1
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Shi K, Jiao Y, Yang L, Yuan G, Jia J. New insights into the roles of olfactory receptors in cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1615-1626. [PMID: 38761351 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with seven transmembrane domains that bind to specific exogenous chemical ligands and transduce intracellular signals. They constitute the largest gene family in the human genome. They are expressed in the epithelial cells of the olfactory organs and in the non-olfactory tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, intestines, muscle, testis, placenta, cerebral cortex, and skin. They play important roles in the normal physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent evidence has highlighted a close association between ORs and several metabolic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Furthermore, ORs play an essential role in the development and functional regulation of the cardiovascular system and are implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVDs, including atherosclerosis (AS), heart failure (HF), aneurysms, and hypertension (HTN). This review describes the specific mechanistic roles of ORs in the CVDs, and highlights the future clinical application prospects of ORs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangru Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolissm, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Borbiev T, Kohaar I, Petrovics G. Clinical Biofluid Assays for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:165. [PMID: 38201592 PMCID: PMC10777952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This mini review summarizes the currently available clinical biofluid assays for PCa. The second most prevalent cancer worldwide is PCa. PCa is a heterogeneous disease, with a large percentage of prostate tumors being indolent, and with a relatively slow metastatic potential. However, due to the high case numbers, the absolute number of PCa-related deaths is still high. In fact, it causes the second highest number of cancer deaths in American men. As a first step for the diagnosis of PCa, the PSA test has been widely used. However, it has low specificity, which results in a high number of false positives leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Newer derivatives of the original PSA test, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved 4K (four kallikreins) and the PHI (Prostate Health Index) blood tests, have higher specificities. Tissue-based PCa tests are problematic as biopsies are invasive and have limited accuracy due to prostate tumor heterogeneity. Liquid biopsies offer a minimally or non-invasive choice for the patients, while providing a more representative reflection of the spatial heterogeneity in the prostate. In addition to the abovementioned blood-based tests, urine is a promising source of PCa biomarkers, offering a supplementary avenue for early detection and improved tumor classification. Four urine-based PCa tests are either FDA- or CLIA-approved: PCA3 (PROGENSA), ExoDX Prostate Intelliscore, MiPS, and SelectMDx. We will discuss these urine-based, as well as the blood-based, clinical PCa tests in more detail. We also briefly discuss a few promising biofluid marker candidates (DNA methylation, micro-RNAs) which are not in clinical application. As no single assay is perfect, we envision that a combination of biomarkers, together with imaging, will become the preferred practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talaibek Borbiev
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (T.B.); (I.K.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Indu Kohaar
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (T.B.); (I.K.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (T.B.); (I.K.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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3
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Qian Y, Feng D, Wang J, Wei W, Wei Q, Han P, Yang L. Establishment of cancer-associated fibroblasts-related subtypes and prognostic index for prostate cancer through single-cell and bulk RNA transcriptome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9016. [PMID: 37270661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicate that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. In this study, we identified CAF-related molecular subtypes and prognostic index for PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy through integrating single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data. We completed analyses using software R 3.6.3 and its suitable packages. Through single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing analysis, NDRG2, TSPAN1, PTN, APOE, OR51E2, P4HB, STEAP1 and ABCC4 were used to construct molecular subtypes and CAF-related gene prognostic index (CRGPI). These genes could clearly divide the PCa patients into two subtypes in TCGA database and the BCR risk of subtype 1 was 13.27 times higher than that of subtype 2 with statistical significance. Similar results were observed in MSKCC2010 and GSE46602 cohorts. In addtion, the molucular subtypes were the independent risk factor of PCa patients. We orchestrated CRGPI based on the above genes and divided 430 PCa patients in TCGA database into high- and low- risk groups according to the median value of this score. We found that high-risk group had significant higher risk of BCR than low-risk group (HR: 5.45). For functional analysis, protein secretion was highly enriched in subtype 2 while snare interactions in vesicular transport was highly enriched in subtype 1. In terms of tumor heterogeneity and stemness, subtype 1 showd higher levels of TMB than subtype 2. In addition, subtype 1 had significant higher activated dendritic cell score than subtype 2. Based on eight CAF-related genes, we developed two prognostic subtypes and constructed a gene prognostic index, which could predict the prognosis of PCa patients very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Qian
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang #37, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Li S, Chen X, Chen J, Wu B, Liu J, Guo Y, Li M, Pu X. Multi-omics integration analysis of GPCRs in pan-cancer to uncover inter-omics relationships and potential driver genes. Comput Biol Med 2023; 161:106988. [PMID: 37201441 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest drug target family. Unfortunately, applications of GPCRs in cancer therapy are scarce due to very limited knowledge regarding their correlations with cancers. Multi-omics data enables systematic investigations of GPCRs, yet their effective integration remains a challenge due to the complexity of the data. Here, we adopt two types of integration strategies, multi-staged and meta-dimensional approaches, to fully characterize somatic mutations, somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), DNA methylations, and mRNA expressions of GPCRs in 33 cancers. Results from the multi-staged integration reveal that GPCR mutations cannot well predict expression dysregulation. The correlations between expressions and SCNAs are primarily positive, while correlations of the methylations with expressions and SCNAs are bimodal with negative correlations predominating. Based on these correlations, 32 and 144 potential cancer-related GPCRs driven by aberrant SCNA and methylation are identified, respectively. In addition, the meta-dimensional integration analysis is carried out by using deep learning models, which predict more than one hundred GPCRs as potential oncogenes. When comparing results between the two integration strategies, 165 cancer-related GPCRs are common in both, suggesting that they should be prioritized in future studies. However, 172 GPCRs emerge in only one, indicating that the two integration strategies should be considered concurrently to complement the information missed by the other such that obtain a more comprehensive understanding. Finally, correlation analysis further reveals that GPCRs, in particular for the class A and adhesion receptors, are generally immune-related. In a whole, the work is for the first time to reveal the associations between different omics layers and highlight the necessity of combing the two strategies in identifying cancer-related GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Binjian Wu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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5
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Xu X, Khater M, Wu G. The olfactory receptor OR51E2 activates ERK1/2 through the Golgi-localized Gβγ-PI3Kγ-ARF1 pathway in prostate cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1009380. [PMID: 36313302 PMCID: PMC9606680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1009380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory receptor OR51E2 is ectopically expressed in prostate tissues and regulates prostate cancer progression, but its function and regulation in oncogenic mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) activation are poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that β-ionone, an OR51E2 agonist, dose-dependently activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in prostate cancer cells, with an EC50 value of approximate 20 μM and an efficiency comparable to other receptor agonists. We also find that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of Golgi-translocating Gγ9 subunit, phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) and the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1), as well as pharmacological inhibition of Gβγ, PI3Kγ and Golgi-localized ARF1, each abolishes ERK1/2 activation by β-ionone. We further show that β-ionone significantly promotes ARF1 translocation to the Golgi and activates ARF1 that can be inhibited by Gγ9 and PI3Kγ depletion. Collectively, our data demonstrate that OR51E2 activates ERK1/2 through the Gβγ-PI3Kγ-ARF1 pathway that occurs spatially at the Golgi, and also provide important insights into MAPK hyper-activation in prostate cancer.
