1
|
Steiner I, Flores-Tellez TDNJ, Mevel R, Ali A, Wang P, Schofield P, Behan C, Forsythe N, Ashton G, Taylor C, Mills IG, Oliveira P, McDade SS, Zaiss DM, Choudhury A, Lacaud G, Baena E. Autocrine activation of MAPK signaling mediates intrinsic tolerance to androgen deprivation in LY6D prostate cancer cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112377. [PMID: 37060563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains an area of unmet clinical need. We recently identified a subpopulation of normal prostate progenitor cells, characterized by an intrinsic resistance to androgen deprivation and expression of LY6D. We here demonstrate that conditional deletion of PTEN in the murine prostate epithelium causes an expansion of transformed LY6D+ progenitor cells without impairing stem cell properties. Transcriptomic analyses of LY6D+ luminal cells identified an autocrine positive feedback loop, based on the secretion of amphiregulin (AREG)-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, increasing cellular fitness and organoid formation. Pharmacological interference with this pathway overcomes the castration-resistant properties of LY6D+ cells with a suppression of organoid formation and loss of LY6D+ cells in vivo. Notably, LY6D+ tumor cells are enriched in high-grade and androgen-resistant prostate cancer, providing clinical evidence for their contribution to advanced disease. Our data indicate that early interference with MAPK inhibitors can prevent progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Steiner
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Teresita Del N J Flores-Tellez
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Renaud Mevel
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Amin Ali
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Pengbo Wang
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Pieta Schofield
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Caron Behan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Nicholas Forsythe
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Garry Ashton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Catherine Taylor
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, M20 4BX Manchester, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 7804 Bergen, Norway
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, M20 4BX Manchester, UK
| | - Simon S McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Department of Immune Medicine, University Regensburg, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, and Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, M20 4BX Manchester, UK; The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, M20 4BX Manchester, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK
| | - Esther Baena
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG Macclesfield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiesehöfer M, Raczinski BBG, Wiesehöfer C, Dankert JT, Czyrnik ED, Spahn M, Kruithof-de Julio M, Wennemuth G. Epiregulin expression and secretion is increased in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1107021. [PMID: 36994208 PMCID: PMC10040687 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn prostate cancer, long-term treatment directed against androgens often leads to the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is more aggressive and not curatively treatable. Androgen deprivation results in elevated epiregulin expression in LNCaP cells which is a ligand of EGFR. This study aims to reveal the expression and regulation of epiregulin in different prostate cancer stages enabling a more specific molecular characterization of different prostate carcinoma types.MethodsFive different prostate carcinoma cell lines were used to characterize the epiregulin expression on the RNA and protein levels. Epiregulin expression and its correlation with different patient conditions were further analyzed using clinical prostate cancer tissue samples. Additionally, the regulation of epiregulin biosynthesis was examined at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and release level.ResultsAn increased epiregulin secretion is detected in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines and prostate cancer tissue samples indicating a correlation of epiregulin expression with tumor recurrence, metastasis and increased grading. Analysis regarding the activity of different transcription factors suggests the involvement of SMAD2/3 in the regulation of epiregulin expression. In addition, miR-19a, -19b, and -20b are involved in post-transcriptional epiregulin regulation. The release of mature epiregulin occurs via proteolytic cleavage by ADAM17, MMP2, and MMP9 which are increased in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.DiscussionThe results demonstrate epiregulin regulation by different mechanism and suggest a potential role as a diagnostic tool to detect molecular alterations in prostate cancer progression. Additionally, although EGFR inhibitors false in prostate cancer, epiregulin could be a therapeutic target for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wiesehöfer
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Spahn
- Department of Urology, Lindenhofspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Translation Organoid Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gunther Wennemuth,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Targeting epiregulin in the treatment-damaged tumor microenvironment restrains therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 2022; 41:4941-4959. [PMID: 36202915 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a milieu enabling cancer cells to develop malignant properties, while concerted interactions between cancer and stromal cells frequently shape an "activated/reprogramed" niche to accelerate pathological progression. Here we report that a soluble factor epiregulin (EREG) is produced by senescent stromal cells, which non-cell-autonomously develop the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) upon DNA damage. Genotoxicity triggers EREG expression by engaging NF-κB and C/EBP, a process supported by elevated chromatin accessibility and increased histone acetylation. Stromal EREG reprograms the expression profile of recipient neoplastic cells in a paracrine manner, causing upregulation of MARCHF4, a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in malignant progression, specifically drug resistance. A combinational strategy that empowers EREG-specific targeting in treatment-damaged TME significantly promotes cancer therapeutic efficacy in preclinical trials, achieving response indices superior to those of solely targeting cancer cells. In clinical oncology, EREG is expressed in tumor stroma and handily measurable in circulating blood of cancer patients post-chemotherapy. This study establishes EREG as both a targetable SASP factor and a new noninvasive biomarker of treatment-damaged TME, thus disclosing its substantial value in translational medicine.
