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Kulkarni S, Bhandary D, Singh Y, Monga V, Thareja S. Boron in cancer therapeutics: An overview. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108548. [PMID: 37858628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron has become a crucial weapon in anticancer research due to its significant intervention in cell proliferation. Being an excellent bio-isosteric replacement of carbon, it has modulated the anticancer efficacy of various molecules in the development pipeline. It has elicited promising results through interactions with various therapeutic targets such as HIF-1α, steroid sulfatase, arginase, proteasome, etc. Since boron liberates alpha particles, it has a wide-scale application in Boron Neutron Capture therapy (BNCT), a radiotherapy that demonstrates selectivity towards cancer cells due to high boron uptake capacity. Significant advances in the medicinal chemistry of boronated compounds, such as boronated sugars, natural/unnatural amino acids, boronated DNA binders, etc., have been reported over the past few years as BNCT agents. In addition, boronated nanoparticles have assisted the field of bio-nano medicines by their usage in radiotherapy. This review exclusively focuses on the medicinal chemistry aspects, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic aspects of boron in cancer therapeutics. Emphasis is also given on the mechanism of action along with advantages over conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swanand Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Dyuti Bhandary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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2
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Paties Montagner G, Dominici S, Piaggi S, Pompella A, Corti A. Redox Mechanisms Underlying the Cytostatic Effects of Boric Acid on Cancer Cells-An Issue Still Open. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1302. [PMID: 37372032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Boric acid (BA) is the dominant form of boron in plasma, playing a role in different physiological mechanisms such as cell replication. Toxic effects have been reported, both for high doses of boron and its deficiency. Contrasting results were, however, reported about the cytotoxicity of pharmacological BA concentrations on cancer cells. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main findings in the field ranging from the proposed mechanisms of BA uptake and actions to its effects on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paties Montagner
- Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Dominici
- Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Piaggi
- Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corti
- Department of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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3
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Calabrese E, Pressman P, Agathokleous E, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Calabrese V. Boron enhances adaptive responses and biological performance via hormetic mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 376:110432. [PMID: 36878460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Boron is shown in the present review to induce hormetic dose responses in a broad range of biological models, organ systems and endpoints. Of particular importance is that numerous hormetic findings have been reported with whole animal studies, with extensive dose response evaluations with the optimal dosing being similar across multiple organ systems. These findings appear to be underappreciated and suggest that boron may have clinically significant systemic effects beyond that of its putative and more subtle essentiality functions. The re-exploration of boron's bioactivity as seen through hormetic mechanisms may also underscore the value of this approach to the assessment of micronutrient effects in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I-N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall-Room 201, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | | | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, 95123, Italy.
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Flores Bautista MC, Cortés-Arriagada D, Shakerzadeh E, Chigo Anota E. Acetylsalicylic acid interaction with Boron nitride nanostructures – A density functional analysis. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yusuf ZS, Uysal TK, Simsek E, Nocentini A, Osman SM, Supuran CT, Özensoy Güler Ö. The inhibitory effect of boric acid on hypoxia-regulated tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase IX. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1340-1345. [PMID: 35535546 PMCID: PMC9103596 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2072837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (EC 4.2.1.1) catalyse the reversible hydration of CO2 into bicarbonate and protons. As a hypoxia-sensitive and tumour-associated isoform, isoform CA IX, is significantly overexpressed in various malignancies, being a validated target for new anticancer/antimetastatic drugs. A multitude of studies has shown that CA IX inhibition decreases cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through pHe/pHi modulation and enhancement of ferroptosis among others. Numerous studies demonstrated increased efficacy of cytotoxic drugs combined with CA inhibitors (CAIs) in various cancer types. We tested the inhibitory effect of boric acid (BA), an inorganic Lewis acid, on CA IX as well as other isoforms (CA I, II, and XII). BA acted as a millimolar in vitro CAI, decreased proliferation of two cancer cell lines, although not strong correlations between the in vitro inhibition and in vivo effects were observed. The mechanism of antiproliferative action of BA should be investigated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Saad Yusuf
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kevser Uysal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ender Simsek
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Sameh Mohamed Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Özen Özensoy Güler
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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Erkmen T, Serdar BS, Ateş H, Korkmaz M, Koçtürk S. Borax Pentahydrate and Disodium Pentaborate Decahydrate Are Candidates as Anti-leukemic Drug Components by Inducing Apoptosis and Changing Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio in HL-60 Cell Line. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1608-1616. [PMID: 34184213 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia and has the lowest 5-year survival rates. Current treatment strategies do not meet the expectations also. Therefore, there is a need to improve therapeutic approaches still. Boron, which is a natural trace element in human diet, is gaining attention with its important roles in cellular processes for the development of new anti-cancer drug candidates. For instance, bortezomib, a dipeptidyl boronic acid, has encouraging results in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. However, severe toxic effects and resistance development are the limitations to its application for AML treatment. Hence, the development of alternative boron-derived anti-AML agents is unmet need. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate anti-leukemic effect of two promising boron compounds, borax pentahydrate (BP) and disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD), and comparison of each other in terms of the capacity to trigger apoptosis on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptotic effects of the boron compounds on HL-60 cells were evaluated by annexin V/propidium iodide dyes and caspase 3/7 activity assay by flow cytometry. In addition, Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved PARP levels were detected by western blotting. Although BP showed greater apoptosis-inducing capacity, we observed that both DPD (6 mM) and BP (24 mM) treatment showed anti-leukemic effect by triggering apoptotic pathway through increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for the first time. Our study suggests that BP and DPD are the promising candidates for anti-AML drug development research, which may be confirmed by further wide-spectrum studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Erkmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Belgin Sert Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Ateş
- Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Semra Koçtürk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Vergara-Reyes HN, Acosta-Alejandro M, Chigo-Anota E. Quantum-mechanical assessment of the adsorption of nitric oxide molecules on the magnetic carbon nitride (C36N24)− fullerene. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Kisacam MA, Kocamuftuoglu GO, Ozan IE, Yaman M, Ozan ST. Calcium Fructoborate Prevents Skin Cancer Development in Balb-c Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:131-144. [PMID: 31529243 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment, genetic, and non-genetic factors are responsible for the atypical metabolic feature of cancer cells. Aberrant activity of PI3K/Akt pathway, increased glycolytic flux, and decreased intracellular pH gradient are the leading causes of this feature. Calcium Fructoborate (CaFB), a sugar-borate ester, has major benefits for human health. The aim of this study was to explore the implication of CaFB on experimentally induced skin cancer in vivo. According to the treatment, 92 female Balb-c mice are divided into six groups: control, CaFB (3 mg/kg/day), 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)+12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (97.5 nmol DMBA, 6.5 nmol TPA), T1: CaFB+DMBA+TPA (3 mg/kg/day CaFB together with DMBA), T2: DMBA+CaFB+TPA (3 mg/kg/day CaFB together with TPA), T3: DMBA+TPA+CaFB (3 mg/kg/day CaFB after tumor formation). Topical DMBA and TPA application resulted in a significant increase in the protein levels, immunoreactivity, and mRNA expression of HRAS, HIF1α, Akt, and PTEN (p < 0.05). Moreover, an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells was observed in DMBA-TPA group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). CaFB application reduced the protein levels, immunoreactivity, and mRNA expressions of HRAS, HIF1α, Akt, and PTEN and also decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Recent evidence obtained from our study validated that CaFB treatment may have skin cancer-preventing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Kisacam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Mustafa Kemal University, 31060, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Gonca Ozan Kocamuftuoglu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Enver Ozan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, 23200, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yaman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Firat University, 23200, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sema Temizer Ozan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Firat University, 23200, Elazig, Turkey
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Hiller NDJ, do Amaral e Silva NA, Tavares TA, Faria RX, Eberlin MN, de Luna Martins D. Arylboronic Acids and their Myriad of Applications Beyond Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi de Jesus Hiller
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
| | - Nayane Abreu do Amaral e Silva
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
| | - Thais Apolinário Tavares
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz; Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21040-360 Brasil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University; School of Engineering; Rua da Consolação, 930 SP 01302-907 São Paulo Brasil
| | - Daniela de Luna Martins
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructuresShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine MicrostructuresShanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai P. R. China
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11
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El-Hefny IM, Al Senosy NK, Hozayen WG, Ahmed AE, Diab A, Basal WT. Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Induction in Human Liver Cell Lines Exposed to Three Food Additives. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2020; 11:193-201. [PMID: 32065108 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411666200217124630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid lifestyle, especially among people living in urban areas, has led to increasing reliance on the processed food market. Unfortunately, harmful effects caused by the excessive use of food additives in such type of industry are often neglected. OBJECTIVE This proposal investigates in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of three food preservatives commonly consumed in daily meals; sodium sulphite, boric acid, and benzoic acid. METHODS The effect of the three preservatives on cell viability was tested on two different cell lines; normal liver cell line THLE2 and human hepatocellular carcinoma cancer cell line HepG2 using MTT assay. Cell cycle arrest was measured using flow cytometry by propidium iodide. Measurement of expression levels of two central genes, p53 and bcl-2 that play key roles in cell cycle and apoptosis was carried out in HepG2 cells using real time-PCR. RESULTS Although the effect was more significantly realized in the HepG2 cell line, the viability of both cell lines was decreased by all of the three tested compounds. Flow cytometric analysis of HepG2 cells treated with sodium sulphite, boric acid, and benzoic acid has revealed an increase in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. In Sodium sulphite and boric acid-treated cells, expression levels of p53 were up-regulated, while that of the Bcl2 was significantly down-regulated. On the other hand, Benzoic acid has shown an anti-apoptotic feature based on the increased expression levels of Bcl-2 in treated cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, all of the tested compounds have decreased the cell line viability and induced both cell cycle arrest and apoptotic events indicating their high potential of being cytotoxic and genotoxic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingy M El-Hefny
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, (MSA), Wahat Road, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Neima K Al Senosy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shubra el-Kheima, Egypt
| | - Walaa G Hozayen
- Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Amr E Ahmed
- Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman Diab
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, (MSA), Wahat Road, 6th of October City, Egypt
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Altinoz MA, Topcu G, Elmaci İ. Boron's neurophysiological effects and tumoricidal activity on glioblastoma cells with implications for clinical treatment. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:963-977. [PMID: 30885023 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1595618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To define the actions of boron on normal neurophysiology and glioblastoma growth. Materials and Methods: PubMed and other relevant databases were searched. Results: Discovery of novel boron compounds in treatment of glioblastoma is being actively investigated, but the majority of such studies is focused on the synthesis of boron compounds as sensitizers to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Nonetheless, the translational functionality of boron compounds is not limited to BNCT as many boron compounds possess direct tumoricidal activity and there is substantial evidence that certain boron compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, boron-containing compounds interfere with several tumorigenic pathways including intratumoral IGF-I levels, molybdenum Fe-S containing flavin hydroxylases, glycolysis, Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) and Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) channels. Conclusions: Boron compounds deserve to be studied further in treatment of systemic cancers and glioblastoma due to their versatile antineoplastic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University , Istanbul , Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University , Holland , Turkey