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6
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Gómez-Romero L, Alvarez-Suarez DE, Hernández-Lemus E, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Tovar H. The regulatory landscape of retinoblastoma: a pathway analysis perspective. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220031. [PMID: 35620002 PMCID: PMC9114937 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare intraocular tumour in early childhood, with an approximate incidence of 1 in 18 000 live births. Experimental studies for Rb are complex due to the challenges associated with obtaining a normal retina to contrast with diseased tissue. In this work, we reanalyse a dataset that contains normal retina samples. We identified the individual genes whose expression is different in Rb in contrast with normal tissue, determined the pathways whose global expression pattern is more distant from the global expression observed in normal tissue, and finally, we identified which transcription factors regulate the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proposed as transcriptional master regulators (TMRs). The enrichment of DEGs in the phototransduction and retrograde endocannabinoid signalling pathways could be associated with abnormal behaviour of the processes leading to cellular differentiation and cellular proliferation. On the other hand, the TMRs nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma are involved in hepatocyte differentiation. Therefore, the enrichment of aberrant expression in these transcription factors could suggest an abnormal retina development that could be involved in Rb origin and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Romero
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana E. Alvarez-Suarez
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Pharmacology Department, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Center for Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M. Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Tovar
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs), the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, detect odorants in the nose. In addition, ORs were recently shown to be expressed in many nonolfactory tissues and cells, indicating that these receptors have physiological and pathophysiological roles beyond olfaction. Many ORs are expressed by tumor cells and tissues, suggesting that they may be associated with cancer progression or may be cancer biomarkers. This review describes OR expression in various types of cancer and the association of these receptors with various types of signaling mechanisms. In addition, the clinical relevance and significance of the levels of OR expression were evaluated. Namely, levels of OR expression in cancer were analyzed based on RNA-sequencing data reported in the Cancer Genome Atlas; OR expression patterns were visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE); and the associations between patient survival and levels of OR expression were analyzed. These analyses of the relationships between patient survival and expression patterns obtained from an open mRNA database in cancer patients indicate that ORs may be cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Chung
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - ChaeEun Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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8
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Seo J, Choi S, Kim H, Park SH, Lee J. Association between Olfactory Receptors and Skin Physiology. Ann Dermatol 2022; 34:87-94. [PMID: 35450315 PMCID: PMC8989906 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2022.34.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are chemosensory receptors that detect odorants and function in the initial perception of a smell. Intriguingly, olfactory receptors are also expressed in cells other than olfaction sensory cells, an expression pattern termed ectopic expression. Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors have a distinct role depending on the type of tissues or cells in which they are expressed. This review introduces current research on the ectopic expression and function of olfactory receptors in skin and provides insight into directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Seo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Subin Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeyoun Kim
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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Shepard BD. The Sniffing Kidney: Roles for Renal Olfactory Receptors in Health and Disease. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1056-1062. [PMID: 35373087 PMCID: PMC8791376 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000712021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOlfactory receptors (ORs) represent the largest gene family in the human genome. Despite their name, functions exist for these receptors outside of the nose. Among the tissues known to take advantage of OR signaling is the kidney. From mouse to man, the list of renal ORs continues to expand, and they have now been linked to a variety of processes involved in the maintenance of renal homeostasis, including the modulation of blood pressure, response to acidemia, and the development of diabetes. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made on the growing appreciation for renal ORs in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Pronin A, Slepak V. Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors OR51E1 and OR51E2 suppress proliferation and promote cell death in a prostate cancer cell line. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100475. [PMID: 33640452 PMCID: PMC8024707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs), the largest family of G protein–coupled receptors, are expressed in the nasal epithelium where they mediate the sense of smell. However, ORs are also found in other non-nasal tissues, but the role of these ectopic ORs in cell signaling, proliferation, and survival is not well understood. Here, using an inducible expression system in the lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cell line, we investigated two ectopic ORs, OR51E1 and OR51E2, which have been shown to be upregulated in prostate cancer. We found that, consistent with previous studies, OR51E1 stimulated adenylyl cyclase in response to treatment by short-chain to medium-chain organic acids (C3–C9) but not by acetate. OR51E2 responded to acetate and propionate but not to the longer chain organic acids. Stimulation of LNCaP cells with butyrate inhibited their growth, and the knockdown of the endogenous OR51E1 negated this cytostatic effect. Most significantly, overexpression of OR51E1 or OR51E2 suppressed LNCaP cell proliferation. Overexpression of another ectopic OR OR2AT4, β2-adrenergic receptor, or treatment of cells with forskolin did not suppress cell proliferation, indicating that a rise in cAMP is not sufficient to induce cytostasis. Overexpression of OR51E1 caused an upregulation of cytostatic and cell death markers including p27, p21, and p53, strongly increased annexin V staining, and stimulated extracellular signal–regulated protein kinases 1 and 2. Overexpression and/or activation of OR51E1 did not affect human embryonic kidney 293 cell proliferation, indicating that cytotoxicity of OR51E1/OR51E2 is specific for LNCaP cells. Together, our results further our understanding of prostate cancer etiology and suggest that ectopic ORs may be useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Pronin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Vladlen Slepak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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11
