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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy in Canine Prostatic Samples. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081887. [PMID: 33920045 PMCID: PMC8071022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostatic diseases are important worldwide, being the prostate cancer (PC) the most common tumor in men. Among the factors associated with PC development, the preneoplastic lesions are well-recognized. Preneoplastic lesions are cellular morphological alterations, induced by different factors and present a potential to progression for PC. In this scenario, dogs are considered spontaneous models. Dogs naturally develops prostatic hyperplasia, preneoplastic lesions and PC. Among the preneoplastic lesions, the proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) develops spontaneously in dogs. PIA is an epithelial lesion induced by prostatic chronic inflammation, leading to a proliferative atrophy of the prostate gland. Thus, this study aimed to perform a full PIA morphological, phenotypical and molecular characterization in dogs. After reviewing the archives of the veterinary pathology service, it was identified 171 dogs containing PIA in the prostate gland, and among the PC cases (N = 84), it was identified PIA lesions surrounding 60.7% of PC cases. Besides that, we identified loss of genes related to the maintenance of prostatic tissue and can predispose to malignant transformation. Moreover, mutations in androgen receptor gene were identified, demonstration alteration in DNA in PIA. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that PIA can be considered a preneoplastic lesion in canine prostate. Abstract Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) is an atrophic lesion of the prostate gland that occurs in men and dogs and is associated with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed canine prostatic samples from intact dogs, identifying 50 normal prostates, 140 cases of prostatic hyperplasia, 171 cases of PIA, 84 with prostate cancer (PC), 14 with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 10 with bacterial prostatitis. PIA samples were then selected and classified according to the human classification. The presence of PIA lesions surrounding neoplastic areas was then evaluated to establish a morphological transition from normal to preneoplastic and neoplastic tissue. In addition, the expression of PTEN, P53, MDM2 and nuclear androgen receptor (AR) were analyzed in 20 normal samples and 20 PIA lesions by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. All PIA lesions showed variable degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration around the glands and simple atrophy was the most common histopathological feature. PIA was identified between normal glands and PC in 51 (61%) out of the 84 PC samples. PIA lesions were diffusely positive for molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWC). Decreased PTEN and AR gene and protein expression was found in PIA compared to normal samples. Overall, our results strongly suggest that PIA is a frequent lesion associated with PC. Additionally, this finding corroborates the hypothesis that in dogs, as is the case in humans, PIA is a pre neoplastic lesion that has the potential to progress into PC, indicating an alternative mechanism of prostate cancer development in dogs.
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Kobayashi PE, Rivera Calderón LG, Felisbino SL, Rinaldi JDC, Drigo SA, Rogatto SR, Laufer-Amorim R. Immunohistochemical panel to characterize canine prostate carcinomas according to aberrant p63 expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199173. [PMID: 29894516 PMCID: PMC5997330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An unusual variant of prostate adenocarcinoma (PC) expressing nuclear p63 in secretory cells instead of the typical basal expression has been reported in men. Nevertheless, the biological behavior and clinical significance of this phenomenon is unknown. In dogs, this unusual PC subtype has not been described. In this study, p63 immunoexpression was investigated in 90 canine PCs and 20 normal prostate tissues (NT). The p63 expression pattern in luminal or basal cells was confirmed in a selected group of 26 PCs and 20 NT by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blotting assays. Eleven canine PC samples aberrantly expressing p63 (p63+) in secretory cells were compared with 15 p63 negative (p63-) cases in the context of several molecular markers (high molecular weight cytokeratin-HMWC, CK8/18, CK5, AR, PSA, chromogranin, NKX3.1, PTEN, AKT and C-MYC). P63+ samples were positive for CK5, HMWC and CK8/18 and negative for PSA, NKX3.1, PTEN and chromogranin. Five p63+ PCs were negative for AR, and the remaining six samples had low AR expression. In contrast, p63- PC showed AR and PSA positive expression in all 15 samples. Only five p63- PCs were positive for CK5. Both p63+ and p63- PC samples showed higher cytoplasmic AKT expression and nuclear C-MYC staining in comparison with normal tissues. Metastatic (N = 12) and non-metastatic (N = 14) PCs showed similar immunoexpression for all markers tested. In contrast to human PC, canine PC aberrantly expressing p63 showed higher expression levels of HMWC and CK5 and lower levels of NKX3.1. Canine p63+ PC is a very rare PC group showing a distinct phenotype compared to typical canine PC, including AR and PSA negative expression. Although in a limited number of cases, p63 expression was not associated with metastasis in canine PC, and cytoplasmic p63 expression was observed in animals with shorter survival time, similar to human PC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Emiko Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Gabriel Rivera Calderón
