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Atta S, Mekky R, Ibrahim M, Abdallah MM, Elbaz MAH, Radwan E. Increased Expression of Neprilysin Is Associated with Inflammation in Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:1385-1390. [PMID: 38114865 PMCID: PMC11090941 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with a finely tuned equilibrium between trophoblast cell invasion and fetal-maternal immunological tolerance. An imbalance between proinflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines is a hallmark of PE. Neprilysin (NEP), a membrane-bound metalloprotease, is vulnerable to the inflammatory environment and plays a significant role in modulating vascular tone. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between NEP (mRNA and protein) levels and the inflammatory status in PE patients compared to healthy pregnant women and to identify the role of NEP in evaluating the severity of preeclampsia. The study group comprised 52 pregnant women with PE while the control group comprised 47 normotensive pregnant women. After a caesarean section, placental tissue samples from patients and controls were collected to measure the expression levels of IL-6, TGF-β, IL-10, and NEP mRNA. In addition, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the quantity of NEP protein in blood samples. Our results revealed a significant positive correlation between NEP (mRNA and protein) and proinflammatory markers IL-6 and TGF-β levels in patients compared to controls and a significant inverse correlation between NEP and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, this is the first study to find a strong positive correlation between NEP level and PE severity. In conclusion, in PE patients, there is a substantial relationship between NEP, the degree of inflammation, and PE severity. NEP could act as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Atta
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mekky
- Institute for Drug Development and Innovation Research, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Ibrahim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdallah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Mona A H Elbaz
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman Radwan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Assiut, Egypt
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Zarei Shandiz S, Assaran Darban R, Javid H, Ghahremanloo A, Hashemy SI. The effect of SP/NK1R on expression and activity of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin proteins in prostate cancer cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-02996-x. [PMID: 38334824 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), an important neuropeptide, has a crucial role in the progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer, through interacting with the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). Oxidative stress is also involved in the onset and progression of prostate cancer. However, no studies have been performed on the cross-talk between the SP/NK1R system and cellular redox balance in prostate cancer, and how it is involved in tumorogenesis. We aimed to investigate the effect of the SP/NK1R system and the blockage of NK1R with its specific antagonist (aprepitant) on the cellular redox status of the prostate cancer cell line (PC3 and LNCaP). We performed the resazurin assay to evaluate the toxicity of the aprepitant on the PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured after SP and aprepitant treatment. The alterations of expression and activity of two crucial cellular oxidoreductases, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin were evaluated by qRT-PCR and commercial kits (ZellBio GmbH), respectively. Our results revealed that SP increased ROS production and decreased the expression and activity of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. On the other hand, treatment of cells with aprepitant showed reverse results. In conclusion, we found that the SP/NK1R system could promote prostate cancer progression by inducing oxidative stress. In addition, the inhibition of NK1R by aprepitant modulated the effect of the SP/NK1R system on the cellular redox system. Aprepitant might therefore be introduced as a candidate for the treatment of prostate cancer; however, more studies are required to confirm the validation of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zarei Shandiz
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Assaran Darban
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ghahremanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Butler W, Xu L, Zhou Y, Cheng Q, Hauck S, He Y, Marek R, Hartman Z, Cheng L, Yang Q, Wang ME, Chen M, Zhang H, Armstrong AJ, Huang J. Oncofetal protein glypican-3 is a biomarker and critical regulator of function for neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer. J Pathol 2023; 260:43-55. [PMID: 36752189 PMCID: PMC10273879 DOI: 10.1002/path.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cells comprise ~1% of epithelial cells in benign prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). However, they become enriched in hormonally treated and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). In addition, close to 20% of hormonally treated tumors recur as small cell NE carcinoma (SCNC), composed entirely of NE cells, which may be the result of clonal expansion or lineage plasticity. Since NE cells do not express androgen receptors (ARs), they are resistant to hormonal therapy and contribute to therapy failure. Here, we describe the identification of glypican-3 (GPC3) as an oncofetal cell surface protein specific to NE cells in prostate cancer. Functional studies revealed that GPC3 is critical to the viability of NE tumor cells and tumors displaying NE differentiation and that it regulates calcium homeostasis and signaling. Since our results demonstrate that GPC3 is specifically expressed by NE cells, patients with confirmed SCNC may qualify for GPC3-targeted therapy which has been developed in the context of liver cancer and displays minimal toxicity due to its tumor-specific expression. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Butler
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Lingfan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Yinglu Zhou
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA, USA
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Spencer Hauck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Robert Marek
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Zachary Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Nursing, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Mu-En Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