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Raka RN, Wu H, Xiao J, Hossen I, Cao Y, Huang M, Jin J. Human ectopic olfactory receptors and their food originated ligands: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5424-5443. [PMID: 33605814 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1885007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic olfactory receptors (EORs) are expressed in non-nasal tissues of human body. They belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. EORs may not be capable of differentiating odorants as nasal olfactory receptors (ORs), but still can be triggered by odorants and are involved in different biological processes such as anti-inflammation, energy metabolism, apoptosis etc. Consumption of strong flavored foods like celery, oranges, onions, and spices, is a good aid to attenuate inflammation and boost our immune system. During the digestion of these foods in human digestive system and the metabolization by gut microbiota, the odorants closely interacting with EORs, may play important roles in various bio-functions like serotonin release, appetite regulation etc., and ultimately impact health and diseases. Thus, EORs could be a potential target linking the ligands from food and their bioactivities. There have been related studies in different research fields of medicine and physiology, but still no systematic food oriented review. Our review portrays that EORs could be a potential target for functional food development. In this review, we summarized the EORs found in human tissues, their impacts on health and disease, ligands interacting with EORs exerting specific biological effects, and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Nowshin Raka
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Xiao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Imam Hossen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Jin
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
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12
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Usman S, Khawer M, Rafique S, Naz Z, Saleem K. The current status of anti-GPCR drugs against different cancers. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:517-521. [PMID: 33425448 PMCID: PMC7775845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as the most potential target for a number of drug discovery programs ranging from control of blood pressure, diabetes, cure for genetic diseases to treatment of cancer. A panel of different ligands including hormones, peptides, ions and small molecules is responsible for activation of these receptors. Molecular genetics has identified key GPCRs, whose mutations or altered expressions are linked with tumorgenicity. In this review, we discussed recent advances regarding the involvement of GPCRs in the development of cancers and approaches to manipulating the mechanism behind GPCRs involved tumor growth and metastasis to treat different types of human cancer. This review provides an insight into the current scenario of GPCR-targeted therapy, progress to date and the challenges in the development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Usman
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khawer
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zara Naz
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Komal Saleem
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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13
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Yan W, Jamal M, Tan SH, Song Y, Young D, Chen Y, Katta S, Ying K, Ravindranath L, Woodle T, Kohaar I, Cullen J, Kagan J, Srivastava S, Dobi A, McLeod DG, Rosner IL, Sesterhenn IA, Srinivasan A, Srivastava S, Petrovics G. Molecular profiling of radical prostatectomy tissue from patients with no sign of progression identifies ERG as the strongest independent predictor of recurrence. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6466-6483. [PMID: 31741711 PMCID: PMC6849651 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a major cause of morbidity and mortality among men, prostate cancer is a heterogenous disease, with a vast heterogeneity in the biology of the disease and in clinical outcome. While it often runs an indolent course, local progression or metastasis may eventually develop, even among patients considered "low risk" at diagnosis. Therefore, biomarkers that can discriminate aggressive from indolent disease at an early stage would greatly benefit patients. We hypothesized that tissue specimens from early stage prostate cancers may harbor predictive signatures for disease progression. METHODS We used a cohort of radical prostatectomy patients with longitudinal follow-up, who had tumors with low grade and stage that revealed no signs of future disease progression at surgery. During the follow-up period, some patients either remained indolent (non-BCR) or progressed to biochemical recurrence (BCR). Total RNA was extracted from tumor, and adjacent normal epithelium of formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens. Differential gene expression in tumors, and in tumor versus normal tissues between BCR and non-BCR patients were analyzed by NanoString using a customized CodeSet of 151 probes. RESULTS After controlling for false discovery rates, we identified a panel of eight genes (ERG, GGT1, HDAC1, KLK2, MYO6, PLA2G7, BICD1 and CACNAID) that distinguished BCR from non-BCR patients. We found a clear association of ERG expression with non-BCR, which was further corroborated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified ERG as the strongest predictor for BCR and showed that potential prognostic prostate cancer biomarkers can be identified from FFPE tumor specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusheng Yan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shyh-Han Tan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yingjie Song
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise Young
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shilpa Katta
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai Ying
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmi Ravindranath
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tarah Woodle
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Indu Kohaar
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Kagan
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert Dobi
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G. McLeod
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inger L. Rosner
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alagarsamy Srinivasan
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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De novo compartment deconvolution and weight estimation of tumor samples using DECODER. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4729. [PMID: 31628300 PMCID: PMC6802116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are mixtures of different compartments. While global gene expression analysis profiles the average expression of all compartments in a sample, identifying the specific contribution of each compartment remains a challenge. With the increasing recognition of the importance of non-neoplastic components, the ability to breakdown the gene expression contribution of each is critical. Here, we develop DECODER, an integrated framework which performs de novo deconvolution and single-sample compartment weight estimation. We use DECODER to deconvolve 33 TCGA tumor RNA-seq data sets and show that it may be applied to other data types including ATAC-seq. We demonstrate that it can be utilized to reproducibly estimate cellular compartment weights in pancreatic cancer that are clinically meaningful. Application of DECODER across cancer types advances the capability of identifying cellular compartments in an unknown sample and may have implications for identifying the tumor of origin for cancers of unknown primary. Separating different cell compartments from bulk gene expression data can be challenging. Here the authors present DECODER, which can perform de novo deconvolutions on non-negative matrices including microarray, RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data sets.