| | - Gulacti Topcu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - İlhan Elmaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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13
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St-Coeur PD, Kinley S, Vogels CM, Decken A, Jr. Morin P, Westcott SA. Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer properties of iminophosphineplatinum(II) complexes containing boronate esters. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three new iminophosphines containing pinacol-derived boronate esters have been prepared and ligated to dichloridoplatinum(II) fragments. All compounds have been characterized fully, including an X-ray diffraction study carried out for the platinum complex 8, which is derived from 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)aniline. These three new platinum complexes, along with the non-boron containing control, have been examined for their initial cytotoxic properties against two glioma cell lines using the MTT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick-Denis St-Coeur
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Campus de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Samantha Kinley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Vogels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Pier Jr. Morin
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Université de Moncton, Campus de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Westcott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada
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14
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Li X, Wang X, Zhang J, Hanagata N, Wang X, Weng Q, Ito A, Bando Y, Golberg D. Hollow boron nitride nanospheres as boron reservoir for prostate cancer treatment. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13936. [PMID: 28059072 PMCID: PMC5228389 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High global incidence of prostate cancer has led to a focus on prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the impact of this disease in public health. Boron compounds are increasingly recognized as preventative and chemotherapeutic agents. However, systemic administration of soluble boron compounds is hampered by their short half-life and low effectiveness. Here we report on hollow boron nitride (BN) spheres with controlled crystallinity and boron release that decrease cell viability and increase prostate cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo experiments on subcutaneous tumour mouse models treated with BN spheres demonstrated significant suppression of tumour growth. An orthotopic tumour growth model was also utilized and further confirmed the in vivo anti-cancer efficacy of BN spheres. Moreover, the administration of hollow BN spheres with paclitaxel leads to synergetic effects in the suppression of tumour growth. The work demonstrates that hollow BN spheres may function as a new agent for prostate cancer treatment. Use of soluble boron compounds in prostate cancer therapy is hampered by their short half-life time and low effectiveness. Here, the authors show that boron nitride nanospheres with controlled boron release can reduce proliferation of prostate cancer cells and inhibit tumour growth in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiupeng Wang
- Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Jun Zhang
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Xuebin Wang
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Qunhong Weng
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ito
- Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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15
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Tepedelen BE, Soya E, Korkmaz M. Boric Acid Reduces the Formation of DNA Double Strand Breaks and Accelerates Wound Healing Process. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:309-318. [PMID: 27154731 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Boron is absorbed by the digestive and respiratory system, and it was considered that it is converted to boric acid (BA), which was distributed to all tissues above 90 %. The biochemical essentiality of boron element is caused by boric acid because it affects the activity of several enzymes involved in the metabolism. DNA damage repair mechanisms and oxidative stress regulation is quite important in the transition stage from normal to cancerous cells; thus, this study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of boric acid on DNA damage and wound healing in human epithelial cell line. For this purpose, the amount of DNA damage occurred with irinotecan (CPT-11), etoposide (ETP), doxorubicin (Doxo), and H2O2 was determined by immunofluorescence through phosphorylation of H2AX(Ser139) and pATM(Ser1981) in the absence and presence of BA. Moreover, the effect of BA on wound healing has been investigated in epithelial cells treated with these agents. Our results demonstrated that H2AX(Ser139) foci numbers were significantly decreased in the presence of BA while wound healing was accelerated by BA compared to that in the control and only drug-treated cells. Eventually, the results indicate that BA reduced the formation of DNA double strand breaks caused by agents as well as improving the wound healing process. Therefore, we suggest that boric acid has important therapeutical effectiveness and may be used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases where oxidative stress and wound healing process plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Soya
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, 45030, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, 45030, Manisa, Turkey
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Gallardo-Williams MT, Chapin RE, King PE, Moser GJ, Goldsworthy TL, Morrison JP, Maronpot RR. Boron Supplementation Inhibits the Growth and Local Expression of IGF-1 in Human Prostate Adenocarcinoma (LNCaP) Tumors in Nude Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:73-8. [PMID: 14713551 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490260899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease and one of the most abundant proteins secreted by the human prostate epithelium. PSA is used as a well-established marker of prostate cancer. The involvement of PSA in several early events leading to the development of malignant prostate tumors has made it a target for prevention and intervention. It is thought that PSA cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), providing increased local levels of IGF-1, leading to tumor growth. Separately, there are data that suggest an enzymatic regulatory role for dietary boron, which is a serine protease inhibitor. In this study we have addressed the use of boric acid as a PSA inhibitor in an animal study. We have previously reported that low concentrations (6 ug/mL) of boric acid can partially inhibit the proteolytic activity of purified PSA towards a synthetic fluorogenic substrate. Also, by Western blot we have followed the degradation of fibronectin by enzymatically active PSA and have found significant inhibition in the presence of boric acid. We proposed that dietary supplementation with boric acid would inhibit PSA and reduce the development and proliferation of prostate carcinomas in an animal model. We tested this hypothesis using nude mice implanted subcutaneously with LNCaP cells in Matrigel. Two groups (10 animals/group) were dosed with boric acid solutions (1.7, 9.0 mgB/kg/day) by gavage. Control group received only water. Tumor sizes were measured weekly for 8 weeks. Serum PSA and IGF-1 levels were determined at terminal sacrifice. The size of tumors was decreased in mice exposed to the low and high dose of boric acid by 38% and 25%, respectively. Serum PSA levels decreased by 88.6% and 86.4%, respectively, as compared to the control group. There were morphological differences between the tumors in control and boron-dosed animals, including a significantly lower incidence of mitotic figures in the boron-supplemented groups. Circulating IGF-1 levels were not different among groups, though expression of IGF-1 in the tumors was markedly reduced by boron treatment, which we have shown by immunohistochemistry. These data indicate that low-level dietary boron supplementation reduced tumor size and content of a tumor trophic factor, IGF-1.This promising model is being evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Gallardo-Williams