Collapse
|
4
|
Schneider R, Gademann G, Ochel HJ, Neumann K, Jandrig B, Hass P, Walke M, Schostak M, Brunner T, Christoph F. Functional and mutational analysis after radiation and cetuximab treatment on prostate carcinoma cell line DU145. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:137. [PMID: 34321039 PMCID: PMC8317395 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor is often overexpressed in advanced prostate carcinoma. In-vitro-studies in prostate carcinoma cell line DU145 have demonstrated increased sensibility to radiation after cetuximab treatment, but clinical data are not sufficient to date. Methods We analyzed effects of radiation and cetuximab in DU145 and A431 using proliferation, colony-forming-unit- and annexin-V-apoptosis-assays. Changes in protein expression of pEGFR and pERK1/2 after radiation and cetuximab treatment were analyzed. Using NGS we also investigated the impact of cetuximab long-term treatment. Results Cell counts in DU145 were reduced by 44% after 4 Gy (p = 0.006) and 55% after 4 Gy and cetuximab (p < 0.001). The surviving fraction (SF) was 0.69 after 2 Gy, 0.41 after 4 Gy and 0.15 after 6 Gy (each p < 0.001). Cetuximab treatment did not alter significantly growth reduction in 4 Gy radiated DU145 cells, p > 0.05 or SF, p > 0.05, but minor effects on apoptotic cell fraction in DU145 were detected. Using western blot, there were no detectable pEGFR and pERK1/2 protein signals after cetuximab treatment. No RAS mutation or HER2 amplification was detected, however a TP53 gen-mutation c.820G > T was found. Conclusions Radiation inhibits cell-proliferation and colony-growth and induces apoptosis in DU145. Despite blocking MAP-Kinase-pathway using cetuximab, no significant radiation-sensitizing-effect was detected. Cetuximab treatment did not induce resistance-mutations. Further research must clarify which combination of anti-EGFR treatment strategies can increase radiation-sensitizing-effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raik Schneider
- Department of Radiotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Merck Serono Oncology, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Günther Gademann
- Department of Radiotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Ochel
- Department of Radiotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Dessau-Rosslau, Dessau, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jandrig
- Department of Urology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hass
- Department of Radiotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Walke
- Department of Radiotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schostak
- Department of Urology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Radiotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Christoph
- Department of Urology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Urology City West, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vermillion MS, Ursin RL, Kuok DIT, Vom Steeg LG, Wohlgemuth N, Hall OJ, Fink AL, Sasse E, Nelson A, Ndeh R, McGrath-Morrow S, Mitzner W, Chan MCW, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Production of amphiregulin and recovery from influenza is greater in males than females. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:24. [PMID: 30012205 PMCID: PMC6048771 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amphiregulin (AREG) is an epidermal growth factor that is a significant mediator of tissue repair at mucosal sites, including in the lungs during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Previous research illustrates that males of reproductive ages experience less severe disease and recover faster than females following infection with IAV. Methods Whether males and females differentially produce and utilize AREG for pulmonary repair after IAV infection was investigated using murine models on a C57BL/6 background and primary mouse and human epithelial cell culture systems. Results Following sublethal infection with 2009 H1N1 IAV, adult female mice experienced greater morbidity and pulmonary inflammation during the acute phase of infection as well as worse pulmonary function during the recovery phase of infection than males, despite having similar virus clearance kinetics. As compared with females, AREG expression was greater in the lungs of male mice as well as in primary respiratory epithelial cells derived from mouse and human male donors, in response to H1N1 IAVs. Internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was also greater in respiratory epithelial cells derived from male than female mice. IAV infection of Areg knock-out (Areg−/−) mice eliminated sex differences in IAV pathogenesis, with a more significant role for AREG in infection of male compared to female mice. Deletion of Areg had no effect on virus replication kinetics in either sex. Gonadectomy and treatment of either wild-type or Areg−/− males with testosterone improved the outcome of IAV as compared with their placebo-treated conspecifics. Conclusions Taken together, these data show that elevated levels of testosterone and AREG, either independently or in combination, improve resilience (i.e., repair and recovery of damaged tissue) and contribute to better influenza outcomes in males compared with females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Vermillion
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Denise I T Kuok
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Landon G Vom Steeg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Wohlgemuth
