide uptake, determined in the presence of cannabinoid and vanilloid antagonists, revealed apparent parameters of KM=4.7+/-0.2 microm and Vmax=3.3+/-0.3 pmol min-1 (10(6) cells)-1. The accumulation of anandamide was moderately inhibited by previously characterized anandamide transporter inhibitors (AM404, UCM707 and VDM11) but was unaffected by inhibitors of other lipid transport systems (phloretin or verapamil) and moderately affected by the FAAH inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate. The presence of FAAH in human prostate epithelial PC-3 cells was confirmed by analyzing its expression by Western blot and measuring FAAH activity. To further study the structural requirements of the putative carrier, we synthesized a series of structurally different compounds 1-8 and evaluated their capacity as uptake inhibitors. They showed different inhibitory capacity in PC-3 cells, with (9Z,12Z)-N-(fur-3-ylmethyl)octadeca-9,12-dienamide (4, UCM119) being the most efficacious, with maximal inhibition and IC50 values of 49% and 11.3+/-0.5 microM, respectively. In conclusion, PC-3 cells possess a complete inactivation system for anandamide formed by an uptake process and the enzyme FAAH. These results suggest a possible physiological function of anandamide in the prostate, reinforcing the role of endocannabinoid system as a neuroendocrine modulator. British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 457-467. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705628
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma Viso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María G Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, U.S.A
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Díaz-Laviada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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