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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17
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Bhanushali PB, Badgujar SB, Tripathi MM, Gupta S, Murthy V, Krishnasastry MV, Puri CP. Development of glycan specific lectin based immunoassay for detection of prostate specific antigen. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:468-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Yılmaz S, Ustundag A, Cemiloglu Ulker O, Duydu Y. Protective Effect of Boric Acid on Oxidative DNA Damage In Chinese Hamster Lung Fibroblast V79 Cell Lines. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 17:748-54. [PMID: 26862534 PMCID: PMC4746425 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have been published on the antioxidative effects of boric acid (BA) and sodium borates in in vitro studies. However, the boron (B) concentrations tested in these in vitro studies have not been selected by taking into account the realistic blood B concentrations in humans due to the lack of comprehensive epidemiological studies. The recently published epidemiological studies on B exposure conducted in China and Turkey provided blood B concentrations for both humans in daily life and workers under extreme exposure conditions in occupational setting. The results of these studies have made it possible to test antioxidative effects of BA in in vitro studies within the concentra- tion range relevant to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective ef- fects of BA against oxidative DNA damage in V79 (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast) cells. The concentrations of BA tested for its protective effect was selected by taking the blood B concentrations into account reported in previously published epidemiological studies. Therefore, the concentrations of BA tested in this study represent the exposure levels for humans in both daily life and occupational settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, comet assay and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay methods were used to determinacy to toxicity and genotoxicity of BA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). RESULTS The results of the NRU assay showed that BA was not cytotoxic within the tested concentrations (3, 10, 30, 100 and 200 µM). These non-cytotoxic concentrations were used for comet assay. BA pre-treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05, one-way ANOVA) the DNA damaging capacity of H2O2 at each tested BA concentrations in V79 cells. CONCLUSION Consequently, pre-incubation of V79 cells with BA has significantly reduced the H2O2-induced oxidative DNA damage in V79 cells. The protective effect of BA against oxidative DNA damage in V79 cells at 5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 μM (54, 108, 540, 1080, and 2161 ng/ml B equivalents) concentrations was proved in this in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Yılmaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Ustundag
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cemiloglu Ulker
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalcın Duydu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Cormier K, Curry RD, Betsch MP, Goguen JA, Vogels CM, Decken A, Turcotte S, Westcott SA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activities of Pyrogallol-Based Arylspiroborates. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cormier
- Département de chimie et biochimie; Université de Moncton; Campus de Moncton Moncton NB E1A 3E9 Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute; Moncton NB E1C 8X3 Canada
| | - R. Daniel Curry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mount Allison University; Sackville NB E4L 1G8 Canada
| | - Mitchel P. Betsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mount Allison University; Sackville NB E4L 1G8 Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Goguen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mount Allison University; Sackville NB E4L 1G8 Canada
| | - Christopher M. Vogels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mount Allison University; Sackville NB E4L 1G8 Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Sandra Turcotte
- Département de chimie et biochimie; Université de Moncton; Campus de Moncton Moncton NB E1A 3E9 Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute; Moncton NB E1C 8X3 Canada
| | - Stephen A. Westcott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mount Allison University; Sackville NB E4L 1G8 Canada
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Abstract
AbstractBoric acid, H3BO3, is a weak acid and at physiological pH is in the form of an uncharged small molecule. Behaving as a Lewis acid, it forms complexes with amino- and hydroxy acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides and vitamins through electron donor-acceptor interactions. These interactions are believed to be beneficial for human health. Synthetic bis-chelate complexes of boric acid with organic biomolecules are therefore considered for nutritional and/or pharmaceutical applications. The use of boric acid for BNCT has gained attention due to the short biological half-life, solubility, plasma circulation and the non-selective soft tissue accumulation properties of this simple molecule. Complexation of boric acid with sugars is of particular importance in understanding the role of boron as a carrier for nucleotides and carbohydrates. A potential and catalytic role of boric acid in peptide and nucleic acid synthesis and in the stabilization of sugar molecules by acting as a complexing agent have been demonstrated. Its possible role as a phosphorylation chaperone in a prebiotic world has been recently suggested. This contribution reviews the highlights in the physiologic, therapeutic and prebiotic significance of boric acid in the last decade.
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21
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Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of boron compounds on leukemia cell line. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:87-93. [PMID: 25159521 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of boric acid and sodium tetraborate on an acute leukemia cell line and healthy human lymphocytes. We evaluated the effects of boric acid and sodium tetraborate on the HL-60 cell line and healthy human lymphocytes by using the methods of MTT, Neutral Red, AO (flow cytometry) and transmission electron microscope. We found that there were dead cells at a concentration of 500 µM boric acid and sodium tetraborate (50 % and 40 %, respectively). An apoptotic effect was found at a concentration of 1,000 µM concentration in normal lymphocytes and HL-60 (acute leukemia cells) cells (2.5 % and 8.8 % respectively). We observed that boric acid at a concentration of 500 µM caused double nucleus and micronucleus formation in both HL-60 cells and lymphocytes. An expansion in mitochondrial dimension and deformation in cristas also appeared. Our findings suggest that boric acid is more effective than sodium tetraborate on the HL-60, and boric acid in particular showed a cytotoxic effect on HL-60 in comparison to healthy lymphocytes and it also affected the mitochondrial pathway.