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15
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Activation of PSGR with β-ionone suppresses prostate cancer progression by blocking androgen receptor nuclear translocation. Cancer Lett 2019; 453:193-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Maßberg D, Hatt H. Human Olfactory Receptors: Novel Cellular Functions Outside of the Nose. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1739-1763. [PMID: 29897292 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are not exclusively expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons; they are also observed outside of the olfactory system in all other human tissues tested to date, including the testis, lung, intestine, skin, heart, and blood. Within these tissues, certain ORs have been determined to be exclusively expressed in only one tissue, whereas other ORs are more widely distributed in many different tissues throughout the human body. For most of the ectopically expressed ORs, limited data are available for their functional roles. They have been shown to be involved in the modulation of cell-cell recognition, migration, proliferation, the apoptotic cycle, exocytosis, and pathfinding processes. Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence that they have the potential to serve as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, as ORs are highly expressed in different cancer tissues. Interestingly, in addition to the canonical signaling pathways activated by ORs in olfactory sensory neurons, alternative pathways have been demonstrated in nonolfactory tissues. In this review, the existing data concerning the expression, as well as the physiological and pathophysiological functions, of ORs outside of the nose are highlighted to provide insights into future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Maßberg
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
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17
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Maßberg D, Jovancevic N, Offermann A, Simon A, Baniahmad A, Perner S, Pungsrinont T, Luko K, Philippou S, Ubrig B, Heiland M, Weber L, Altmüller J, Becker C, Gisselmann G, Gelis L, Hatt H. The activation of OR51E1 causes growth suppression of human prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48231-48249. [PMID: 27374083 PMCID: PMC5217014 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of prostate cancer (PCa) is regulated by the androgen-dependent activity of the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is therefore the gold standard treatment to suppress malignant progression of PCa. Nevertheless, due to the development of castration resistance, recurrence of disease after initial response to ADT is a major obstacle to successful treatment. As G-protein coupled receptors play a fundamental role in PCa physiology, they might represent promising alternative or combinatorial targets for advanced diseases. Here, we verified gene expression of the olfactory receptors (ORs) OR51E1 [prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor 2 (PSGR2)] and OR51E2 (PSGR) in human PCa tissue by RNA-Seq analysis and RT-PCR and elucidated the subcellular localization of both receptor proteins in human prostate tissue. The OR51E1 agonist nonanoic acid (NA) leads to the phosphorylation of various protein kinases and growth suppression of the PCa cell line LNCaP. Furthermore, treatment with NA causes reduction of androgen-mediated AR target gene expression. Interestingly, NA induces cellular senescence, which coincides with reduced E2F1 mRNA levels. In contrast, treatment with the structurally related compound 1-nonanol or the OR2AG1 agonist amyl butyrate, neither of which activates OR51E1, did not lead to reduced cell growth or an induction of cellular senescence. However, decanoic acid, another OR51E1 agonist, also induces cellular senescence. Thus, our results suggest the involvement of OR51E1 in growth processes of PCa cells and its impact on AR-mediated signaling. These findings provide novel evidences to support the functional importance of ORs in PCa pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Maßberg
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anne Offermann
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Luebeck and the Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Annika Simon
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Luebeck and the Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Luebeck and Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Katarina Luko
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stathis Philippou
- Institute for Pathology und Cytology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ubrig
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Heiland
- Clinic for Urology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Present address: Global Drug Discovery - Clinical Sciences, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Kim H, Choi SM, Park S. GSEH: A Novel Approach to Select Prostate Cancer-Associated Genes Using Gene Expression Heterogeneity. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:129-146. [PMID: 27775535 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2016.2618927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When a gene shows varying levels of expression among normal people but similar levels in disease patients or shows similar levels of expression among normal people but different levels in disease patients, we can assume that the gene is associated with the disease. By utilizing this gene expression heterogeneity, we can obtain additional information that abets discovery of disease-associated genes. In this study, we used collaborative filtering to calculate the degree of gene expression heterogeneity between classes and then scored the genes on the basis of the degree of gene expression heterogeneity to find "differentially predicted" genes. Through the proposed method, we discovered more prostate cancer-associated genes than 10 comparable methods. The genes prioritized by the proposed method are potentially significant to biological processes of a disease and can provide insight into them.
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19
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Wolf S, Jovancevic N, Gelis L, Pietsch S, Hatt H, Gerwert K. Dynamical Binding Modes Determine Agonistic and Antagonistic Ligand Effects in the Prostate-Specific G-Protein Coupled Receptor (PSGR). Sci Rep 2017; 7:16007. [PMID: 29167480 PMCID: PMC5700038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We analysed the ligand-based activation mechanism of the prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor (PSGR), which is an olfactory receptor that mediates cellular growth in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, it is an olfactory receptor with a known chemically near identic antagonist/agonist pair, α- and β-ionone. Using a combined theoretical and experimental approach, we propose that this receptor is activated by a ligand-induced rearrangement of a protein-internal hydrogen bond network. Surprisingly, this rearrangement is not induced by interaction of the ligand with the network, but by dynamic van der Waals contacts of the ligand with the involved amino acid side chains, altering their conformations and intraprotein connectivity. Ligand recognition in this GPCR is therefore highly stereo selective, but seemingly lacks any ligand recognition via polar contacts. A putative olfactory receptor-based drug design scheme will have to take this unique mode of protein/ligand action into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wolf
- Department of Biophysics, ND 04 North, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Nikolina Jovancevic
- Department of Cellphysiology, ND 4, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cellphysiology, ND 4, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pietsch
- Department of Biophysics, ND 04 North, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cellphysiology, ND 4, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, ND 04 North, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, P.R. China
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20
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Fierro F, Suku E, Alfonso-Prieto M, Giorgetti A, Cichon S, Carloni P. Agonist Binding to Chemosensory Receptors: A Systematic Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:63. [PMID: 28932739 PMCID: PMC5592726 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human G-protein coupled receptors (hGPCRs) constitute a large and highly pharmaceutically relevant membrane receptor superfamily. About half of the hGPCRs' family members are chemosensory receptors, involved in bitter taste and olfaction, along with a variety of other physiological processes. Hence these receptors constitute promising targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Molecular modeling has been so far the most important tool to get insights on agonist binding and receptor activation. Here we investigate both aspects by bioinformatics-based predictions across all bitter taste and odorant receptors for which site-directed mutagenesis data are available. First, we observe that state-of-the-art homology modeling combined with previously used docking procedures turned out to reproduce only a limited fraction of ligand/receptor interactions inferred by experiments. This is most probably caused by the low sequence identity with available structural templates, which limits the accuracy of the protein model and in particular of the side-chains' orientations. Methods which transcend the limited sampling of the conformational space of docking may improve the predictions. As an example corroborating this, we review here multi-scale simulations from our lab and show that, for the three complexes studied so far, they significantly enhance the predictive power of the computational approach. Second, our bioinformatics analysis provides support to previous claims that several residues, including those at positions 1.50, 2.50, and 7.52, are involved in receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fierro