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Shan Q, Takabatake K, Omori H, Kawai H, Oo MW, Nakano K, Ibaragi S, Sasaki A, Nagatsuka H. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment promote the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:72. [PMID: 34368860 PMCID: PMC8360621 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can influence the progression of multiple types of cancer; however, data on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are limited. In the present study, the effects of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma-associated stromal cells (VSCC-SCs), squamous cell carcinoma-associated stromal cells (SCC-SCs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) on the tumor nest formation, proliferation, invasion and migration of HSC-3 cells were examined in vitro using Giemsa staining, MTS, and Transwell (invasion and migration) assays, respectively. The results revealed that both the VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs inhibited the tumor nest formation, and promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of VSCC-SCs, SCC-SCs and HDFs on the differentiation, proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells in vivo were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, immunohistochemistry and double-fluorescent immunohistochemical staining, respectively. The results demonstrated that the VSCC-SCs promoted the differentiation, proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells, while the SCC-SCs inhibited the differentiation, and promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells in vivo. Finally, microarray data were used to predict genes in VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs that may influence the progression of OSCC, and those with potential to influence the differential effects of VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs on the differentiation of OSCC. It was found that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) may be involved in the crosstalk between VSCC-SCs, SCC-SCs and OSCC cells, which regulates the progression of OSCC. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), interleukin (IL)1B, Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (FOS), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), insulin (INS) and nerve growth factor (NGF) may be responsible for the differential effects of VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs on the differentiation of OSCC. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that both VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs may promote the progression of OSCC, and SCC-SCs were found to exert a more prominent promoting effect; this may represent a potential regulatory mechanism for the progression of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusheng Shan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Haruka Omori
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita‑ku, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
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Rébé C, Ghiringhelli F. Interleukin-1β and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071791. [PMID: 32635472 PMCID: PMC7408158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a tumor, IL-1β is produced and secreted by various cell types, such as immune cells, fibroblasts, or cancer cells. The IL1B gene is induced after “priming” of the cells and a second signal is required to allow IL-1β maturation by inflammasome-activated caspase-1. IL-1β is then released and leads to transcription of target genes through its ligation with IL-1R1 on target cells. IL-1β expression and maturation are guided by gene polymorphisms and by the cellular context. In cancer, IL-1β has pleiotropic effects on immune cells, angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Moreover, anti-cancer treatments are able to promote IL-1β production by cancer or immune cells, with opposite effects on cancer progression. This raises the question of whether or not to use IL-1β inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (F.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)3-80-73-77-90 (C.R.); +33-(0)3-80-73-75-38 (F.G.)
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (F.G.); Tel.: +33-(0)3-80-73-77-90 (C.R.); +33-(0)3-80-73-75-38 (F.G.)
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Huang YH, Zhang YQ, Huang JT. Neuroendocrine cells of prostate cancer: biologic functions and molecular mechanisms. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:291-295. [PMID: 30924452 PMCID: PMC6498729 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_128_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health risk for older men worldwide. Existing systemic therapies mostly target androgen receptor (AR). Although treatments are initially effective, the disease always recurs. A potential mechanism for the treatment failure is that PCa contains, in addition to the AR-positive luminal type tumor cells, a small component of neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The function of NE cells in PCa remains poorly understood, and one important characteristic of these cells is their lack of expression of AR and resistance to hormonal therapy. In addition, many patients develop the more aggressive small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) after hormonal therapy. Although this clinical phenomenon of disease transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCNC is well established, the cell of origin for SCNC remains unclear. Recently, loss of function of Rb and TP53 and amplification and overexpression of MYCN and Aurora A kinase have been identified as important biomarkers and potential disease drivers. In this article, we systematically review the histology of normal prostate and prostate cancer including the main histologic types: adenocarcinoma and SCNC. We also review the findings from many studies using cellular and animal models as well as human specimens that attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of treatment failure, disease progression, and tumor transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiao-Ti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27514, USA
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7
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Maternal Overweight Downregulates MME (Neprilysin) in Feto-Placental Endothelial Cells and in Cord Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030834. [PMID: 32012940 PMCID: PMC7037888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal overweight in pregnancy alters the metabolic environment and generates chronic low-grade inflammation. This affects fetal development and programs the offspring’s health for developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease later in life. MME (membrane-metalloendopeptidase, neprilysin) cleaves various peptides regulating vascular tone. Endothelial cells express membrane-bound and soluble MME. In adults, the metabolic environment of overweight and obesity upregulates endothelial and circulating MME. We here hypothesized that maternal overweight increases MME in the feto-placental endothelium. We used primary feto-placental endothelial cells (fpEC) isolated from placentas after normal vs. overweight pregnancies and determined MME mRNA, protein, and release. Additionally, soluble cord blood MME was analyzed. The effect of oxygen and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on MME protein in fpEC was investigated in vitro. Maternal overweight reduced MME mRNA (−39.9%, p < 0.05), protein (−42.5%, p = 0.02), and MME release from fpEC (−64.7%, p = 0.02). Both cellular and released MME protein negatively correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Similarly, cord blood MME was negatively associated with pre-pregnancy BMI (r = −0.42, p = 0.02). However, hypoxia and TNFα, potential negative regulators of MME expression, did not affect MME protein. Reduction of MME protein in fpEC and in cord blood may alter the balance of vasoactive peptides. Our study highlights the fetal susceptibility to maternal metabolism and inflammatory state.