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22
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Romanov V, Whyard TC, Waltzer WC, Gabig TG. A claudin 3 and claudin 4-targeted Clostridium perfringens protoxin is selectively cytotoxic to PSA-producing prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:260-4. [PMID: 24952257 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of non-cutaneous cancer-related death in males, and effective strategies for treatment of metastatic disease are currently limited. The tight junction proteins, claudin 3 and claudin 4, serve as cell-surface receptors for the pore-forming Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin [CPE]. Most prostate cancer cells overexpress claudin 3 and claudin 4, and claudins are aberrantly distributed over the plasma membrane, making these cells particularly sensitive to cytolysis by CPE. Prostate cancer cells secrete PSA locally that is proteolytically active; however, circulating PSA is inactivated via binding to protease inhibitors. To overcome systemic toxicity of CPE, a modified protoxin was constructed with a tethered ligand attached to the C-terminus connected by a flexible linker containing a PSA-specific protease cleavage site. This engineered protoxin selectively and efficiently lyses PSA-producing prostate cancer cells whereas CLDN3 and CLDN4 positive cells that do not express PSA are resistant to cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Romanov
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Terry C Whyard
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Wayne C Waltzer
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Theodore G Gabig
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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Disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD) induced apoptosis by decreasing hTERT enzyme activity and disrupting F-actin organization of prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1531-8. [PMID: 24122279 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and cell culture studies have showed that boron and its derivatives may be promising anticancer agents in prostate cancer treatment. Thus, DU145 cells were treated with disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD) for 24, 48, and 72 h in order to investigate the inhibitor effect and mechanisms of DPD. Then, cell proliferation, telomerase enzyme activity, actin polymerization, and apoptosis were detected by WST-1 assay, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence labeling, and flow cytometry, respectively. We found that DPD inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cell line DU145 at the concentration of 3.5 mM for 24 h. Our results demonstrated that 7 mM of DPD treatment prevented the telomerase enzyme activity at the rate of 38 %. Furthermore, DPD has an apoptotic effect on DU145 cells which were examined by labeling DNA breaks. With 7 mM of DPD treatment, 8, 14, and 41 % of apoptotic cells were detected for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Additionally, immunofluorescence labeling showed that the normal organization of actin filaments was disrupted in DPD-exposed cells, which is accompanied by the alteration of cell shape and by apoptosis in targeted cells. Taken together, the results indicate that DPD may exert its cytotoxicity at least partly by interfering with the dynamic properties of actin polymerization and decreasing the telomerase activity. Eventually, for the first time, the results of this study showed that DPD suppressed the activity of telomerase in DU145 cells, and therefore, we suggested that DPD could be an important agent for its therapeutic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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24
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Draganov A, Wang D, Wang B. The Future of Boron in Medicinal Chemistry: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Svobodova M, Bunka DHJ, Nadal P, Stockley PG, O'Sullivan CK. Selection of 2'F-modified RNA aptamers against prostate-specific antigen and their evaluation for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9149-57. [PMID: 24043377 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is considered to be the most sensitive marker available for prostate cancer detection and for monitoring of disease progression. In addition to its importance as a tumor marker, PSA has a role in the biological activity of cancer growth and proliferation. Therefore, the inhibition or activation of its biological activity may be used in prostate cancer therapy. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of new 2'F-modified RNA aptamers directed against PSA. Binding studies demonstrate the ability of these new aptamers to specifically recognize their target with dissociation constants in the nanomolar range. In order to demonstrate the functionality of the selected aptamers, an apta-PCR approach was used for the quantitative detection of PSA, achieving a limit of detection of 11 nM. Furthermore, the potential use of the selected aptamers in therapeutics was demonstrated with the 2'F-modified aptamers being highly stable in human serum and having the ability to moderate the activity of PSA, which will be explored for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Svobodova
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain,
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Naghii MR, Mofid M, Asgari AR, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS. Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:54-8. [PMID: 21129941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Boron possesses widespread properties in biochemistry and nutrition. Acute supplementation with 11.6 mg of boron resulted in a significant increase in plasma boron concentration. Given such a fast bioavailability, the objective was to determine whether acute (hourly or daily), and weekly supplementation could have any significant biological effects on the steroid hormones and further on some inflammatory biomarkers. Eight healthy male volunteers attended the laboratory on three occasions (days 0, 1 and 7). On the first day (day 0), a blood sample collection at 8.00 A.M was followed by ingestion of placebo with the breakfast. On the next day (supplementation-day 1), similar procedure was followed by ingestion of a capsule containing 10mg of boron. On both occasions blood was collected every 2h for the next 6h. Subjects were requested to consume a capsule of 10mg boron every day with their breakfast, and on the day 7, the blood collection was carried out at 8.00 A.M, again. Boron in plasma increased significantly following hours and weekly consumption. Six hours supplementation showed a significant decrease on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), high sensitive CRP (hsCRP) and TNF-α level. After one week (in samples taken at 8.00 A.M, only), the mean plasma free testosterone increased and the mean plasma estradiol decreased significantly. Dihydrotestosterone, cortisol and vitamin D was elevated. Also, concentrations of all three inflammatory biomarkers decreased after supplementation. Of note, despite decreased proinflammatory cytokines, based on recent clinical data, this must be the first human study report to show an increase level of free testosterone after boron consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Naghii
- Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Touchet S, Carreaux F, Carboni B, Bouillon A, Boucher JL. Aminoboronic acids and esters: from synthetic challenges to the discovery of unique classes of enzyme inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3895-914. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00154f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kumar S, Kayastha AM. Inhibition studies of soybean (Glycine max) urease with heavy metals, sodium salts of mineral acids, boric acid, and boronic acids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:646-52. [PMID: 20014894 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903468155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various inhibitors were tested for their inhibitory effects on soybean urease. The K(i) values for boric acid, 4-bromophenylboronic acid, butylboronic acid, and phenylboronic acid were 0.20 +/- 0.05 mM, 0.22 +/- 0.04 mM, 1.50 +/- 0.10 mM, and 2.00 +/- 0.11 mM, respectively. The inhibition was competitive type with boric acid and boronic acids. Heavy metal ions including Ag(+), Hg(2+), and Cu(2+) showed strong inhibition on soybean urease, with the silver ion being a potent inhibitor (IC(50) = 2.3 x 10(-8) mM). Time-dependent inhibition studies exhibited biphasic kinetics with all heavy metal ions. Furthermore, inhibition studies with sodium salts of mineral acids (NaF, NaCl, NaNO(3), and Na(2)SO(4)) showed that only F(-) inhibited soybean urease significantly (IC(50) = 2.9 mM). Competitive type of inhibition was observed for this anion with a K(i) value of 1.30 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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30
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Cheng Y, Li M, Wang S, Peng H, Reid S, Ni N, Fang H, Xu W, Wang B. Carbohydrate biomarkers for future disease detection and treatment. Sci China Chem 2010; 53:3-20. [PMID: 32214994 PMCID: PMC7089153 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are considered as one of the most important classes of biomarkers for cell types, disease states, protein functions, and developmental states. Carbohydrate "binders" that can specifically recognize a carbohydrate biomarker can be used for developing novel types of site specific delivery methods and imaging agents. In this review, we present selected examples of important carbohydrate biomarkers and how they can be targeted for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Examples are arranged based on disease categories including (1) infectious diseases, (2) cancer, (3) inflammation and immune responses, (4) signal transduction, (5) stem cell transformation, (6) embryo development, and (7) cardiovascular diseases, though some issues cross therapeutic boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunFeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - MinYong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - ShaoRu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - HanJing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Suazette Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - NanTing Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - WenFang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - BingHe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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31
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Naghii MR, Mofid M. Elevation of biosynthesis of endogenous 17‐B oestradiol by boron supplementation: One possible role of dietary boron consumption in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590840802150845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Reddy KRC, Kayastha AM. Boric acid and boronic acids inhibition of pigeonpea urease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:467-70. [PMID: 17059182 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600638147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease from the seeds of pigeonpea was competitively inhibited by boric acid, butylboronic acid, phenylboronic acid, and 4-bromophenylboronic acid; 4-bromophenylboronic acid being the strongest inhibitor, followed by boric acid > butylboronic acid > phenylboronic acid, respectively. Urease inhibition by boric acid is maximal at acidic pH (5.0) and minimal at alkaline pH (10.0), i.e., the trigonal planar B(OH)3 form is a more effective inhibitor than the tetrahedral B(OH)4 -anionic form. Similarly, the anionic form of phenylboronic acid was least inhibiting in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ravi Charan Reddy
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Bradke TM, Hall C, Carper SW, Plopper GE. Phenylboronic acid selectively inhibits human prostate and breast cancer cell migration and decreases viability. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:153-60. [PMID: 19262119 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.3.6484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the in vitro effect of boric acid (BA) versus phenylboronic acid (PBA) on the migration of prostate and breast cancer cell lines and non-tumorigenic cells from the same tissues. Treatment at 24 hours with BA (< or =500 microM) did not inhibit chemotaxis on fibronectin in any cell line. However, treatment over the same time course with concentrations of PBA as low as 1 muM significantly inhibited cancer cell migration without effecting non-tumorigenic cell lines. The compounds did not affect cell adhesion or viability at 24 hours but did alter morphology; both decreased cancer cell viability at eight days. These results suggest that PBA is more potent than BA in targeting the metastatic and proliferative properties of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Bradke
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3596, USA