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia J Hall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley L Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Sasse
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roland Ndeh
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharon McGrath-Morrow
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kado Y, Mizohata E, Nagatoishi S, Iijima M, Shinoda K, Miyafusa T, Nakayama T, Yoshizumi T, Sugiyama A, Kawamura T, Lee YH, Matsumura H, Doi H, Fujitani H, Kodama T, Shibasaki Y, Tsumoto K, Inoue T. Epiregulin Recognition Mechanisms by Anti-epiregulin Antibody 9E5: STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION ANALYSES. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2319-30. [PMID: 26627827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiregulin (EPR) is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family that upon binding to its epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulates proliferative signaling, especially in colon cancer cells. Here, we describe the three-dimensional structure of the EPR antibody (the 9E5(Fab) fragment) in the presence and absence of EPR. Among the six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), CDR1-3 in the light chain and CDR2 in the heavy chain predominantly recognize EPR. In particular, CDR3 in the heavy chain dramatically moves with cis-trans isomerization of Pro(103). A molecular dynamics simulation and mutational analyses revealed that Arg(40) in EPR is a key residue for the specific binding of 9E5 IgG. From isothermal titration calorimetry analysis, the dissociation constant was determined to be 6.5 nm. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the dissociation rate of 9E5 IgG is extremely slow. The superimposed structure of 9E5(Fab)·EPR on the known complex structure of EGF·EGFR showed that the 9E5(Fab) paratope overlaps with Domains I and III on the EGFR, which reveals that the 9E5(Fab)·EPR complex could not bind to the EGFR. The 9E5 antibody will also be useful in medicine as a neutralizing antibody specific for colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kado
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, and
| | - Mariko Iijima
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Keiko Shinoda
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, and
| | - Taisuke Nakayama
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuma Yoshizumi
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Young-Hun Lee
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Doi
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujitani
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shibasaki
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, and
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee YH, Iijima M, Kado Y, Mizohata E, Inoue T, Sugiyama A, Doi H, Shibasaki Y, Kodama T. Construction and characterization of functional anti-epiregulin humanized monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:1011-7. [PMID: 24239549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are implicated in several processes essential for cancer progression. Specifically, epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members, including epiregulin (EREG), are important prognostic factors in many epithelial cancers, and treatments targeting these molecules have recently become available. Here, we constructed and expressed humanized anti-EREG antibodies by variable domain resurfacing based on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Fv fragment. However, the initial humanized antibody (HM0) had significantly decreased antigen-binding affinity. Molecular modeling results suggested that framework region (FR) residues latently important to antigen binding included residue 49 of the light chain variable region (VL). Back mutation of the VL49 residue (tyrosine to histidine) generated the humanized version HM1, which completely restored the binding affinity of its murine counterpart. Importantly, only one mutation in the framework may be necessary to recover the binding capability of a humanized antibody. Our data support that HM1 exerts potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Hence, this antibody may have potential for further development as a candidate therapeutic agent and research tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hun Lee
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carrión-Salip D, Panosa C, Menendez JA, Puig T, Oliveras G, Pandiella A, De Llorens R, Massaguer A. Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells circumvent EGFR inhibition by overexpression of alternative HER receptors and ligands. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1128-38. [PMID: 22684500 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway plays a major role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). However, therapies targeting EGFR have demonstrated limited effectiveness in PCa. A potential mechanism to overcome EGFR blockade in cancer cells is the autocrine activation of alternative receptors of the human EGFR (HER) family through the overexpression of the HER receptors and ligands. In the present study, we were interested in analyzing if this intrinsic resistance mechanism might contribute to the inefficacy of EGFR inhibitors in PCa. To this end, we selected two androgen-independent human prostate carcinoma cell lines (DU145 and PC3) and established DU145 erlotinib-resistant cells (DUErR). Cells were treated with three EGFR inhibitors (cetuximab, gefinitib and erlotinib) and the sensitivity