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Nawas AF, Kanchwala M, Thomas-Jardin SE, Dahl H, Daescu K, Bautista M, Anunobi V, Wong A, Meade R, Mistry R, Ghatwai N, Bayerl F, Xing C, Delk NA. IL-1-conferred gene expression pattern in ERα + BCa and AR + PCa cells is intrinsic to ERα - BCa and AR - PCa cells and promotes cell survival. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:46. [PMID: 31959131 PMCID: PMC6971947 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast (BCa) and prostate (PCa) cancers are hormone receptor (HR)-driven cancers. Thus, BCa and PCa patients are given therapies that reduce hormone levels or directly block HR activity; but most patients eventually develop treatment resistance. We have previously reported that interleukin-1 (IL-1) inflammatory cytokine downregulates ERα and AR mRNA in HR-positive (HR+) BCa and PCa cell lines, yet the cells can remain viable. Additionally, we identified pro-survival proteins and processes upregulated by IL-1 in HR+ BCa and PCa cells, that are basally high in HR− BCa and PCa cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that IL-1 confers a conserved gene expression pattern in HR+ BCa and PCa cells that mimics conserved basal gene expression patterns in HR− BCa and PCa cells to promote HR-independent survival and tumorigenicity. Methods We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for HR+ BCa and PCa cell lines exposed to IL-1 and for untreated HR− BCa and PCa cell lines. We confirmed expression patterns of select genes by RT-qPCR and used siRNA and/or drug inhibition to silence select genes in the BCa and PCa cell lines. Finally, we performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and used the gene ontology web-based tool, GOrilla, to identify signaling pathways encoded by our RNA-seq data set. Results We identified 350 genes in common between BCa and PCa cells that are induced or repressed by IL-1 in HR+ cells that are, respectively, basally high or low in HR− cells. Among these genes, we identified Sequestome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) and SRY (Sex-Determining Region Y)-Box 9 (SOX9) to be essential for survival of HR− BCa and PCa cell lines. Analysis of publicly available data indicates that p62 and SOX9 expression are elevated in HR-independent BCa and PCa sublines generated in vitro, suggesting that p62 and SOX9 have a role in acquired hormone receptor independence and treatment resistance. We also assessed HR− cell line viability in response to the p62-targeting drug, verteporfin, and found that verteporfin is cytotoxic for HR− cell lines. Conclusions Our 350 gene set can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers conserved among acquired (e.g. due to inflammation) or intrinsic HR-independent BCa and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan F Nawas
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shayna E Thomas-Jardin
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Haley Dahl
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Kelly Daescu
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Monica Bautista
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Vanessa Anunobi
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ally Wong
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Rachel Meade
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ragini Mistry
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Nisha Ghatwai
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Felix Bayerl
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nikki A Delk
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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Aydemir EA, Şimşek E, Korcum AF, Fişkin K. Endostatin and irradiation modifies the activity of ADAM10 and neprilysin in breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2343-51. [PMID: 27430992 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is regarded as a key cancer cell property. Endostatin (ES) is a potential antiangiogenic agent and it may be useful when implemented in combination with other cancer therapeutic strategies. The present study investigated the in vitro effects of ES, radiotherapy (RT) or combination therapy (ES + RT) on two important proteases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain‑containing protein 10 (ADAM10) and neprilysin (NEP) in 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells and the more metastatic phenotype of 4THMpc breast cancer cells. 4T1 and 4THMpc cells were treated with recombinant murine ES (4 µg/ml) alone, RT (45 Gy) alone or with ES + RT. ADAM10 enzyme activity was determined using a tumor necrosis factor‑α converting enzyme (α‑secretase) activity assay kit, and NEP enzyme activity was measured with a fluorometric assay based on the generation of free dansyl‑D‑Ala‑Gly from N-dansyl-Ala-Gly-D-nitro-Phe-Gly, the substrate of NEP. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine whether the altered enzyme activity levels of the two cell lines occurred due to changes in expression level. These data indicate that ES independently potentiates the activity of ADAM10 and NEP enzymes in 4T1 and 4THMpc breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Arslan Aydemir
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Ece Şimşek
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antalya School of Health, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Aylin Fidan Korcum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Kayahan Fişkin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Antalya School of Health, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
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10
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Chatalic KL, Konijnenberg M, Nonnekens J, de Blois E, Hoeben S, de Ridder C, Brunel L, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, van Gent DC, Nock BA, Maina T, van Weerden WM, de Jong M. In Vivo Stabilization of a Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonist Enhances PET Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Prostate Cancer in Preclinical Studies. Theranostics 2016; 6:104-17. [PMID: 26722377 PMCID: PMC4679358 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A single tool for early detection, accurate staging, and personalized treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) would be a major breakthrough in the field of PCa. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) targeting peptides are promising probes for a theranostic approach for PCa overexpressing GRPR. However, the successful application of small peptides in a theranostic approach is often hampered by their fast in vivo degradation by proteolytic enzymes, such as neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Here we show for the first time that co-injection of a NEP inhibitor (phosphoramidon (PA)) can lead to an impressive enhancement of diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy of the theranostic (68)Ga-/(177)Lu-JMV4168 GRPR-antagonist. Co-injection of PA (300 µg) led to stabilization of (177)Lu-JMV4168 in murine peripheral blood. In PC-3 tumor-bearing mice, PA co-injection led to a two-fold increase in tumor uptake of (68)Ga-/(177)Lu-JMV4168, 1 h after injection. In positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (68)Ga-JMV4168, PA co-injection substantially enhanced PC-3 tumor signal intensity. Radionuclide therapy with (177)Lu-JMV4168 resulted in significant regression of PC-3 tumor size. Radionuclide therapy efficacy was confirmed by production of DNA double strand breaks, decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Increased survival rates were observed in mice treated with (177)Lu-JMV4168 plus PA as compared to those without PA. This data shows that co-injection of the enzyme inhibitor PA greatly enhances the theranostic potential of GRPR-radioantagonists for future application in PCa patients.