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Waheed A, Hassan MI, Van Etten RL, Ahmad F. Human seminal proteinase and prostate-specific antigen are the same protein. J Biosci 2008; 33:195-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Satheesh Babu AK, Vijayalakshmi MA, Smith GJ, Chadha KC. Thiophilic-interaction chromatography of enzymatically active tissue prostate-specific antigen (T-PSA) and its modulation by zinc ions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 861:227-35. [PMID: 18083072 PMCID: PMC2716732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease secreted both by normal prostate glandular epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. We explored "thiophilic-interaction chromatography" (TIC) to isolate tissue prostate-specific antigen (T-PSA) from fresh human prostate cancer tissue harvested by radical prostatectomy for the purpose to characterize T-PSA for its enzymatic activity and sensitivity to zinc ions. We have shown, for the first time, that T-PSA has strong affinity for the thiophilic gel (T-gel). The average recovery of T-PSA from T-gel is over 87%. The presence of PSA in the column eluate was confirmed by ELISA and SDS/PAGE. Western blot developed with monoclonal antibody to PSA revealed that T-PSA was predominantly in the "free" form having a molecular weight of 33 kDa. Furthermore, T-PSA was found to be enzymatically active. T-PSA was found to be less enzymatically active as compared to seminal plasma PSA. The inhibition of enzymatic activity of both f-PSA and T-PSA over a wide range of concentrations of Zn(2+) ions (10nM to 50 microM) was comparable. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of chymotrypsin, another serine-protease, was affected differently. At higher concentrations of Zn(2+) (10 microM and higher) the enzymatic activity of chymotrypsin was inhibited, whereas, at lower concentrations of Zn(2+) (5 microM and lower), the enzymatic activity was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Satheesh Babu
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Gonzalez A, Peters U, Lampe JW, White E. Boron intake and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18:1131-40. [PMID: 17851770 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental studies suggest that boron may prevent prostate cancer. Only one small epidemiological study has been conducted of boron, which found that those in the highest quartile of boron intake had less than half the risk of prostate cancer versus those in the lowest quartile. METHODS We evaluated the association between boron intake and prostate cancer within the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. A total of 35,244 men completed the baseline supplement and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 2000-2002. A boron database was constructed from published sources to estimate boron intake from the FFQ and from multivitamins. A total of 832 men developed prostate cancer from baseline to 31 December 2004. RESULTS Dietary boron intake and total boron intake from diet plus multivitamins were not associated with prostate cancer risk. The hazard ratio of prostate cancer for those in the highest versus lowest quartile of total boron intake was 1.17 (95% CI 0.85, 1.61). This risk did not vary by prostate cancer stage or Gleason score. Furthermore, none of the foods high in boron content was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. DISCUSSION This cohort study provides no evidence for a preventive role of boron intake on prostate cancer. Since few studies exist on this topic, future research is needed to better elucidate any role that boron may play in the prevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez
- Cancer Prevention Pragram, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Barranco WT, Hudak PF, Eckhert CD. Evaluation of ecological and in vitro effects of boron on prostate cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18:71-7. [PMID: 17186423 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-006-0077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine: (1) the correlation of prostate cancer incidence and mortality with groundwater boron and selenium concentrations; and (2) the impact of boron on prostate cancer cell proliferation during co-treatment with alternative chemo-preventative agents, along with boron pre-treatment effects on cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. METHODS For regression analysis, data on prostate cancer incidence and mortality were obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry, while groundwater boron and selenium concentrations were derived from the Texas Water Development Board. Cultured DU-145 prostate cancer cells were used to assess the impact of boric acid on cell proliferation when applied in combination with selenomethionine and genistein, or preceding radiation exposure. RESULTS Groundwater boron levels correlated with a decrease in prostate cancer incidence (R = 0.6) and mortality (R = 0.6) in state planning regions, whereas selenium did not (R = 0.1; R = 0.2). Growth inhibition was greater during combined treatments of boric acid and selenomethionine, or boric acid and genistein, versus singular treatments. 8-day boric acid pre-exposure enhanced the toxicity of ionizing radiation treatment, while dose-dependently decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS Increased groundwater boron concentrations, across the state of Texas, correlate with reduced risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Also, boric acid improves the anti-proliferative effectiveness of chemo-preventative agents, selenomethionine and genistein, while enhancing ionizing radiation cell kill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade T Barranco
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
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Korkmaz M, Uzgören E, Bakirdere S, Aydin F, Ataman OY. Effects of dietary boron on cervical cytopathology and on micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:17-25. [PMID: 17295277 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that boron and borates may have anticarcinogenic properties. In this study, we have investigated the incidence of adverse cytological findings in cervical smears and the micronucleus (MN) frequency in women living in boron-rich and boron-poor regions. Cervical smears were prepared from 1059 women with low socioeconomic status; 472 of the women lived in relatively boron-rich rural areas, while 587 lived in relatively boron-poor regions. The average and standard deviation values for the age of the women screened with the cervical Pap smear test were 41.55 +/- 8.38. The mean dietary intake of boron was 8.41 mg/day for women from the boron-rich regions, and 1.26 mg/day for women living in the boron-poor regions (P < 0.0001). Women from the boron-rich regions had no cytopathological indications of cervical cancer, while there were cytopathological findings for 15 women from the boron-poor areas (chi(2) = 10.473, P < 0.05). Sixty women, 30 from each region, were chosen for evaluating MN frequencies in exfoliated buccal cells. MN frequencies for women from the boron-rich and boron-poor regions were not significantly different (t = -0.294, P > 0.05). Also, there were no significant correlations between age and MN frequency for women from both the boron-rich (r = 0.133, P = 0.48, P > 0.05) and boron-poor (r = -0.033, P = 0.861, P > 0.05) regions. The results suggest that ingestion of boron in the drinking water decreases the incidence of cervical cancer-related histopathological findings. There was no correlation between the pathological findings from the cervical smears and buccal cell MN frequency suggesting that the two study populations were exposed equally to gentotoxic agents. Nonetheless, cervical cancer-related histopathological findings should be validated by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yüzüncüyil University, 65200 Van, Turkey.