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luis Felisbino
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Aparecida Drigo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital and Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denamark
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Ishii K, Takahashi S, Sugimura Y, Watanabe M. Role of Stromal Paracrine Signals in Proliferative Diseases of the Aging Human Prostate. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7040068. [PMID: 29614830 PMCID: PMC5920442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are essential for the development, differentiation, growth, and function of the prostate through epithelial–stromal interactions. However, androgen concentrations in the hypertrophic human prostate decrease significantly with age, suggesting an inverse correlation between androgen levels and proliferative diseases of the aging prostate. In elderly males, age- and/or androgen-related stromal remodeling is spontaneously induced, i.e., increased fibroblast and myofibroblast numbers, but decreased smooth muscle cell numbers in the prostatic stroma. These fibroblasts produce not only growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, but also microRNAs as stromal paracrine signals that stimulate prostate epithelial cell proliferation. Surgical or chemical castration is the standard systemic therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy induces temporary remission, but the majority of patients eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is associated with a high mortality rate. Androgen deprivation therapy-induced stromal remodeling may be involved in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the tumor microenvironment, activated fibroblasts stimulating prostate cancer cell proliferation are called carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. In this review, we summarize the role of stromal paracrine signals in proliferative diseases of the aging human prostate and discuss the potential clinical applications of carcinoma-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal microRNAs as promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Sanai Takahashi
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
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Shafiee R, Shariat A, Khalili S, Malayeri HZ, Mokarizadeh A, Anissian A, Ahmadi MRH, Hosseini E, Naderafif M, Mohsenzadeh S, Rasoulian MH, Rezapour R, Pourzaer M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Diagnostic investigations of canine prostatitis incidence together with benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate malignancies, and biochemical recurrence in high-risk prostate cancer as a model for human study. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2437-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Kato M, Ishii K, Iwamoto Y, Sasaki T, Kanda H, Yamada Y, Arima K, Shiraishi T, Sugimura Y. Activation of FGF2-FGFR signaling in the castrated mouse prostate stimulates the proliferation of basal epithelial cells. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:81. [PMID: 23946540 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate gland is unique in that it undergoes rapid regression following castration but regenerates completely once androgens are replaced. Residual ductal components play an important role in the regeneration of a fully functional prostate. In this study, to examine how androgen status affects prostate structure and components, we conducted histopathological studies of the involuted and regenerated mouse dorsolateral prostate (DLP). In the castrated mouse DLP, the number of luminal epithelial cells decreased in a time-dependent manner. On Day 14 postandrogen replacement, the number of luminal epithelial cells was completely restored to the baseline level. In contrast, the number of basal epithelial cells gradually increased in the castrated mouse prostate. The Ki67-labeling index of prostate basal epithelial cells was significantly increased after castration. The number of basal epithelial cells decreased to baseline after androgen replacement. After castration, mRNA expression levels of specific growth factors, such as Fgf2, Fgf7, Hgf, Tgfa, and Tgfb, were relatively abundant in whole mouse DLPs. In organ culture experiments, basal epithelial proliferation was recapitulated in the absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The proliferation of basal epithelial cells in the absence of DHT was suppressed by treatment with an FGF receptor inhibitor (PD173074). Moreover, FGF2 treatment directly stimulated the proliferation of basal epithelial cells. Taken together, these data indicated that the FGF2-FGF receptor signal cascade in the prostate gland may be one of the pathways stimulating the proliferation of basal epithelial cells in the absence of androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kato