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11
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Chang MA, Patel V, Gwede M, Morgado M, Tomasevich K, Fong EL, Farach-Carson MC, Delk NA. IL-1β induces p62/SQSTM1 and represses androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2188-97. [PMID: 25103771 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), although the mechanisms governing inflammation-mediated PCa progression are not fully understood. PCa progresses to an androgen independent phenotype that is incurable. We previously showed that androgen independent, androgen receptor negative (AR(-) ) PCa cell lines have high p62/SQSTM1 levels required for cell survival. We also showed that factors in the HS-5 bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) conditioned medium can upregulate p62 in AR(+) PCa cell lines, leading us to investigate AR expression under those growth conditions. In this paper, mRNA, protein, and subcellular analyses reveal that HS-5 BMSC conditioned medium represses AR mRNA, protein, and nuclear accumulation in the C4-2 PCa cell line. Using published gene expression data, we identify the inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, as a candidate BMSC paracrine factor to regulate AR expression and find that IL-1β is sufficient to both repress AR and upregulate p62 in multiple PCa cell lines. Immunostaining demonstrates that, while the C4-2 population shows a primarily homogeneous response to factors in HS-5 BMSC conditioned medium, IL-1β elicits a strikingly heterogeneous response; suggesting that there are other regulatory factors in the conditioned medium. Finally, while we observe concomitant AR loss and p62 upregulation in IL-1β-treated C4-2 cells, silencing of AR or p62 suggests that IL-1β regulates their protein accumulation through independent pathways. Taken together, these in vitro results suggest that IL-1β can drive PCa progression in an inflammatory microenvironment through AR repression and p62 induction to promote the development and survival of androgen independent PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, 6500 Main, MS 601, Houston, TX, 77030
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12
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Grigore AD, Ben-Jacob E, Farach-Carson MC. Prostate cancer and neuroendocrine differentiation: more neuronal, less endocrine? Front Oncol 2015; 5:37. [PMID: 25785244 PMCID: PMC4347593 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) marks a structural and functional feature of certain cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa), whereby the malignant tissue contains a significant proportion of cells displaying neuronal, endocrine, or mixed features. NED cells produce, and can secrete, a cocktail of mediators commonly encountered in the nervous system, which may stimulate and coordinate cancer growth. In PCa, NED appears during advanced stages, subsequent to treatment, and accompanies treatment resistance and poor prognosis. However, the term “neuroendocrine” in this context is intrinsically vague. This article seeks to provide a framework on which a unified view of NED might emerge. First, we review the mutually beneficial interplay between PCa and neural structures, mainly supported by cell biology experiments and neurological conditions. Next, we address the correlations between PCa and neural functions, as described in the literature. Based upon the integration of clinical and basic observations, we suggest that it is legitimate to seek for true neural differentiation, or neuromimicry, in cancer progression, most notably in PCa cells exhibiting what is commonly described as NED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dan Grigore
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel ; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
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13
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KIM MINHWAN, PARK JIAE, WOO SANGKEUN, LEE KYOCHUL, AN GWANGIL, KIM BYOUNGSOO, KIM KWANGIL, LEE TAESUP, KIM CHANWHA, KIM KYEONGMIN, KANG JOOHYUN, LEE YONGJIN. Evaluation of a 64Cu-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1-glutaric acid-4,7 acetic acid (NODAGA)-galactose-bombesin analogue as a PET imaging probe in a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-expressing prostate cancer xenograft model. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1159-68. [PMID: 25586565 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Chondrogiannis G, Kastamoulas M, Kanavaros P, Vartholomatos G, Bai M, Baltogiannis D, Sofikitis N, Arvanitis D, Galani V. Cytokine effects on cell viability and death of prostate carcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:536049. [PMID: 24982891 PMCID: PMC4058150 DOI: 10.1155/2014/536049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of IL-13, IFN- γ , and IL-1 β on cell viability and death of LNCaP and PC-3 cells and major signaling pathways involved in these effects. Significant increase of LNCaP cell death (apoptotic and necrotic) and increased levels of active caspase 3 were observed in cells treated with inhibitors of ERK 1/2 (UO126) and p38 (SB203580) prior to IL-1 β treatment in comparison to cells treated with UO126, SB203580, or IL-1 β alone. Significant increase of LNCaP but not PC-3 cell death was detected after treatment with LY-294002 (inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). No significant increase of LNCaP and PC-3 cell death was observed after treatment with SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK), SB203580 (inhibitor of p38), UO126 (inhibitor of ERK 1/2), or BAY 11-7082 (inhibitor of NF- κ B). Reduced c-FLIPL expression was observed in LNCaP cells treated with LY-294002. The significant potentiation of LNCaP cell death by inhibition of ERK 1/2, p38, and PI3-K pathways may provide a rationale for therapeutic approach in androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Chondrogiannis