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Eda Suku
- Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life&Brain Center, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule AachenAachen, Germany.,VNU Key Laboratory "Multiscale Simulation of Complex Systems", VNU University of Science, Vietnam National UniversityHanoi, Vietnam
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21
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Wolf S, Gelis L, Dörrich S, Hatt H, Kraft P. Evidence for a shape-based recognition of odorants in vivo in the human nose from an analysis of the molecular mechanism of lily-of-the-valley odorants detection in the Lilial and Bourgeonal family using the C/Si/Ge/Sn switch strategy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182147. [PMID: 28763484 PMCID: PMC5538716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed an analysis of possible mechanisms of ligand recognition in the human nose. The analysis is based on in vivo odor threshold determination and in vitro Ca2+ imaging assays with a C/Si/Ge/Sn switch strategy applied to the compounds Lilial and Bourgeonal, to differentiate between different molecular mechanisms of odorant detection. Our results suggest that odorant detection under threshold conditions is mainly based on the molecular shape, i.e. the van der Waals surface, and electrostatics of the odorants. Furthermore, we show that a single olfactory receptor type is responsible for odor detection of Bourgeonal at the threshold level in humans in vivo. Carrying out a QM analysis of vibrational energies contained in the odorants, there is no evidence for a vibration-based recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wolf
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cellphysiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Steffen Dörrich
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cellphysiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Philip Kraft
- Fragrance Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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22
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Chen Z, Zhao H, Fu N, Chen L. The diversified function and potential therapy of ectopic olfactory receptors in non-olfactory tissues. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2104-2115. [PMID: 28338216 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are mainly distributed in olfactory neurons and play a key role in detecting volatile odorants, eventually resulting in the production of smell perception. Recently, it is also reported that ORs are expressed in non-olfactory tissues including heart, lung, sperm, skin, and cancerous tissues. Interestingly, ectopic ORs are associated with the development of diseases in non-olfactory tissues. For instance, ectopic ORs initiate the hypoxic ventilatory responses and maintain the oxygen homeostasis of breathing in the carotid body when oxygen levels decline. Ectopic ORs induce glucose homeostasis in diabetes. Ectopic ORs regulate systemic blood pressure by increasing renin secretion and vasodilation. Ectopic ORs participate in the process of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and invasiveness. Ectopic ORs accelerate the occurrence of obesity, angiogenesis and wound-healing processes. Ectopic ORs affect fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Finally, we also elaborate some ligands targeting for ORs. Obviously, the diversified function and related signal pathway of ectopic ORs may play a potential therapeutic target in non-olfactory tissues. Thus, this review focuses on the latest research results about the diversified function and therapeutic potential of ectopic ORs in non-olfactory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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23
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Sharma R, Ishimaru Y, Davison I, Ikegami K, Chien MS, You H, Chi Q, Kubota M, Yohda M, Ehlers M, Matsunami H. Olfactory receptor accessory proteins play crucial roles in receptor function and gene choice. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28262096 PMCID: PMC5362263 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) chooses to express a single G protein-coupled olfactory receptor (OR) from a pool of hundreds. Here, we show the receptor transporting protein (RTP) family members play a dual role in both normal OR trafficking and determining OR gene choice probabilities. Rtp1 and Rtp2 double knockout mice (RTP1,2DKO) show OR trafficking defects and decreased OSN activation. Surprisingly, we discovered a small subset of the ORs are expressed in larger numbers of OSNs despite the presence of fewer total OSNs in RTP1,2DKO. Unlike typical ORs, some overrepresented ORs show robust cell surface expression in heterologous cells without the co-expression of RTPs. We present a model in which developing OSNs exhibit unstable OR expression until they choose to express an OR that exits the ER or undergo cell death. Our study sheds light on the new link between OR protein trafficking and OR transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Sharma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Yoshiro Ishimaru
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ian Davison
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Kentaro Ikegami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Shan Chien
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Helena You
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Quiyi Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Momoka Kubota
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Ehlers
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Biogen Inc, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, United States
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24
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Jovancevic N, Dendorfer A, Matzkies M, Kovarova M, Heckmann JC, Osterloh M, Boehm M, Weber L, Nguemo F, Semmler J, Hescheler J, Milting H, Schleicher E, Gelis L, Hatt H. Medium-chain fatty acids modulate myocardial function via a cardiac odorant receptor. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:13. [PMID: 28116519 PMCID: PMC5258789 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the expression of odorant receptors (OR) in various human tissues and their involvement in different physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the functional role of ORs in the human heart is still unclear. Here, we firstly report the functional characterization of an OR in the human heart. Initial next-generation sequencing analysis revealed the OR expression pattern in the adult and fetal human heart and identified the fatty acid-sensing OR51E1 as the most highly expressed OR in both cardiac development stages. An extensive characterization of the OR51E1 ligand profile by luciferase reporter gene activation assay identified 2-ethylhexanoic acid as a receptor antagonist and various structurally related fatty acids as novel OR51E1 ligands, some of which were detected at receptor-activating concentrations in plasma and epicardial adipose tissue. Functional investigation of the endogenous receptor was carried out by Ca2+ imaging of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Application of OR51E1 ligands induced negative chronotropic effects that depended on activation of the OR. OR51E1 activation also provoked a negative inotropic action in cardiac trabeculae and slice preparations of human explanted ventricles. These findings indicate that OR51E1 may play a role as metabolic regulator of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Jovancevic
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - A Dendorfer
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - M Matzkies
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Kovarova
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J C Heckmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Osterloh
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Boehm
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - L Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Semmler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - E Schleicher