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Rodrigues MMP, de Moura VMBD, Rogatto SR, Laufer-Amorim R. Alterations of C-MYC, NKX3.1, and E-cadherin expression in canine prostate carcinogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1250-6. [PMID: 24030851 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The dog (canis lupus familiaris) is the only other species besides humans that develop spontaneous prostatic carcinomas (PCa) at a high frequency. The canine model is primarily utilized for the study of the PCa molecular mechanisms and provides a natural animal model for the study of potential therapies. In humans, the PCa frequently exhibits mutations in the C-MYC and a reduced expression of the E-cadherin and NKX3.1 proteins. This study's objective was to evaluate the NKX3.1, C-MYC, and E-cadherin expression in the canine normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and PCa and to verify differences in expression and subcellular localization of these proteins in the prostatic carcinogenesis. A tissue microarray (TMA) slide was constructed, and immunohistochemistry with antibodies raised against C-MYC, NKX3.1, E-cadherin and p63 was performed using the peroxidase and DAB methods. The C-MYC protein expression was elevated in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the canine PCa and PIA compared with the normal prostate (P = 0.004. The NKX3.1 protein expression was reduced in 94.75% of the PCa and 100% of the PIA compared with the normal prostate (P = 0.0022). In fact, the expression of E-cadherin trended towards a decrease in carcinomas when compared to normal prostate and PIA. By immunohistochemistry, more p63-positive basal cells were observed in the PCa and PIA when compared with the normal prostate (P = 0.0002). This study has demonstrated that the carcinogenesis of canine prostatic tissue may be related to basal cell proliferation, the gain of C-MYC function and the loss of NKX3.1 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Thudi NK, Shu ST, Martin CK, Lanigan LG, Nadella MV, Van Bokhoven A, Werbeck JL, Simmons JK, Murahari S, Kisseberth WC, Breen M, Williams C, Chen CS, McCauley LK, Keller ET, Rosol TJ. Development of a brain metastatic canine prostate cancer cell line. Prostate 2011; 71:1251-63. [PMID: 21321976 PMCID: PMC3139788 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer in men has a high mortality and morbidity due to metastatic disease. The pathobiology of prostate cancer metastasis is not well understood and cell lines and animal models that recapitulate the complex nature of the disease are needed. Therefore, the goal of the study was to establish and characterize a new prostate cancer line derived from a dog with spontaneous prostate cancer. METHODS A new cell line (Leo) was derived from a dog with spontaneous prostate cancer. Immunohistochemistry and PCR were used to characterize the primary prostate cancer and xenografts in nude mice. Subcutaneous tumor growth and metastases in nude mice were evaluated by bioluminescent imaging, radiography and histopathology. In vitro chemosensitivity of Leo cells to therapeutic agents was measured. RESULTS Leo cells expressed the secretory epithelial cytokeratins (CK)8, 18, and ductal cell marker, CK7. The cell line grew in vitro (over 75 passages) and was tumorigenic in the subcutis of nude mice. Following intracardiac injection, Leo cells metastasized to the brain, spinal cord, bone, and adrenal gland. The incidence of metastases was greatest to the central nervous system (80%) with a lower incidence to bone (20%) and the adrenal glands (16%). In vitro chemosensitivity assays demonstrated that Leo cells were sensitive to Velcade and an HDAC-42 inhibitor with IC(50) concentrations of 1.9 nm and 0.95 µm, respectively. CONCLUSION The new prostate cancer cell line (Leo) will be a valuable model to investigate the mechanisms of the brain and bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda K. Thudi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, 35233
| | - Sherry T. Shu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Chelsea K. Martin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Lisa G. Lanigan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Murali V.P. Nadella
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Adrie Van Bokhoven
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jillian L. Werbeck
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Jessica K. Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Sridhar Murahari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Matthew Breen
- Dept. of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27606
| | - Christina Williams
- Dept. of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27606
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Evan T. Keller
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Alves CF, Faleiro M, Amorim RL, De Moura V. Avaliação histológica da próstata de cães adultos sexualmente intactos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se histologicamente a próstata de 30 cães adultos e idosos sexualmente intactos que apresentavam ou não sintomatologia clínica de doença prostática, e verificou-se a incidência de possíveis alterações da glândula. Dentre as alterações encontradas, a hiperplasia prostática benigna constituiu o diagnóstico mais comum, 85,6% (n=24), seguida por prostatite crônica, 64,3% (n=18), displasia do epitélio glandular, 42,8% (n=12), atrofia do epitélio glandular, 39,3% (n=11), infiltrado inflamatório focal, 25% (n=7), dilatação glandular focal, 21,4% (n=6), prostatite aguda, 7,1% (n=2), metaplasia escamosa, 3,6%, (n=1), metástase de neoplasia sistêmica, 3,6% (n=1) e abscesso prostático, 3,6% (n=1). Como em muitos casos os cães são assintomáticos, ressalta-se a importância da realização rotineira de exames clínicos específicos, como o toque retal e a ultrassonografia, para o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento das afecções prostáticas.