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michalis Kastamoulas
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Maria Bai
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Sofikitis
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Arvanitis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 44110 Larisa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Galani
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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15
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Fournier P, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Tremblay S, Bénard F, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Novel Radiolabeled Peptides for Breast and Prostate Tumor PET Imaging: 64Cu/and 68Ga/NOTA-PEG-[d-Tyr6,βAla11,Thi13,Nle14]BBN(6–14). Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1687-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - François Bénard
- BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire
de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke
and, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue
North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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16
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Fournier P, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Langlois R, Bénard F, Lecomte R, Guérin B. Comparative study of 64Cu/NOTA-[D-Tyr6,βAla11,Thi13,Nle14]BBN(6-14) monomer and dimers for prostate cancer PET imaging. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22333272 PMCID: PMC3323469 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors [GRPR] are highly over-expressed in multiple cancers and have been studied as a diagnostic target. Multimeric gastrin-releasing peptides are expected to have enhanced tumor uptake and affinity for GRPR. In this study, a 64Cu-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid [NOTA]-monomer and two NOTA-dimers of [D-Tyr6,βAla11, Thi13, Nle14]bombesin(6-14) ] [BBN(6-14)] were compared. Methods Monomeric and dimeric peptides were synthesized on solid phase support and radiolabeled with 64Cu. NOTA-dimer 1 consists of asymmetrically linked BBN(6-14), while NOTA-dimer 2 has similar spacer between the two BBN(6-14) ligands and the chelator. In vitro GRPR-binding affinities were determined with competitive binding assays on PC3 human prostate cancer cells. In vivo stability and biodistribution of radiolabeled compounds were assessed in Balb/c mice. Cellular uptake and efflux were measured with radiolabeled NOTA-monomer and NOTA-dimer 2 on PC3 cells for up to 4 h. In vivo biodistribution kinetics were measured in PC3 tumor-bearing Balb/c nude mice by μ-positron emission tomography [μPET] imaging and confirmed by dissection and counting. Results NOTA-monomer, NOTA-dimers 1 and 2 were prepared with purity of 99%. The inhibition constants of the three BBN peptides were comparable and in the low nanomolar range. All 64Cu-labeled peptides were stable up to 24 h in mouse plasma and 1 h in vivo. 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2 featuring a longer spacer between the two BBN(6-14) ligands is a more potent GRPR-targeting probe than 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 1. PC3 tumor uptake profiles are slightly different for 64Cu/NOTA-monomer and 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2; the monomeric BBN-peptide tracer exhibited higher tumor uptake during the first 0.5 h and a fast renal clearance resulting in higher tumor-to-muscle ratio when compared to 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2. The latter exhibited higher tumor-to-blood ratio and was retained longer at the tumor site when compared to 64Cu/NOTA-monomer. Lower ratios of tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle in blocking experiments showed GRPR-dependant tumor uptake for both tracers. Conclusion Both 64Cu/NOTA-monomer and 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2 are suitable for detecting GRPR-positive prostate cancer in vivo by PET. Tumor retention was improved in vivo with 64Cu/NOTA-dimer 2 by applying polyvalency effect and/or statistical rebinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fournier
- Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th North Avenue, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Heinrich E, Trojan L, Friedrich D, Voss M, Weiss C, Michel MS, Grobholz R. Neuroendocrine tumor cells in prostate cancer: evaluation of the neurosecretory products serotonin, bombesin, and gastrin - impact on angiogenesis and clinical follow-up. Prostate 2011; 71:1752-8. [PMID: 21480309 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine differentiated tumor cells (NETC) can be found in a large portion of prostate carcinoma (PCa) specimens. This is the first study to systematically quantify and analyze the influence of the NETC distribution and of their secretory products, serotonin, bombesin, and gastrin, on angiogenesis and in the clinical follow-up of PCa patients. METHODS 175 PCa specimens were included in this study. NETC were displayed using the marker CgA. Specimens showing a high expression of CgA were analyzed for serotonin, bombesin, and gastrin. Blood vessels were stained with the epitope CD34. Data was analyzed for inter-correlation and its correlation to clinical-pathological parameters and the results of a mid-term follow-up. RESULTS The number of NETC was correlated with the pT-status and the Gleason score. Specimens with high NETC expression had an increased microvessel density (MVD). No correlation between the neurosecretory products and the clinical-pathological parameters was found. High NETC expression, high bombesin expression and increased MVD were associated with early treatment failure in the follow-up. CONCLUSION NETC have an influence on angiogenesis and are correlated with the clinical-pathological parameters. A high expression of NETC is associated with an early failure of treatment. Our study underlines the importance of NETC in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Heinrich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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Fleischmann A, Schlomm T, Huland H, Köllermann J, Simon P, Mirlacher M, Salomon G, Chun FHK, Steuber T, Simon R, Sauter G, Graefen M, Erbersdobler A. Distinct subcellular expression patterns of neutral endopeptidase (CD10) in prostate cancer predict diverging clinical courses in surgically treated patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7838-42. [PMID: 19047112 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neutral endopeptidase (CD10), an ectopeptidase bound to the cell surface, is thought to be a potential prognostic marker for prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Prostate cancer patients (N = 3,261) treated by radical prostatectomy at a single institution were evaluated by using tissue microarray. Follow-up data were available for 2,385 patients. The cellular domain (membranous, membranous-cytoplasmatic, and cytoplasmatic only) of CD10 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically and correlated with various clinical and histopathologic features of the tumors. RESULTS CD10 expression was detected in 62.2% of cancer samples and occurred preferentially in higher Gleason pattern (P < 0.0001). CD10 expression positively correlated with adverse tumor features such as elevated preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA), higher Gleason score, and advanced stage (P < 0.0001 each). Survival analyses showed that PSA recurrence was significantly associated with the staining pattern of CD10 expression. Outcome significantly declined from negative over membranous, membranous-cytoplasmatic, to exclusively cytoplasmatic CD10 expression (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, CD10 expression was an independent predictor for PSA failure (P = 0.0343). CONCLUSIONS CD10 expression is an unfavorable independent risk factor in prostate cancer. The subcellular location of CD10 protein is associated with specific clinical courses, suggesting an effect on different important biological properties of prostate cancer cells. The frequent expression of CD10 in prostate cancer and the strong association of CD10 with unfavorable tumor features may qualify this biomarker for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Fleischmann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Savli H, Szendröi A, Romics I, Nagy B. Gene network and canonical pathway analysis in prostate cancer: a microarray study. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:176-85. [PMID: 18446056 PMCID: PMC2679302 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism playing a role in the development of prostate cancer (PCA) is not well defined. We decided to determine the changes in gene expression in PCA tissues and to compare them to those in non-cancerous samples. Prostate tissue samples were collected by needle biopsy from 21 PCA and 10 benign prostate hyperplasic (BPH) patients. Total RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized, and gene expression levels were determined by microarray method. In the progression to PCA, 738 up-regulated and 515 down-regulated genes were detected in samples. Analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed that 466 network and 423 functions-pathways eligible genes were up-regulated, and 363 network and 342 functions-pathways eligible genes were down-regulated. Up-regulated networks were identified around IL-1beta and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes. The NFKB gene was centered around two up- and down-regulated networks. Up-regulated canonical pathways were assigned and four of them were evaluated in detail: acute phase response, hepatic fibrosis, actin cytoskeleton, and coagulation pathways. Axonal guidance signaling was the most significant down-regulated canonical pathway. Our data provide not only networks between the genes for understanding the biologic properties of PCA but also useful pathway maps for future understanding of disease and the construction of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Savli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Clinical Research Unit, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey.