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Abstract
Epidemiological, animal, and cell culture studies have identified boron as a chemopreventative agent in prostate cancer. The present objective was to identify boron-induced changes in the DU-145 human prostate cancer cell line. We show that prolonged exposure to pharmacologically-relevant levels of boric acid, the naturally occurring form of boron circulating in human plasma, induces the following morphological changes in cells: increases in granularity and intracellular vesicle content, enhanced cell spreading and decreased cell volume. Documented increases in β-galactosidase activity suggest that boric acid induces conversion to a senescent-like cellular phenotype. Boric acid also causes a dose-dependent reduction in cyclins A–E, as well as MAPK proteins, suggesting their contribution to proliferative inhibition. Furthermore, treated cells display reduced adhesion, migration and invasion potential, along with F-actin changes indicative of reduced metastatic potential. Finally, the observation of media acidosis in treated cells correlated with an accumulation of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2 (LAMP-2)-negative acidic compartments. The challenge of future studies will be to identify the underlying mechanism responsible for the observed cellular responses to this natural blood constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Barranco
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - C D Eckhert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, CA 90095-1772, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, CA 90095-1772, USA. E-mail:
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Jessani N, Niessen S, Wei BQ, Nicolau M, Humphrey M, Ji Y, Han W, Noh DY, Yates JR, Jeffrey SS, Cravatt BF. A streamlined platform for high-content functional proteomics of primary human specimens. Nat Methods 2005; 2:691-7. [PMID: 16118640 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving information content of satisfactory breadth and depth remains a formidable challenge for proteomics. This problem is particularly relevant to the study of primary human specimens, such as tumor biopsies, which are heterogeneous and of finite quantity. Here we present a functional proteomics strategy that unites the activity-based protein profiling and multidimensional protein identification technologies (ABPP-MudPIT) for the streamlined analysis of human samples. This convergent platform involves a rapid initial phase, in which enzyme activity signatures are generated for functional classification of samples, followed by in-depth analysis of representative members from each class. Using this two-tiered approach, we identified more than 50 enzyme activities in human breast tumors, nearly a third of which represent previously uncharacterized proteins. Comparison with cDNA microarrays revealed enzymes whose activity, but not mRNA expression, depicted tumor class, underscoring the power of ABPP-MudPIT for the discovery of new markers of human disease that may evade detection by other molecular profiling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Jessani
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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McCarty MF. Targeting multiple signaling pathways as a strategy for managing prostate cancer: multifocal signal modulation therapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2005; 3:349-80. [PMID: 15523106 DOI: 10.1177/1534735404270757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant behavior of cancer reflects upregulation of certain oncogenic signaling pathways that promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and enable the cancer to spread and evoke angiogenesis. Theoretically, it should be feasible to decrease the activity of these pathways-or increase the activity of pathways that oppose them-with noncytotoxic agents. Since multiple pathways are dysfunctional in most cancers, and cancers accumulate new oncogenic mutations as they progress, the greatest and most durable therapeutic benefit will likely be achieved with combination regimens that address several targets. Thus, a multifocal signal modulation therapy (MSMT) of cancer is proposed. This concept has already been documented by researchers who have shown that certain combinations of signal modulators-of limited utility when administered individually-can achieve dramatic suppression of tumor growth in rodent xenograft models. The present essay attempts to guide development of MSMTs for prostate cancer. Androgen ablation is a signal-modulating measure already in standard use in the management of delocalized prostate cancer. The additional molecular targets considered here include the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor, mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-kappaB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, hsp90, cyclooxygenase-2, protein kinase A type I, vascular endothelial growth factor, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, angiotensin II receptor type 1, bradykinin receptor type 1, c-Src, interleukin-6, ras, MDM2, bcl-2/bclxL, vitamin D receptor, estrogen receptor-beta, and PPAR-. Various nutrients and phytochemicals suspected to have potential utility in prostate cancer prevention and therapy, but whose key molecular targets are still unknown, might reasonably be incorporated into MSMTs for prostate cancer; these include lycopene, selenium, green tea polyphenols, genistein, and silibinin. MSMTs can be developed systematically by testing various combinations of signal-modulating agents, in concentrations that can feasibly be achieved and maintained clinically, on human prostate cancer cell lines; combinations that appear promising can then be tested in xenograft models and, ultimately, in the clinic. Some signal modulators can increase response to cytotoxic drugs by upregulating effectors of apoptosis. When MSMTs fail to raise the spontaneous apoptosis rate sufficiently to achieve tumor stasis or regression, incorporation of appropriate cytotoxic agents into the regimen may improve the clinical outcome.
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Barranco WT, Eckhert CD. Boric acid inhibits human prostate cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Lett 2004; 216:21-9. [PMID: 15500945 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of boron in biology includes coordinated regulation of gene expression in mixed bacterial populations and the growth and proliferation of higher plants and lower animals. Here we report that boric acid, the dominant form of boron in plasma, inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines, DU-145 and LNCaP, in a dose-dependent manner. Non-tumorigenic prostate cell lines, PWR-1E and RWPE-1, and the cancer line PC-3 were also inhibited, but required concentrations higher than observed human blood levels. Studies using DU-145 cells showed that boric acid induced a cell death-independent proliferative inhibition, with little effect on cell cycle stage distribution and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade T Barranco
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
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Abstract
Several approaches have been used to identify the factors involved in mRNA splicing. None of them, however, comprises a straightforward reversible method for inhibiting the second step of splicing using an external reagent other than a chelator. This investigation demonstrates that the addition of boric acid to an in vitro pre-mRNA splicing reaction causes a dose-dependent reversible inhibition effect on the second step of splicing. The mechanism of action does not involve chelation of several metal ions; hindrance of 3' splice-site; or binding to hSlu7. This study presents a novel method for specific reversible inhibition of the second step of pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Shomron
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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