to each treatment was assessed. The gene expression of the four EGFR/HER receptors and seven ligands of the HER family was analyzed by real-time PCR prior to and after each treatment. The receptors expression and activation were further characterized by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. EGFR inhibition rapidly induced enhanced gene expression of the EGF, betacellulin and neuregulin-1 ligands along with HER2, HER3 and HER4 receptors in the DU145 cells. In contrast, slight changes were observed in the PC3 cells, which are defective in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene. In the erlotinib-resistant DUErR cells, the expression of HER2 and HER3 was increased at mRNA and protein levels together with neuregulin-1, leading to enhanced HER3 phosphorylation and the activation of the downstream PI3K/Akt survival pathway. HER3 blockage by a monoclonal antibody restored the cytostatic activity of erlotinib in DUErR cells. Our results confirm that the overexpression and autocrine activation of HER3 play a key role in mediating the resistance to EGFR inhibitors in androgen-independent PCa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Carrión-Salip
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona 17071, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kasina S, Scherle PA, Hall CL, Macoska JA. ADAM-mediated amphiregulin shedding and EGFR transactivation. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:799-812. [PMID: 19735466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ectodomain shedding of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, such as amphiregulin (AREG), by ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases) can be stimulated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Interactions between the CXCR4 GPCR and the CXCL12 chemokine have been shown to mediate gene transcription and cellular proliferation in non-transformed and transformed prostate epithelial cells, as well as motility/invasiveness in transformed cells. OBJECTIVES In this report, we investigated the ability of CXCL12 to stimulate amphiregulin ectodomain shedding in non-transformed and transformed prostate epithelial cells that respond proliferatively to sub-nanomolar levels of CXCL12 and amphiregulin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-transformed N15C6 and transformed PC3 prostate epithelial cells were assessed for amphiregulin shedding, ADAM activation, Src phosphorylation and EGFR activation using ELISA, immunoblot, and immunoprecipitation techniques, and for proliferation using cell counting after stimulation with CXCL12 or vehicle. RESULTS The results of these studies identify CXCL12 as a novel inducer of amphiregulin ectodomain shedding and show that both basal and CXCL12-mediated amphiregulin shedding are ADAM10- and Src kinase-dependent in non-transformed N15C6 cells. In contrast, amphiregulin shedding is not amplified subsequent to stimulation with exogenous CXCL12, and is not reduced subsequent to metalloprotease- or Src kinase-inhibition, in highly aggressive PC3 prostate cancer cells. These data also show that CXCL12-mediated cellular proliferation requires EGFR transactivation in a Src- and ADAM-dependent manner in non-transformed prostate epithelial cells. However, these same mechanisms are dysfunctional in highly transformed prostate cancer cells, which secrete amphiregulin in an autocrine manner that cannot be repressed through metalloprotease- or Src kinase inhibition. CONCLUSION These findings show that non-transformed and transformed prostate epithelial cells may employ different mechanisms to activate EGFR ligands and thereby utilize the EGFR axis to promote cellular proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kasina
- Department of Urology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 41809-0944, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
DeHaan A, Wolters N, Keller E, Ignatoski K. EGFR ligand switch in late stage prostate cancer contributes to changes in cell signaling and bone remodeling. Prostate 2009; 69:528-37. [PMID: 19143022 PMCID: PMC2766509 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastasis occurs frequently in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients; however, it is not known why this happens. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand EGF is available to early stage PCa; whereas, TGF-alpha is available when PCa metastasizes. Since the microenvironment of metastases has been shown to play a role in the survival of the tumor, we examined whether the ligands had effects on cell survival and proliferation in early and late PCa. METHODS We used LNCaP cells as a model of early stage, non-metastatic PCa and the isogenic C4-2B cells as a model of late stage, metastatic PCa. RESULTS We found that the proliferation factor MAPK and the survival factor AKT were differentially activated in the presence of different ligands. TGF-alpha induced growth of C4-2B cells and not of the parental LNCaP cells; however, LNCaP cells expressing a constitutively active AKT did proliferate with TGF-alpha. Therefore, AKT appeared to be the TGF-alpha-responsive factor for survival of the late stage PCa cells. LNCaP cells exposed to EGF produced more osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inhibitor of bone remodeling, than C4-2B cells with TGF-alpha, which had increased expression of RANKL, an activator of bone remodeling. In concordance, TGF-alpha-treated C4-2B conditioned medium was able to differentiate an osteoclast precursor line to a greater extent than EGF-treated C4-2B or TGF-alpha-treated LNCaP conditioned media. CONCLUSION The switch in EGFR ligand availability as PCa progresses affects cell survival and contributes to bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - N.M. Wolters