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21
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Gunia S, Albrecht K, Koch S, Herrmann T, Ecke T, Loy V, Linke J, Siegsmund M, May M. Ki67 staining index and neuroendocrine differentiation aggravate adverse prognostic parameters in prostate cancer and are characterized by negligible inter-observer variability. World J Urol 2008; 26:243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lee SO, Chun JY, Nadiminty N, Lou W, Gao AC. Interleukin-6 undergoes transition from growth inhibitor associated with neuroendocrine differentiation to stimulator accompanied by androgen receptor activation during LNCaP prostate cancer cell progression. Prostate 2007; 67:764-73. [PMID: 17373716 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the modulation of growth and differentiation in many cancers, and is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer. The effects of IL-6 on the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells are puzzling with some groups showing growth stimulation, while others showing growth inhibition. In this study, we investigated the discrepancy of the effects of IL-6 on prostate cancer cells. METHODS Series of lower and higher passages of LNCaP cell sublines were generated by a long-term exposure of LNCaP cells in IL-6-containing culture media. The characteristics of these cell sublines were analyzed and the potential roles of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation and androgen receptor (AR) activation were examined. RESULTS We demonstrated that while short-term treatment of IL-6 inhibits LNCaP cell growth by a paracrine mechanism associated with NE differentiation, long-term treatment of IL-6 promotes LNCaP cell growth by an autocrine mechanism accompanied by an activation of AR signaling. In the lower passages (less than 28 passages) of LNCaP cells treated with IL-6, the cell growth was severely retarded which is associated with NE-like morphology and increased expression of NE markers such as neuronspecific enolase (NSE) and chromgranin A (ChgA), and loss of AR expression. However, in the higher passages (higher than 42 passages) of LNCaP cells treated with IL-6, cells started to express endogenous IL-6. At the same time, NE characteristics were disappeared, AR signaling was activated and cells growth was accelerated. Knocking down the AR activation of the higher passages of LNCaP cells abolished autocrine IL-6-induced growth stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that acquisition of endogenous IL-6 production after prolong exposure of prostate cancer cells to IL-6 may contribute to an autocrine cell growth stimulation. Furthermore, the transition of IL-6 from a paracrine growth inhibitor to an autocrine growth stimulator suggests that IL-6 plays an important role during prostate cancer progression, possibly androgen-independent progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ok Lee
- Departments of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Salido M, Gonzalez JL, Vilches J. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is inhibited by bombesin in etoposide-induced apoptosis in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1292-9. [PMID: 17431107 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine secretory products and their interactions with epithelial prostate cells are currently under investigation in order to understand their significance in the pathogenesis, prognosis, and therapy of prostate carcinoma. These neuropeptides have the potential to disrupt the balance between cell death and cell growth in the tumor. Our research was based on the role of bombesin in modulating the mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi(m)) in cell death induced by etoposide on PC-3 cells. Cells were cultured and stained with 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). At low membrane potentials, JC-1 produces a green fluorescence, and at high membrane potentials, it forms "J aggregates" with red fluorescence. Cells were examined in a confocal microscope. For quantitative analyses, regions of interest were selected. The size, number of pixels, and ratios between fluorescence intensity in the red and green channels in each region of interest were calculated. The loss of Delta psi(m) in etoposide-treated PC-3 cells was prevented by bombesin. The quantitative analysis of JC-1-stained cells revealed a significant decrease in the red (high Delta psi(m)) to green (low Delta psi(m)) ratio in etoposide-treated cells when compared with control cells, which was restored in the presence of bombesin (P < 0.00001). The interaction between treatments and area (P = 0.0002) was highly significant, and confirms that PC-3 cells keep their apoptosis machinery, showing an apoptotic volume decrease in response to etoposide. The protection by bombesin occurs by inhibition of apoptosis and maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. New therapeutic protocols and trials need to be developed to test drugs acting through the neutralization of antiapoptotic intracellular pathways mediated by neuroendocrine hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Salido
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.
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Desai SJ, Ma AH, Tepper CG, Chen HW, Kung HJ. Inappropriate Activation of the Androgen Receptor by Nonsteroids: Involvement of the Src Kinase Pathway and Its Therapeutic Implications. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10449-59. [PMID: 17079466 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate activation of androgen receptor (AR) by nonsteroids is considered a potential mechanism in the emergence of hormone-refractory prostate tumors, but little is known about the properties of these "pseudoactivated" AR. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis closely examining the properties of AR activated by the neuropeptide bombesin that distinguish it from androgen-activated AR. We show that bombesin-activated AR (a) is required for bombesin-induced growth of LNCaP cells, (b) has a transcriptional profile overlapping with, but not identical to, androgen-activated AR, (c) activates prostate-specific antigen by preferentially binding to its proximal promoter, and (d) assembles a distinct coactivator complex. Significantly, we found that Src kinase is critical for bombesin-induced AR-mediated activity and is required for translocation and transactivation of AR. Additionally, we identify c-Myc, a Src target gene, to be activated by bombesin and a potential coactivator of AR-mediated activity specific to bombesin-induced signaling. Because Src kinase is often activated by other nonsteroids, such as other neuropeptides, growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, our findings have general applicability and provide rationale for investigating the efficacy of the Src kinase pathway as a target for the prevention of relapsed prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal J Desai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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25