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - L Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Gerrin SJ, Sowalsky AG, Balk SP, Ye H. Mutation Profiling Indicates High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia as Distant Precursors of Adjacent Invasive Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. Prostate 2016; 76:1227-36. [PMID: 27272561 PMCID: PMC5507580 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (HGPIN) is the putative precursor lesion to prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa), but the precise relationship between HGPIN and PCa remains unclear. METHODS We performed a molecular case study in which we studied mutation profiles of six tumor-associated HGPIN lesions in a single case of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion positive Gleason score 7 PCa that we had previously mapped for somatic mutations in adjacent Gleason patterns 3 and 4 foci, using microdissection and targeted deep-sequencing. RESULTS A total of 32 tumor-specific mutated sites were successfully amplified and sequenced, including 25 truncal mutations and 7 mutations that were specific to either the Gleason pattern 3 or pattern 4 foci. All six HGPIN foci shared the same tumor-specific TMPRSS2:ERG fusion breakpoint, establishing that they were all clonally related to the adjacent invasive tumor. Among the 32 gene targets mutated in the invasive tumor, only mutation of the OR2AP1 gene, a truncal mutation, was found in a single focus of HGPIN. The remaining gene targets that were successfully sequenced were wild-type in all other HGPIN foci. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of targeted mutation profiling of HGPIN lesions, which will be important to understand PCa tumorigenesis. The results in this case, showing a remarkable absence of truncal mutations in HGPIN lesions bearing the tumor-specific ERG fusion, indicate HGPIN lesions may be relatively stable genetically and argue against a stepwise clonal evolution model of HGPIN to PCa. Prostate 76:1227-1236, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Gerrin
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Adam G. Sowalsky
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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26
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Zhang L, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Castro P, Shao L, Sreekumar A, Putluri N, Guha N, Deepak S, Padmanaban A, Creighton CJ, Ittmann M. MNX1 Is Oncogenically Upregulated in African-American Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6290-6298. [PMID: 27578002 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer are higher in African-American (AA) men than in European-American (EA) men, but the biologic basis for this disparity is unclear. We carried out a detailed analysis of gene expression changes in prostate cancer compared with their matched benign tissues in a cohort of AA men and compared them with existing data from EA men. In this manner, we identified MNX1 as a novel oncogene upregulated to a relatively greater degree in prostate cancer from AA men. Androgen and AKT signaling play a central role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and we found that both of these signaling pathways increased MNX1 expression. MNX1 in turn upregulated lipid synthesis by stimulating expression of SREBP1 and fatty acid synthetase. Our results define MNX1 as a novel targetable oncogene increased in AA prostate cancer that is associated with aggressive disease. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6290-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianghua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongquan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Longjiang Shao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nilanjan Guha
- Agilent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Chad J Creighton
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.
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27
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Ren J, Pan X, Li L, Huang Y, Huang H, Gao Y, Xu H, Qu F, Chen L, Wang L, Hong Y, Cui X, Xu D. Knockdown of GPR137,G Protein-coupled receptor 137, Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:704-13. [PMID: 26669804 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR137 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family involving the regulation of transmembrane signal transduction that launches pivotal cellular functions. However, its function in prostate cancer (PCa) has been rarely reported. It was found in this study that GPR137 was upregulated in PCa tissues as compared with that in paracancerous tissues. To see whether GPR137 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for PCa, GPR137 was knocked down to verify its biological function in PCa cells. Lentivirus-introduced short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was designed to silence GPR137 gene. It was found that silencing of GPR137 gene suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of PCa cell lines PC-3 and DU145. Further study indicated that growth inhibition by GPR137 knockdown was associated with cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, silencing of GPR137 repressed the invasion and migration abilities of PC-3 cells via downregulating slug and snail and upregulating E-cadherin. Collectively, these findings imply that GPR137 plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of PCa and may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Ren
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xiuwu Pan
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery of Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 700, Moyu Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery of Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 700, Moyu Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Fajun Qu
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xingang Cui
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 700, Moyu Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Urology Research Center of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
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28
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Cao W, Li F, Yao J, Yu J. Prostate specific G protein coupled receptor is associated with prostate cancer prognosis and affects cancer cell proliferation and invasion. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:915. [PMID: 26582057 PMCID: PMC4652354 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information about the clinical and biological significance of prostate specific G protein coupled receptor (PSGR) in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. Here, we evaluated the expression of PSGR protein, studied its diagnostic and prognostic value in PCa, and also explored its role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Methods The expression of PSGR in paired adjacent normal prostate, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and PCa were determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays constructed from 150 radical prostatectomy specimens. The effects of PSGR on PCa cell growth and invasion were investigated using human PCa cell lines. Results Membranous and cytoplasmic PSGR staining was observed at luminal epithelial cells of prostate. PSGR protein expression was significantly higher in PIN compared to normal prostate. Interestingly, the expression of PSGR decreased as PIN progressed to PCa. Low PSGR expression in PCa was associated with high Gleason score, and poor overall survival. Activated PSGR increased cancer cell invasive ability, but retarded cell growth. PSGR did not affect mTOR activity, but suppressed P70 S6 kinase activity. Conclusions PSGR may participate in PCa progression through affecting cell proliferation and invasion. High expression of PSGR in PIN may implicate its role in early neoplastic transformation of PCa. Low expression of PSGR in PCa may serve as a potential indicator for poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Cao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Jorge Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Pathline Laboratories, Ramsey, NJ, USA.
| | - Jiangzhou Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor collaborates with loss of PTEN to promote prostate cancer progression. Oncogene 2015; 35:1153-62. [PMID: 26028029 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among frequent events in prostate cancer are loss of the tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and overexpression of prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR), but the potential tumorigenic synergy between these lesions is unknown. Here, we report a new mouse model (PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ)) combining prostate-specific loss of Pten with probasin promoter-driven PSGR overexpression. By 12 months PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ) mice developed invasive prostate tumors featuring Akt activation and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ) tumors exhibited E-cadherin loss and increased stromal androgen receptor (AR) expression. PSGR overexpression increased LNCaP proliferation, whereas PSGR short hairpin RNA knockdown inhibited proliferation and migration. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PSGR overexpression synergizes with loss of PTEN to accelerate prostate cancer development, and present a novel bigenic mouse model that mimics the human condition, where both PSGR overexpression and loss of PTEN occur concordantly in the majority of advanced prostate cancers, yielding an environment more relevant to studying human prostate cancer.