- new address van Andel Research Institute 333 Bostwick Ave. Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | | | - K.M.W. Ignatoski
- Corresponding author: Kathleen M. Woods Ignatoski new address Department of Surgery University of Michigan Health Systems A556 MSRB II 1500 E. Medical Center Dr Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0654 (734) 764-3759
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions involving epiregulin in tuberous sclerosis complex hamartomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3539-44. [PMID: 18292222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712397105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) develop hamartomas containing biallelic inactivating mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2, resulting in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Hamartomas overgrow epithelial and mesenchymal cells in TSC skin. The pathogenetic mechanisms for these changes had not been investigated, and the existence or location of cells with biallelic mutations ("two-hit" cells) was unclear. We compared TSC skin hamartomas (angiofibromas and periungual fibromas) with normal-appearing skin of the same patient, and we observed more proliferation and mTOR activation in hamartoma epidermis. Two-hit cells were not detected in the epidermis. Fibroblast-like cells in the dermis, however, exhibited allelic deletion of TSC2, in both touch preparations of fresh tumor samples and cells grown from TSC skin tumors, suggesting that increased epidermal proliferation and mTOR activation were not caused by second-hit mutations in the keratinocytes but by mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Gene expression arrays, used to identify potential paracrine factors released by mesenchymal cells, revealed more epiregulin mRNA in fibroblast-like angiofibroma and periungual fibroma cells than in fibroblasts from normal-appearing skin of the same patient. Elevation of epiregulin mRNA was confirmed with real-time PCR, and increased amounts of epiregulin protein were demonstrated with immunoprecipitation. Epiregulin stimulated keratinocyte proliferation and phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in vitro. These results suggest that hamartomatous TSC skin tumors are induced by paracrine factors released by two-hit cells in the dermis and that proliferation with mTOR activation of the overlying epidermis is an effect of epiregulin.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Five highly homologous epidermal growth factor receptor ligands were studied by mass spectral analysis, hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange via attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional correlation analysis. These studies were performed to determine the order of events during the exchange process, the extent of H/D exchange, and associated kinetics of exchange for a comparative analysis of these ligands. Furthermore, the secondary structure composition of amphiregulin (AR) and heparin-binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) was determined. All ligands were found to have similar contributions of 3(10)-helix and random coil with varying contributions of beta-sheets and beta-turns. The extent of exchange was 40%, 65%, 55%, 65%, and 98% for EGF, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), AR, HB-EGF, and epiregulin (ER), respectively. The rate constants were determined and classified as fast, intermediate, and slow: for EGF the 0.20 min(-1) (Tyr), 0.09 min(-1) (Arg, beta-turns), and 1.88 x 10(-3) min(-1) (beta-sheets and 3(10)-helix); and for TGF-alpha 0.91 min(-1) (Tyr), 0.27 min(-1) (Arg, beta-turns), and 1.41 x 10(-4) min(-1) (beta-sheets). The time constants for AR 0.47 min(-1) (Tyr), 0.04 min(-1) (Arg), and 1.00 x 10(-4) min(-1) (buried 3(10)-helix, beta-turns, and beta-sheets); for HB-EGF 0.89 min(-1) (Tyr), 0.14 min(-1) (Arg and 3(10)-helix), and 1.00 x 10(-3) min(-1) (buried 3(10)-helix, beta-sheets, and beta-turns); and for epiregulin 0.16 min(-1) (Tyr), 0.03 min(-1) (Arg), and 1.00 x 10(-4) min(-1) (3(10)-helix and beta-sheets). These results provide essential information toward understanding secondary structure, H/D exchange kinetics, and solvation of these epidermal growth factor receptor ligands in their unbound state.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hammarsten P, Rudolfsson SH, Henriksson R, Wikström P, Bergh A. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor enhances castration-induced prostate involution and reduces testosterone-stimulated prostate growth in adult rats. Prostate 2007; 67:573-81. [PMID: 17252557 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediates regulatory signals in the normal prostate, but the functional importance of this is unclear. METHODS Adult male rats were castrated, or castrated + treated with gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839), an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for 3 days. Seven-day castrated rats were treated with testosterone, or testosterone + gefitinib, for 3 days. RESULTS Both castration alone and testosterone treatment in castrated animals increased the mRNA and protein levels of EGFR and phospho-EGFR in the ventral prostate. Inhibition of EGFR during castration and during testosterone-stimulated prostate growth resulted in a