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Matsuzaki P, Cogliati B, Sanches DS, Chaible LM, Kimura KC, Silva TC, Real-Lima MA, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, Laufer-Amorim R, Dagli MLZ. Immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Comp Pathol 2009; 142:84-8. [PMID: 19643431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of prostate cancer is believed to be a multistep process, progressing sequentially from normal epithelium, to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and, finally, to invasive neoplasia. Malignant stem cells within the basal cell layer of the prostatic epithelium are believed to play an important role in the failure of androgen-ablation therapy that occurs in the most advanced form of prostate cancer. The aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically characterize the lesions of canine PIN. Prostatic tissue from five dogs with PIN was compared with normal prostate tissue from nine further dogs. There was an increase in the number of basal epithelial cells in lesions consistent with PIN as defined by expression of the nuclear protein p63. These lesions had elevated expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and heterogeneous labelling for the nuclear androgen receptor (AR). These findings suggest that the basal cells present in PIN may play a role in canine prostate carcinogenesis and that the proliferation of these cells occurs despite the heterogeneous expression of the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, Brazil
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Festuccia C, Angelucci A, Gravina GL, Muzi P, Vicentini C, Bologna M. Effects of 5 alpha reductase inhibitors on androgen-dependent human prostatic carcinoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:243-54. [PMID: 15650886 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of MK906, a selective 5 alpha reductase (5alphaR) type 2 (5alphaR2) inhibitor, and of MK386, a specific 5alphaR1 inhibitor, on the cellular proliferation of androgen-dependent human prostatic cancer (PCa) cells in cultures of cells derived from bioptic and surgical tissues. METHODS In this study we tested the effects of MK906 and MK386 in 30 cultures derived from PCa, 6 from PIN and 10 from benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens. RESULTS Prostate primary cultures under short-term conditions (with <4 subcultures) represent a mixture of epithelial and stromal cells. Epithelial cells require testosterone (T) for optimal growth, but were not able to grow in the presence of T under long-term conditions even if DHT was able to induce cellular proliferation to a similar extent in both conditions, suggesting that 5alphaR can be lost in long-term cultures. Therefore, our studies were performed under short-term conditions. Both 5alphaR inhibitors decreased cell proliferation significantly and dose-dependently in all the samples tested. MK906 was more efficient than MK386 in 7 out of 10 cultures derived from BPH tissues, in 4 out of 6 cultures derived from PIN and in 18 out of 30 cultures derived from PCa. In 3 out of 10 BPH, in 2 out of 6 PIN and in 5 out of 30 PCa-derived cultures, both inhibitors presented similar efficacy, whereas in 1 out of 10 BPH and 7 out of 30 PCa-derived cultures MK386 was more efficient than MK906. In addition, MK386 was more efficient than MK906 in 4 out of 15 non-metastatic PCa and 2 out of 7 metastatic PCa-derived cultures. CONCLUSIONS Considering that 5alphaR1 (responsible primarily for androgenic catabolism) is mostly expressed in epithelial cells and that 5alphaR2 (responsible for local DHT synthesis and release) is expressed in the stromal cells (which provides several paracrine growth factors and DHT itself to the epithelial cells), our experiments suggest that the inhibition of both 5alphaR1 and 5alphaR2 by MK386 and MK906, respectively, may have therapeutic potential in order to reduce the growth and progression of human prostatic cancers, through the inhibition of autocrine or paracrine mechanisms involving the stromal cell compartment. In addition, some effects of 5alphaR inhibitors could be mediated by estrogens, which are synthesized by the aromatase enzyme present in the epithelial cells. These aspects could be considered in order to improve the therapeutical management of PCa and for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Festuccia
- Prostate Biology Laboratory Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila Science and Technology School, Via Vetoio Coppito 2, 67100 l'Aquila, Italy.
