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Lacerenza S, Ciregia F, Giusti L, Bonotti A, Greco V, Giannaccini G, D'Antongiovanni V, Fallahi P, Pieroni L, Cristaudo A, Lucacchini A, Mazzoni MR, Foddis R. Putative Biomarkers for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Suggested by Proteomic Analysis of Cell Secretome. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 17:225-236. [PMID: 32345664 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) a rare neoplasm linked to asbestos exposure is characterized by a poor prognosis. Soluble mesothelin is currently considered the most specific diagnostic biomarker. The aim of the study was to identify novel biomarkers by proteomic analysis of two MPM cell lines secretome. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protein patterns of MPM cells secretome were examined and compared to a non-malignant mesothelial cell line using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Serum levels of candidate biomarkers were determined in MPM patients and control subjects. RESULTS Two up-regulated proteins involved in cancer biology, prosaposin and quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1, were considered candidate biomarkers. Serum levels of both proteins were significantly higher in MPM patients than control subjects. Combining the data of each receiver-operating characteristic analysis predicted a good diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSION A panel of the putative biomarkers represents a promising tool for MPM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Ciregia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Rheumatology, GIGA Research, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bonotti
- Department of Translational Research and New Medical and Surgical Technologies, Occupational Medicine Unit, University-Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and New Medical and Surgical Technologies, Occupational Medicine Unit, University-Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Department of Translational Research and New Medical and Surgical Technologies, Occupational Medicine Unit, University-Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Rudy Foddis
- Department of Translational Research and New Medical and Surgical Technologies, Occupational Medicine Unit, University-Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Rashidi B, Malekzadeh M, Goodarzi M, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Green tea and its anti-angiogenesis effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:949-956. [PMID: 28292023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vasculature (also known as angiogenesis) is required for many physiological processes including embryogenesis and post-natal growth. However, pathological angiogenesis is also a hallmark of cancer and many ischaemic and inflammatory diseases. The pro-angiogenic members of the VEGF family (vascular endothelial growth factor family), VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placental growth factor (PlGF), and the related receptors, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 have a central and decisive role in angiogenesis. Indeed, they are the targets for anti-angiogenic drugs currently approved. Green tea (from the Camellia sinensis plant) is one of the most popular beverages in the world. It is able to inhibit angiogenesis by different mechanisms such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Green tea and its polyphenolic substances (like catechins) show chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic features in various types of cancer and experimental models for human cancers. The tea catechins, including (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have multiple effects on the cellular proteome and signalome. Note that the polyphenolic compounds from green tea are able to change the miRNA expression profile associated with angiogenesis in various cancer types. This review focuses on the ability of the green tea constituents to suppress angiogenesis signaling and it summarizes the mechanisms by which EGCG might inhibit the VEGF family. We also highlighted the miRNAs affected by green tea which are involved in anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Malekzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KULeuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Yamamoto T, Mori T, Sawada M, Matsushima H, Ito F, Akiyama M, Kitawaki J. Loss of AF-6/afadin induces cell invasion, suppresses the formation of glandular structures and might be a predictive marker of resistance to chemotherapy in endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:275. [PMID: 25879875 PMCID: PMC4399104 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background AF-6/afadin plays an important role in the formation of adherence junctions. In breast and colon cancer, loss of AF-6/afadin induces cell migration and cell invasion. We aimed to elucidate the role of AF-6/afadin in human endometrial cancer. Methods Morphology and AF-6/afadin expression in endometrial cancer cell lines was investigated by 3-dimensional culture. We used Matrigel invasion assay to demonstrate AF-6/afadin knockdown induced invasive capability. Cell proliferation assay was performed to estimate chemoresistance to doxorubicin, paclitaxel and cisplatin induced by AF-6/afadin knockdown. The associations between AF-6/afadin expression and clinicopathological status were determined by immunohistochemical analysis in endometrial cancer tissues. Informed consent was obtained from all patients before the study. Results The majority of cell clumps in 3-dimensional cultures of Ishikawa cells that strongly expressed AF-6/afadin showed round gland-like structures. In contrast, the cell clumps in 3-dimensional cultures of HEC1A and AN3CA cells—both weakly expressing AF-6/afadin—showed irregular gland-like structures and disorganized colonies with no gland-like structures, respectively. AF-6/afadin knockdown resulted in reduced number of gland-like structures in 3-dimensional cultures and enhancement of cell invasion and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Src in the highly AF-6/afadin-expressing endometrial cancer cell line. Inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) (U0126) and Src (SU6656) suppressed the AF-6/afadin knockdown-induced invasive capability. AF-6/afadin knockdown induced chemoresistance to doxorubicin, paclitaxel and cisplatin in Ishikawa cells, not in HEC1A. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that AF-6/afadin expression was significantly associated with myometrial invasion and high histological grade. Conclusions AF-6/afadin regulates cell morphology and invasiveness. Invasive capability is partly regulated through the ERK and Src pathway. The inhibitors to these pathways might be molecular-targeted drugs which suppress myometrial invasion in endometrial cancer. AF-6/afadin could be a useful selection marker for fertility-sparing therapy for patients with atypical hyperplasia or grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma with no myometrial invasion. AF-6/afadin knockdown induced chemoresistance especially to cisplatin. Therefore, loss of AF-6/afadin might be a predictive marker of chemoresistance to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Morio Sawada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Matsushima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Fumitake Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Makoto Akiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
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Meyer RC, Giddens MM, Coleman BM, Hall RA. The protective role of prosaposin and its receptors in the nervous system. Brain Res 2014; 1585:1-12. [PMID: 25130661 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (also known as SGP-1) is an intriguing multifunctional protein that plays roles both intracellularly, as a regulator of lysosomal enzyme function, and extracellularly, as a secreted factor with neuroprotective and glioprotective effects. Following secretion, prosaposin can undergo endocytosis via an interaction with the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 1 (LRP1). The ability of secreted prosaposin to promote protective effects in the nervous system is known to involve activation of G proteins, and the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1 have recently been shown to mediate signaling induced by both prosaposin and a fragment of prosaposin known as prosaptide. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of prosaposin, its receptors and their importance in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Michelle M Giddens
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brilee M Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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5
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Koochekpour S, Hu S, Vellasco-Gonzalez C, Bernardo R, Azabdaftari G, Zhu G, Zhau HE, Chung LWK, Vessella RL. Serum prosaposin levels are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:253-69. [PMID: 21630292 PMCID: PMC3406735 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously cloned prosaposin (PSAP) from metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPCa) cells and demonstrated its genomic amplification and/or overexpression in metastatic PCa cell lines, xenografts, and lymph node metastases. The clinicohistopathological significance of serum PSAP levels and its tissue expression and association with predictive or prognostic variable in primary or advanced PCa are not known. METHODS We examined PSAP expression by immunohistochemical staining during early embryogenic development of the prostate and within a large tissue microarray which included 266 benign and malignant prostate tissues. In addition, serum PSAP levels in the age-adjusted normal male population and in 154 normal individuals and patients with primary or mCRPCa were measured by an ELISA assay. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a significant and inverse association between PSAP expression and clinical stages II and III tumors, dominant Gleason patterns 3 and 4, and seminal vesicle invasion. In the normal male population, the lowest serum PSAP level was detected before puberty, peaked at the most reproductive age group (20- to 39-year old), and then, decreased to a range between the two groups for men above 40-year old. Regardless of age and when compared with normal individuals, serum PSAP levels significantly decreased in primary organ-confined PCa, but increased in those with mCRPCa. CONCLUSION Our results show that PSAP has the potential to differentiate between primary and advanced PCa. Additional large-scale studies are needed to define the usefulness of tissue expression or serum PSAP levels as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or as a therapeutic target in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Urology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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Ding Y, Wang X, Xu A, Xu X, Tian K, Young CY, Yuan H. Associations of saposin C, Src, and androgen receptor upregulate the expression and function of androgen receptor in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:818-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hu S, Delorme N, Liu Z, Liu T, Velasco-Gonzalez C, Garai J, Pullikuth A, Koochekpour S. Prosaposin down-modulation decreases metastatic prostate cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:30. [PMID: 20132547 PMCID: PMC2825248 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Factors responsible for invasive and metastatic progression of prostate cancer (PCa) remain largely unknown. Previously, we reported cloning of prosaposin (PSAP) and its genomic amplification and/or overexpression in several androgen-independent metastatic PCa cell lines and