decrease in total epithelial weight, epithelial cell proliferation, endothelial cell proliferation, and increased epithelial cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that increased EGFR signaling during castration mediates stimulatory effects balancing castration-induced prostate regression, and that EGFR signaling is a necessary component in testosterone-stimulated prostate growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shah RB, Ghosh D, Elder JT. Epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) expression in prostate cancer progression: correlation with androgen independence. Prostate 2006; 66:1437-44. [PMID: 16741920 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) in the progression of prostate cancer is incompletely understood. METHODS Tissue microarrays from hormone-naive and advanced androgen-independent tumors were used to investigate the role of ErbB1 in prostate cancer progression. RESULTS ErbB1 expression in tumor tissues was strongly associated with hormone-refractory status (odds ratio = 6.67, 95% CI = (2.6, 17.4), P = 0.0001). However, ErbB1 overexpression was not a statistically significant covariate in a multivariate proportional hazards model for biochemical failure of hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Moreover, ErbB1 overexpression was not associated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.44), positive margins (P = 0.53), seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.69), extraprostatic extension (P = 0.10), or preoperative PSA (P = 0.18) in the hormone-naïve group. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a model in which ErbB1 expression increases during the development of the androgen-independent state, and suggest that drugs targeted toward ErbB signaling could be of therapeutic relevance in the management of advanced prostatic carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajal B Shah
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0932, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bellezza I, Bracarda S, Caserta C, Minelli A. Targeting of EGFR tyrosine kinase by ZD1839 ("Iressa") in androgen-responsive prostate cancer in vitro. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:114-22. [PMID: 16487738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EGFR, highly expressed in a variety of human malignancies, is correlated with poor tumour differentiation, high tumour growth and metastatic rate. EGF and several other ligands, such as transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin, heparin-binding EGF, and betacellulin, activate Ras/Raf mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathways. Therefore, EGFR can regulate multiple processes, i.e., gene expression, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis, which contribute to the development of malignancy. In this review, we discuss the inhibition of EGFR by the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor Iressa (ZD1839) focusing on its effects in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Sezione di Biochimica Cellulare, Università di Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bavik C, Coleman I, Dean JP, Knudsen B, Plymate S, Nelson PS. The gene expression program of prostate fibroblast senescence modulates neoplastic epithelial cell proliferation through paracrine mechanisms. Cancer Res 2006; 66:794-802. [PMID: 16424011 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The greatest risk factor for developing carcinoma of the prostate is advanced age. Potential molecular and physiologic contributors to the frequency of cancer occurrence in older individuals include the accumulation of somatic mutations through defects in genome maintenance, epigenetic gene silencing, oxidative stress, loss of immune surveillance, telomere dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and alterations in tissue microenvironment. In this context, the process of prostate carcinogenesis can be influenced through interactions between intrinsic cellular alterations and the extrinsic microenvironment and macroenvironment, both of which change substantially as a consequence of aging. In this study, we sought to characterize the molecular alterations that occur during the process of prostate fibroblast senescence to identify factors in the aged tissue microenvironment capable of promoting the proliferation and potentially the neoplastic progression of prostate epithelium. We evaluated three mechanisms leading to cell senescence: oxidative stress, DNA damage, and replicative exhaustion. We identified a consistent program of gene expression that includes a subset of paracrine factors capable of influencing adjacent prostate epithelial growth. Both direct coculture and conditioned medium from senescent prostate fibroblasts stimulated epithelial cell proliferation, 3-fold and 2-fold, respectively. The paracrine-acting proteins fibroblast growth factor 7, hepatocyte growth factor, and amphiregulin (AREG) were elevated in the extracellular environment of senescent prostate fibroblasts. Exogenous AREG alone stimulated prostate epithelial cell growth, and neutralizing antibodies and small interfering RNA targeting AREG attenuated, but did not completely abrogate the growth-promoting effects of senescent fibroblast conditioned medium. These results support the concept that aging-related changes in the prostate microenvironment may contribute to the progression of prostate neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claes Bavik
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|