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30
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Jurmeister S, Ramos-Montoya A, Neal DE, Fryer LGD. Transcriptomic analysis reveals inhibition of androgen receptor activity by AMPK in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3785-99. [PMID: 25003216 PMCID: PMC4116520 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations contribute to prostate cancer development and progression; however, the role of the central metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) remains controversial. The androgen receptor (AR), a key driver of prostate cancer, regulates prostate cancer cell metabolism by driving the expression of a network of metabolic genes and activates AMPK through increasing the expression of one of its upstream kinases. To more clearly define the role of AMPK in prostate cancer, we performed expression profiling following pharmacologic activation of this kinase. We found that genes down-regulated upon AMPK activation were over-expressed in prostate cancer, consistent with a tumour suppressive function of AMPK. Strikingly, we identified the AR as one of the most significantly enriched transcription factors mediating gene expression changes downstream of AMPK signalling in prostate cancer cells. Activation of AMPK inhibited AR transcriptional activity and reduced androgen-dependent expression of known AR target genes. Conversely, knock-down of AMPK increased AR activity. Modulation of AR expression could not explain these effects. Instead, we observed that activation of AMPK reduced nuclear localisation of the AR. We thus propose the presence of a negative feedback loop in prostate cancer cells whereby AR activates AMPK and AMPK feeds back to limit AR-driven transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jurmeister
- Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, UK
| | | | | | - Lee G D Fryer
- Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, UK
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31
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PSGR promotes prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer xenograft growth through NF-κB. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e114. [PMID: 25111863 PMCID: PMC5189964 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR), a member of the olfactory subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors, is specifically expressed in human prostate tissue and overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). This expression pattern suggests a possible role in PCa initiation and progression. We developed a PSGR transgenic mouse model driven by a probasin promoter and investigated the role of PSGR in prostate malignancy. Overexpression of PSGR induced a chronic inflammatory response that ultimately gave rise to premalignant mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia lesions in later stages of life. PSGR-overexpressing LnCaP cells in prostate xenografts formed larger tumors compared with normal LnCaP cancer cells, suggesting a role of PSGR in the promotion of tumor development. Furthermore, we identified nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) or RELA as a key downstream target activated by PSGR signaling. We also show that this regulation was mediated in part by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/AKT) pathway, highlighting a collaborative role between PI3K/AKT and NF-κB during tumor inflammation downstream of PSGR in the initial phases of prostate disease.Oncogenesis (2014) 3, e114; doi:10.1038/oncsis.2014.29; published online 11 August 2014.
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32
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Giandomenico V, Cui T, Grimelius L, Öberg K, Pelosi G, Tsolakis AV. Olfactory receptor 51E1 as a novel target for diagnosis in somatostatin receptor-negative lung carcinoids. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:277-86. [PMID: 23969981 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) may be used in lung carcinoids (LCs) for diagnosis and therapy, although additional targets are clearly warranted. This study aimed to investigate whether olfactory receptor 51E1 (OR51E1) may be a potential target for LCs. OR51E1 coding sequence was analyzed in LC cell lines, NCI-H727 and NCI-H720. OR51E1 transcript expression was investigated in LC cell lines and frozen specimens by quantitative real-time PCR. OR51E1, SSTR2, SSTR3, and SSTR5 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections of 73 typical carcinoids (TCs), 14 atypical carcinoids (ACs), and 11 regional/distant metastases and compared with OctreoScan data. Immunohistochemistry results were rendered semiquantitatively on a scale from 0 to 3, taking into account the cellular compartmentalization (membrane vs cytoplasm) and the percentage of tumor cells (<50 vs >50%). Our results showed that WT OR51E1 transcript was expressed in both LC cell lines. OR51E1 mRNA was expressed in 9 out of 12 TCs and 7 out of 9 ACs (P=NS). Immunohistochemically, OR51E1, SSTR2, SSTR3, and SSTR5 were detected in 85, 71, 25, and 39% of TCs and in 86, 79, 43, and 36% of ACs respectively. OR51E1 immunohistochemical scores were higher or equal than those of SSTRs' in 79% of TCs and 86% of ACs. Furthermore, in the LC cases where all SSTR subtypes were lacking, membrane OR51E1 expression was detected in 10 out of 17 TCs and 1 out of 2 ACs. Moreover, higher OR51E1 immunohistochemical scores were detected in 5 out of 6 OctreoScan-negative LC lesions. Therefore, the high expression of OR51E1 in LCs makes it a potential novel diagnostic target in SSTR-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Giandomenico
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Entrance 70, 3rd Floor, Research Department 2, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Centre of Excellence for Endocrine Tumors, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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Pan S, Cheng X, Chen H, Castro PD, Ittmann MM, Hutson AW, Zapata SK, Sifers RN. ERManI is a target of miR-125b and promotes transformation phenotypes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PLoS One 2013; 8:e72829. [PMID: 23940818 PMCID: PMC3733964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAN1B1 gene product, designated ER alpha-1, 2-mannosidase (ERManI), is an enzyme localized in the Golgi complex of mammalian cells. By functioning as a "gate keeper" to prevent the inappropriate secretion of misfolded glycoproteins, it plays a critical role in maintaining protein homeostasis in the mammalian secretory pathway. In the present study, we identified that a conserved motif within the 3'UTR of ERManI is a target of miR-125b, a microRNA frequently down-regulated in numerous types of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As predicted, the expression of ERManI is significantly elevated in HCC, as measured by immunohistochemistry in a liver spectrum tissue microarray. Additional analyses using several hepatoma cell lines demonstrated that the elevated ERManI inversely correlates with a diminished intracellular concentration of miR-125b. Moreover, functional studies indicated that RNAi-mediated knock-down of endogenous ERManI was sufficient to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatoma cells. These phenotypical changes occurred in the absence of alterations in global glycoprotein secretion or ER-stress status. Together, these results revealed a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism for ERManI and implied that this molecule contributes to the regulation of carcinogenesis in HCC independent of its function in glycoprotein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Pan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyun Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, University of Texas-M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongan Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Participant in the Baylor College of Medicine Summer Medical and Research Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia D. Castro