lymph node metastases. PSAP is the lysosomal precursor of saposins, which serve as activators for lysosomal hydrolases involved in the degradation of ceramide (Cer) and other sphingolipids. Results Our current data show that, in metastatic PCa cells, stable down-modulation of PSAP by RNA-interference via a lysosomal proteolysis-dependent pathway decreased β1A-integrin expression, its cell-surface clustering, and adhesion to basement membrane proteins; led to disassembly of focal adhesion complex; and decreased phosphorylative activity of focal adhesion kinase and its downstream adaptor molecule, paxillin. Cathepsin D (CathD) expression and proteolytic activity, migration, and invasion were also significantly decreased in PSAP knock-down cells. Transient-transfection studies with β1A integrin- or CathD-siRNA oligos confirmed the cause and effect relationship between PSAP and CathD or PSAP and Cer-β1A integrin, regulating PCa cell migration and invasion. Conclusion Our findings suggest that by a coordinated regulation of Cer levels, CathD and β1A-integrin expression, and attenuation of "inside-out" integrin-signaling pathway, PSAP is involved in PCa invasion and therefore might be used as a molecular target for PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Hu
- Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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8
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GUO F, LUO ZW, LIU ZY, LI YQ, LI HJ, ZHOU TH. Studies of effect of prosaposin on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and its possible molecular mechanism. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:1226-32. [PMID: 20042390 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Guo F, Huang X, Li S, Sun L, Li Y, Li H, Zhou Y, Chu Y, Zhou T. Identification of prosaposin as a novel interaction partner for Rhox5. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:392-9. [PMID: 17560524 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (Psap) has multiple cellular functions. It is involved in the development of the reproductive system, nervous system, and prostate cancer as well as in the regulation of sphingolipid catabolism by activating several lysosomal hydrolases involved in the metabolism of various sphingolipids. In this research, it was found to be a novel interaction partner for Rhox5 using yeast two-hybrid screening. The interaction between Rhox5 and the full-length prosapsoin (the transcript without exon 8) as well as the C-terminal domain of prosaposin, was further confirmed in both yeast two hybrid analysis and in vitro assay. It suggested that the C-terminal domain of prosaposin may be critical for the Rhox5-prosaposin interaction. Given the important roles played by both Rhox5 and prosaposin in maintaining the differentiation of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis, and fertilization, the interaction between Rhox5 and prosaposin might regulate the development of male reproductive organs dynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Koochekpour S, Lee TJ, Sun Y, Hu S, Grabowski GA, Liu Z, Garay J. Prosaposin is an AR-target gene and its neurotrophic domain upregulates AR expression and activity in prostate stromal cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2272-85. [PMID: 18481277 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have introduced prosaposin (PSAP) as a pleiotrophic growth factor for prostate cancer (PCa). We have previously reported that PSAP or one of its known active molecular derivatives, saposin C functions as an androgen-agonist and androgen-regulated gene (ARG) for androgen-sensitive (AS) PCa cell lines. Due to the potential significance of androgen receptor (AR)-expressing stroma in PCa, we evaluated a possible bi-directional paracrine regulatory interactions between DHT and PSAP in AR-positive prostate stromal (PrSt) cells. We report that saposin C in a ligand-independent manner increased AR expression, its nuclear content, and tyrosine phosphorylation. DHT treatment of PrSt cells increased PSAP expression. We also demonstrated both serum- and androgen-inducibility of a previously characterized hormone-responsive element (HRE) located in the proximal region of PSAP promoter. In addition, conditioned-media derived from PrSt cells and bone fibroblasts (i.e., MSF) differentially increased PSAP-promoter activity in androgen-independent (AI) PC-3 and AS LNCaP cells. Our data for the first time demonstrate that not only saposin C or PSAP regulates AR expression/activity, but also function as an ARG in PrSt. Ligand-independent activation of AR by PSAP or saposin C in PCa and stromal cells may contribute not only to prostate carcinogenesis at an early stage, but also in AI progression of the disease in an androgen-deprived tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koochekpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Ding Y, Yuan HQ, Kong F, Hu XY, Ren K, Cai J, Wang XL, Young CYF. Ectopic expression of neurotrophic peptide derived from saposin C increases proliferation and upregulates androgen receptor expression and transcriptional activity in human prostate cancer cells. Asian J Androl 2007; 9:601-9. [PMID: 17712477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the effects of the functional domain of saposin C (neurotrophic peptide [NP]) on androgen receptor (AR) expression and transcriptional activity. METHODS We constructed DNA vectors expressing NP or a chimeric peptide of the viral TAT transduction domain and NP (TAT-NP) using gene cloning technology. The effects of ectopic expression of NP or TAT-NP on cell growth were examined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, transient transfection and reporter gene assays were used to determine the effects of NP on AR expression and activation. RESULTS NP stimulated proliferation of androgen responsive LNCaP cells in the absence of androgens. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that ectopic expression of NP resulted in induction of AR gene expression, and that the NP-stimulated expression of AR could be synergistically enhanced in the presence of androgens. Furthermore, reporter gene assay results showed that NP could enhance AR transactivation by increasing androgen-inducible gene reporter activity. CONCLUSION We provided evidence that ectopic expression of saposin C-originated NP could upregulate AR gene expression and activate the AR transcriptional function in an androgen-independent manner in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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12