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Beer TM, Tangen CM, Bland LB, Hussain M, Goldman BH, DeLoughery TG, Crawford ED. The prognostic value of hemoglobin change after initiating androgen-deprivation therapy for newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: A multivariate analysis of Southwest Oncology Group Study 8894. Cancer 2006; 107:489-96. [PMID: 16804926 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to characterize changes in hemoglobin (HGB) levels after the initiation of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with previously untreated, metastatic prostate cancer who were enrolled in a large clinical trial. METHODS The multivariate associations between 3-month change in HGB and baseline characteristics were evaluated with a linear regression model. The associations between 3-month change in HGB level and time-to-event outcomes, including overall survival and progression-free survival, were evaluated by using proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Quartiles of baseline HGB levels were < or =12.0 g/dL, from 12.1 to 13.7 g/dL, from 13.8 to 14.7 g/dL, and >14.7 g/dL. Overall, 3 months after initiating ADT, the mean HGB level declined 0.54 g/dL (standard deviation [SD], 1.68 g/dL); however, the mean HGB level increased by 0.99 g/dL (SD, 1.83 g/dL) in patients who had baseline HGB levels <12 g/dL and decreased 1.04 g/dL (SD, 1.28 g/dL) in patients who had baseline HGB levels > or =12 g/dL. After adjusting for potential confounders, including baseline HGB level, a decline in HGB after 3 months of ADT was associated independently with shorter survival (hazards ratio [HR], 1.10 per 1 g/dL decline; P = .0035) and shorter progression-free survival (HR, 1.08 per 1 g/dL decline; P = .013). An unexpected finding was that the effect of baseline HGB on overall and progression-free survival varied significantly by race. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of men with newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer, a decline in HGB level after 3 months of ADT was associated with shorter survival and progression-free survival after adjusting for disease status and other baseline covariates. Although race alone was not a strong predictor of death or disease progression, the effect of the baseline HGB level on overall and progression-free survival varied significantly by race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Beer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Beer TM, Tangen CM, Bland LB, Thompson IM, Crawford ED. Prognostic value of anemia in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: a multivariate analysis of southwest oncology group study 8894. J Urol 2006; 172:2213-7. [PMID: 15538234 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000147771.92104.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously reported association of anemia with shorter survival in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer may simply reflect extent of disease. The impact of anemia on response to androgen deprivation is not known. We examined the prognostic value of anemia in a multivariate analysis that included disease extent and other tumor and demographic covariates in 957 patients starting hormonal therapy for metastatic prostate cancer as part of Southwest Oncology Group study 8894. MATERIALS AND METHODS The multivariate associations of disease and patient measures with anemia (hemoglobin less than 12 gm/dl) were evaluated with a logistic regression model. The associations between hemoglobin and survival and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using a proportional hazards model, and included indicators for quartiles of hemoglobin and baseline covariates. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) normalization (PSAN, or PSA of 4 ng/ml or less) was evaluated with a logistic model. RESULTS Quartiles of hemoglobin were 10.1 or less, 10.2 to 12.0, 12.1 to 13.4 and greater than 13.4 gm/dl. In a multivariate model anemia was significantly associated (p <0.02) with being black, performance status 2 to 3 (vs 0 to 1), extensive disease and higher PSA. Anemia was inversely associated with prior therapy with curative intent and with Gleason score 6 to 7 (vs 5 or less), and was not associated with age or bone pain. After adjusting for potential confounders, lower hemoglobin was associated with shorter survival and PFS, and lower likelihood of PSAN with hormonal therapy (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer sample, anemia was common and was associated with shorter survival, shorter PFS, and lower likelihood of PSAN with hormonal therapy after adjustment for disease status and other covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Beer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Herzog A, Siler U, Spitzer V, Seifert N, Denelavas A, Hunziker PB, Hunziker W, Goralczyk R, Wertz K. Lycopene reduced gene expression of steroid targets and inflammatory markers in normal rat prostate. FASEB J 2004; 19:272-4. [PMID: 15545302 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1905fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links consumption of lycopene, the red carotenoid of tomato, to reduced prostate cancer risk. We investigated the effect of lycopene in normal prostate tissue to gain insight into the mechanisms, by which lycopene can contribute to primary prostate cancer prevention. We supplemented young rats with 200 ppm lycopene for up to 8 wk, measured the uptake into individual prostate lobes, and analyzed lycopene-induced gene regulations in dorsal and lateral lobes after 8 wk of supplementation. Lycopene accumulated in all four prostate lobes over time, with all-trans lycopene being the predominant isoform. The lateral lobe showed a significantly higher total lycopene content than the other prostate lobes. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that lycopene treatment mildly but significantly reduced gene expression of androgen-metabolizing enzymes and androgen targets. Moreover, local expression of IGF-I was decreased in the lateral lobe. Lycopene also consistently reduced transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulins, and immunoglobulin receptors in the lateral lobe. This indicates that lycopene reduced inflammatory signals in the lateral prostate lobe. In summary, we show for the first time that lycopene reduced local prostatic androgen signaling, IGF-I expression, and basal inflammatory signals in normal prostate tissue. All of these mechanisms can contribute to the epidemiologically observed prostate cancer risk reduction by lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Herzog
- DSM Nutritional Products, Human Nutrition and Health, Carotenoid Section, Basel, Switzerland
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