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Grieco V, Patton V, Romussi S, Finazzi M. Cytokeratin and vimentin expression in normal and neoplastic canine prostate. J Comp Pathol 2003; 129:78-84. [PMID: 12859911 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(03)00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament expression in the canine prostate, unlike that in human prostate, is represented in the literature by only a few reports. In this study, the expression of cytokeratin (CK) and vimentin was examined in three normal canine prostates and 11 canine prostatic carcinomas. Monoclonal antibodies directed against vimentin, CK AE1/AE3, CK 18-8 (for luminal epithelial cells), CK 5, CK clone 8.12 and CK 14 (for basal cells) were employed. As in man, normal canine prostatic luminal cells were positive for CK 8-18. Basal cells were positive for CK 5 and CK clone 8.12 but, in contrast to findings in man, were negative for CK 14. Luminal cells were vimentin-negative, whereas in man they have been reported as vimentin-positive. The majority of carcinomas showed an undifferentiated histological pattern and all were positive for CK AE1/AE3 and for vimentin. Ten tumours were positive for CK 8-12, but six of them showed many cells co-expressing CK 14. Moreover, in two of these six cases a large number of neoplastic cells also reacted with CK clone 8.12 antibody, and in one of them co-expression of CK 5 was detectable. This co-expression, of luminal and basal cytokeratins, suggests a possible origin of the tumours from prostatic epithelial stem cells. Vimentin expression is an inconstant finding in human prostatic carcinomas; its almost uniform occurrence in canine carcinomas suggests a lesser degree of differentiation than in the human neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Grieco
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica e Patologia Aviare, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Teske E, Naan EC, van Dijk EM, Van Garderen E, Schalken JA. Canine prostate carcinoma: epidemiological evidence of an increased risk in castrated dogs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 197:251-5. [PMID: 12431819 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present retrospective study investigated the frequency of prostate carcinoma (PCA) among prostate abnormalities in dogs and determined whether castration influences the incidence of PCA in dogs. During the years 1993-1998, 15,363 male dogs were admitted to the Utrecht University Clinic of Companion Animals, and of these dogs 225 were diagnosed with prostatic disease. In addition, another 206 male dogs were diagnosed as having prostatic disease based on cytologic examination of aspiration biopsies submitted by referring veterinarians. Benign prostatic hyperplasia was diagnosed in 246 dogs (57.1%), prostatitis in 83 dogs (19.3%), and PCA in 56 dogs (13%). Dogs with PCA were significantly older (mean age=9.9 years) than dogs with other prostatic diseases (mean age=8.4 years). The Bouvier des Flandres breed had an increased risk (odds ratio (OR)=8.44; 95% CI 4.38-16.1) of having PCA. Castration (26/56) increased the risk (OR=4.34; 95% CI 2.48-7.62) of PCA. The mean age at diagnosis of PCA in castrated dogs and in intact male dogs was not significantly different. The interval between castration and onset of prostatic problems was highly variable, suggesting that castration does not initiate the development of PCA in the dog, but it does favour tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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