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Koochekpour S, Lee TJ, Wang R, Sun Y, Delorme N, Hiraiwa M, Grabowski GA, Culig Z, Minokadeh A. Prosaposin is a novel androgen-regulated gene in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:631-41. [PMID: 17171640 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-regulated genes (ARG) are implicated in normal and neoplastic growth of the prostate. Recently, we reported genomic amplification and/or overexpression of a previously known neurotrophic factor, prosaposin, in androgen-independent (AI) or metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) cells and tissues. Prosaposin and/or its known active molecular derivatives (e.g., saposin C) function as a pluripotent growth factor with diverse biological activities that favor malignant phenotypes in PCa cells. In addition, prosaposin or saposin C upregulates androgen receptor (AR) and AR-target genes (i.e., prostate-specific antigen, Probasin) expression and activity in LNCaP cells. Here, we examined prosaposin as an ARG. We report that DHT treatment of LNCaP cells increases prosaposin expression. In addition, we demonstrate androgen-responsiveness of prosaposin promoter and AR occupancy to a hormone-responsive element located in the proximal region of the prosaposin promoter. Our data for the first time identify prosaposin as an ARG. This observation, together with the pleiotropic growth factor activity of prosaposin, might suggest a role for this molecule in AR-dependent progression of prostate cancer at its early or late AI-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koochekpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Koochekpour S, Lee TJ, Wang R, Culig Z, Delorme N, Caffey S, Marrero L, Aguirre J. Prosaposin upregulates AR and PSA expression and activity in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). Prostate 2007; 67:178-89. [PMID: 17044040 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prosaposin overexpression and/or genomic amplification have been demonstrated in androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. Here, we explored the possibility for a functional relationship between prosaposin and androgen receptor (AR) in LNCaP cells. METHODS The effect of prosaposin or its active molecular derivatives (e.g., saposin C) on expression and activity of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was examined by using immunoblotting, RT-PCR, transfection, and reporter gene assays, immunofluorescence staining, and inhibitors of signal transduction pathways. RESULTS Prosaposin or saposin C, in an AI-manner, (a) increased AR mRNA and protein expression and nuclear AR content and its phosphorylation state; (b) increased PSA mRNA and protein expression; and (c) upregulated PSA- and an androgen-inducible probasin (PB)-reporter gene activity in LNCaP and AR-transfected PC-3 cells. Induction of PSA expression and reporter activity was substantially blocked or prevented with the antiandrogen bicalutamide, pertussis toxin, or inhibitors of MAPK- and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways, indicating an androgen-agonistic effect for saposin C that involves AR and multiple signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The results for the first time introduce prosaposin as an androgen-agonist in prostate cancer cells. This finding, together with the growth-promoting effect and overexpression of prosaposin, may support a growth advantage to AI prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Tang FY, Chiang EPI, Shih CJ. Green tea catechin inhibits ephrin-A1-mediated cell migration and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 18:391-9. [PMID: 17049832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting capillaries, is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. During tumor neovascularization, vascular endothelial growth factor and ephrin (Eph) families emerge as critical mediators of angiogenesis. The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been demonstrated in previous studies to be an effective antiangiogenesis agent. However, the inhibitory effect of green tea catechins on ephrin-A1-mediated tumor angiogenesis has not been demonstrated yet. Thus, in this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of ephrin-A1-mediated cell migration and angiogenesis, as well as the inhibitory effects of EGCG. Here we show that ephrin-A1 mediates endothelial cell migration and regulates vascular remodeling in tumor neovascularization in vitro. We also demonstrated that ephrin-A1-mediated cell migration required the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK-1/2) but not of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. The green tea catechin EGCG inhibited ephrin-A1-mediated endothelial cell migration, as well as tumor angiogenesis, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EGCG inhibited the ephrin-A1-mediated phosphorylation of EphA2 and ERK-1/2. Taken together, these data indicated that activation of ERK-1/2 plays an essential role in ephrin-A1-mediated cell migration. EGCG inhibited ephrin-A1-mediated endothelial migration and angiogenesis. It suggests a novel antiangiogenesis application of EGCG in cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yao Tang
- Biomedical Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, ROC Taiwan.
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Xiao D, Chinnappan D, Pestell R, Albanese C, Weber HC. Bombesin regulates cyclin D1 expression through the early growth response protein Egr-1 in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9934-42. [PMID: 16267018 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in bombesin-induced cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Cyclin D1 is a critical regulator involved in cell cycle progression through the G1 phase into the S phase, thereby contributing to cell proliferation. Mostly, mitogen-stimulated expression of cyclin D1 is attributed to the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Here, we found that bombesin induced human cyclin D1 expression on both mRNA and protein levels in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Mutational analyses showed that bombesin-enhanced cyclin D1 transcription required the binding of nuclear proteins to the -143 to -105 region of the human cyclin D1 promoter, which contains binding sites for transcription factors Sp-1 and early growth response protein (Egr-1). Do novo protein synthesis was requisite for bombesin-induced cyclin D1 expression. Further studies showed Egr-1 was induced upon bombesin stimulation. The induction of Egr-1 expression and its binding to the cyclin D1 promoter were essential for bombesin-enhanced cyclin D1 transcription. Inhibition of MAPK pathway with either the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 or a dominant-negative Ras mutant, RasN17, abolished bombesin-induced cyclin D1 activation. Taken together, bombesin-induced cyclin D1 expression in prostate cancer cells is mediated by Egr-1 activation and the interaction of Egr-1 with the Egr-1/Sp1 motif of the cyclin D1 promoter through the activation of MAPK pathway. These findings represent a novel mechanism of bombesin-dependent stimulation of mitogenesis by regulating directly the cell cycle in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Xiao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2518, USA
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Lauc G, Heffer-Lauc M. Shedding and uptake of gangliosides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1760:584-602. [PMID: 16388904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have very different biosynthetic origin, but they have one thing in common: they are both comprised of a relatively large hydrophilic moiety tethered to a membrane by a relatively small lipid tail. Both gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins can be actively shed from the membrane of one cell and taken up by other cells by insertion of their lipid anchors into the cell membrane. The process of shedding and uptake of gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins has been independently discovered in several disciplines during the last few decades, but these discoveries were largely ignored by people working in other areas of science. By bringing together results from these, sometimes very distant disciplines, in this review, we give an overview of current knowledge about shedding and uptake of gangliosides and GPI-anchored proteins. Tumor cells and some pathogens apparently misuse this process for their own advantage, but its real physiological functions remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Lauc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Osijek School of Medicine, Croatia.
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Hatziapostolou M, Delbe J, Katsoris P, Polytarchou C, Courty J, Papadimitriou E. Heparin affin regulatory peptide is a key player in prostate cancer cell growth and angiogenicity. Prostate 2005; 65:151-8. [PMID: 15924335 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and growth of human prostate cancer is mediated by many tumor cell-derived growth factors. Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP) seems to be involved in the progression of several tumors of diverse origin. In the present study, we sought to determine if HARP is implicated in human prostate cancer. METHODS An antisense strategy for inhibition of HARP expression in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was used to study the role of HARP on cancer cell growth, migration, and angiogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Exogenous human recombinant HARP was mitogenic for LNCaP cells. By decreasing the expression of endogenous HARP, we found that HARP was essential for LNCaP cell migration, as well as anchorage-dependent and independent growth. Endothelial cell functions in vitro and blood vessel formation in vivo induced by LNCaP cells were also inhibited when HARP expression was diminished. CONCLUSIONS HARP seems to act as an important regulator of diverse biological activities in human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hatziapostolou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece
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Koochekpour S, Sartor O, Hiraiwa M, Lee TJ, Rayford W, Remmel N, Sandhoff K, Minokadeh A, Patten DY. Saposin C stimulates growth and invasion, activates p42/44 and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways of MAPK and upregulates uPA/uPAR expression in prostate cancer and stromal cells. Asian J Androl 2005; 7:147-58. [PMID: 15897971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of saposin C (a known trophic domain of prosaposin) on proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as its effect on the expression of urokinase plasmonogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 in normal and malignant prostate cells. In addition, we tested whether saposin C can activate p42/44 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) signal transduction pathways of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. METHODS We employed Western blot analysis, phospho-specific antibodies, cell proliferation assay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, in vitro kinase assays and migration and invasion to determine the effect of saposin C on various biological behaviors of prostate stromal and cancer cells. RESULTS Saposin C, in a cell type-specific manner, upregulates uPA/uPAR and immediate early gene c-Jun expression, stimulates cell proliferation, migration and invasion and activates p42/44 and SAPK/JNK MAPK pathways in prostate stromal and cancer cells. Normal prostate epithelial cells were not responsive to saposin C treatment in the above studies. CONCLUSION Saposin C functions as a multipotential modulator of diverse biological activities in prostate cancer and stromal cells. These results strongly suggest that saposin C functions as a potent growth factor for prostatic cells and may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis and/or the development of hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar Street, CSRB 4-17, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Koochekpour S, Zhuang YJ, Beroukhim R, Hsieh CL, Hofer MD, Zhau HE, Hiraiwa M, Pattan DY, Ware JL, Luftig RB, Sandhoff K, Sawyers CL, Pienta KJ, Rubin MA, Vessella RL, Sellers WR, Sartor O. Amplification and overexpression of prosaposin in prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:351-64. [PMID: 16080200 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified prosaposin (PSAP) as a secreted protein expressed in androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer cells by cloning/sequencing, after probing a PC-3 cDNA library expressed in the lambdaTriplEx phagemid expression vector with a polyclonal rabbit antibody generated against pooled human seminal plasma. PSAP is a neurotrophic molecule; its deficiency or inactivation has proved to be lethal in man and mice, and in mice, it leads to abnormal development and atrophy of the prostate gland, despite normal testosterone levels. We used Southern hybridization, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and/or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis, and we now report the genomic amplification of PSAP in the metastatic AI prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3, DU-145, MDA-PCa 2b, M-12, and NCI-H660. In addition, by using SNP arrays and a set of 25 punch biopsy samples of human prostate cancer xenografts (LAPC3, LuCaP 23.1, 35, 49, 58, 73, 77, 81, 86.2, 92.1, 93, 96, 105, and 115), lymph nodes, and visceral-organ metastases, we detected amplification of the PSAP locus (10q22.1) in LuCaP 58 and 96 xenografts and two lymph node metastases. In addition, AI metastatic prostate cancer cell lines C4-2B and IA8-ARCaP over-expressed PSAP mRNA without evidence of genomic amplification. Taken together with prior data that demonstrated the growth-, migration-, and invasion-promoting activities, the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways, and the antiapoptotic effect of PSAP (or one of its active domains, saposin C) in prostate cancer cells, our current observation of PSAP amplification or overexpression in prostate cancer suggests, for the first time, a role for this molecule in the process of carcinogenesis or cancer progression in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Saposin C promotes survival and prevents apoptosis via PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2004; 3:31. [PMID: 15548330 PMCID: PMC535542 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-3-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to androgens, growth factors are also implicated in the development and neoplastic growth of the prostate gland. Prosaposin is a potent neurotrophic molecule. Homozygous inactivation of prosaposin in mice has led to the development of a number of abnormalities in the male reproductive system, including atrophy of the prostate gland and inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt in prostate epithelial cells. We have recently reported that prosaposin is expressed at a higher level by androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer cells as compared to androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells or normal prostate epithelial and stromal cells. In addition, we have demonstrated that a synthetic peptide (prosaptide TX14A), derived from the trophic sequence of the saposin C domain of prosaposin, stimulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion and activated the MAPK signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. The biological significances of saposin C and prosaposin in prostate cancer are not known. RESULTS Here, we report that saposin C, in a cell type-specific and dose-dependent manner, acts as a survival factor, activates the Akt-signaling pathway, down-modulates caspase-3, -7, and -9 expression and/or activity, and decreases the cleaved nuclear substrate of caspase-3 in prostate cancer cells under serum-starvation stress. In addition, prosaptide TX14A, saposin C, or prosaposin decreased the growth-inhibitory effect, caspase-3/7 activity, and apoptotic cell death induced by etoposide. We also discovered that saposin C activates the p42/44 MAP kinase pathway in a pertussis toxin-sensitive and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) /Akt-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells. Our data also show that the anti-apoptotic activity of saposin C is at least partially mediated via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION We postulate that as a mitogenic, survival, and anti-apoptotic factor for prostate cancer cells, saposin C or prosaposin may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis at its early androgen-dependent or metastatic AI state.
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