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne W. Hutson
- Department of Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Zapata
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Sifers
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Cui T, Tsolakis AV, Li SC, Cunningham JL, Lind T, Öberg K, Giandomenico V. Olfactory receptor 51E1 protein as a potential novel tissue biomarker for small intestine neuroendocrine carcinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23184910 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Late diagnosis hinders proper management of small intestine neuroendocrine carcinoma (SI-NEC) patients. The olfactory receptor, family 51, subfamily E, member 1 (OR51E1) has been reported as a potential novel SI-NEC marker, without protein expression recognition. Thus, we further studied whether the encoded protein may be a novel SI-NEC clinical biomarker. DESIGN OR51E1 coding sequence was cloned using total RNA from SI-NEC patient specimens. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis explored OR51E1 expression in laser capture microdissected SI-NEC cells and adjacent microenvironment cells. Moreover, immunohistochemistry investigated OR51E1 protein expression on operation and biopsy material from primary SI-NECs, mesentery, and liver metastases from 70 patients. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence studies explored the potential co-localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (SLC18A1, generally referred to as VMAT1) and OR51E1 in the neoplastic cells and in the intestinal mucosa adjacent to the tumor. RESULTS OR51E1 coding sequence analysis showed absence of mutation in SI-NEC patients at different stages of disease. OR51E1 expression was higher in microdissected SI-NEC cells than in the adjacent microenvironment cells. Furthermore, both membranous and cytoplasmic OR51E1 immunostaining patterns were detected in both primary SI-NECs and metastases. Briefly, 18/43 primary tumors, 7/28 mesentery metastases, and 6/18 liver metastases were 'positive' for OR51E1 in more than 50% of the tumor cells. In addition, co-localization studies showed that OR51E1 was expressed in >50% of the VMAT1 immunoreactive tumor cells and of the enterochromaffin cells in the intestinal mucosa adjacent to the tumor. CONCLUSION OR51E1 protein is a potential novel clinical tissue biomarker for SI-NECs. Moreover, we suggest its potential therapeutic molecular target development using solid tumor radioimmunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Intestinal Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Intestinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Intestinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Hafiz S, Dennis JC, Schwartz D, Judd R, Tao YX, Khazal K, Akingbemi B, Mo XL, Abdel-Mageed AB, Morrison E, Mansour M. Expression of melanocortin receptors in human prostate cancer cell lines: MC2R activation by ACTH increases prostate cancer cell proliferation. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1373-80. [PMID: 22842514 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MCRs 1-5) are G protein coupled-receptors (GPCRs) that regulate food intake, inflammation, skin pigmentation, sexual function and steroidogenesis. Their peptide ligands, the melanocortins, are α-, β- and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) all of which are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland under hypothalamic control. MC2R binds ACTH but has no affinity for the other melanocortins and is, thereby, pharmacologically different from MCRs that bind those ligands. Evidence suggests that elevated GPCRs transactivate the androgen receptor (AR), the critical mediator of prostate cell growth, and consequently promote prostate cancer cell proliferation. It may be that reduced central melanocortin signaling is coincidental with reversal of prostate cancer cachexia, but no data are available on the expression of, or the role for, MCRs in prostate cancer. Here, we show that MCR (1-5) mRNAs are expressed in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-independent PC3 and DU-145 human prostate cancer cell lines. Further, MC2R, the specific target of ACTH, is expressed in LNCaP, PC3 and DU-145 cells. Among the several synthetic MCR peptide ligands that we used, only ACTH promoted concentration-dependent cell proliferation in the three cell lines as shown by MTT cell proliferation assay. In LNCaP cells, the effect was additive with testosterone stimulation and was partially blunted with SHU9119, a non-selective MCR antagonist. In the same cells, ACTH induced cAMP production and increased AR nuclear labeling in immunocytochemical assays. Our observations suggest that MC2R is involved in prostate carcinogenesis and that targeting MC2R signaling may provide a novel avenue in prostate carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saly Hafiz
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S, Shafiei N, Safarinejad S. G Protein β3 subunit gene C825T polymorphism and its association with the presence and clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer. J Urol 2012; 188:287-93. [PMID: 22608746 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A C825T polymorphism in the GNB3 gene encodes the Gβ3 subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Due to increased G protein activation the GNB3 825T allele, a truncated form of the G3 protein, is associated with enhanced signal transduction capacity. This splice variant is associated with various malignant diseases. We investigated the possible association of GNB3 gene polymorphism with prostate cancer and its clinicopathological characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism the allele frequency of the C825T polymorphism was investigated in 172 patients with prostate cancer. Results were compared with those of 344 age matched, healthy blood donors. RESULTS The frequency of the GNB3 825T allele in patients with prostate cancer was significantly higher than in controls (49.1% vs 42.7%, OR 3.76, p = 0.003). Patients with prostate cancer who had the TT genotype were at 2.52 times higher risk for prostate cancer than the CC genotype referent group (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.18-4.22, p = 0.008). Accordingly a significant increased risk of advanced disease was observed in men carrying the GNB3 TT genotype compared with those homozygous for the wild-type C allele (OR 6.24, 95% CI 4.16-12.45, p = 0.001). Men lacking the C825 allele were at approximately sevenfold higher risk for high grade (Gleason score greater than 7) prostate cancer than men with the GNB3 CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents preliminary but intriguing data suggesting that GNB3 gene polymorphism influences susceptibility to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safarinejad
- Clinical Center for Urological Disease Diagnosis and Private Clinic Specialized in Urological and Andrological Genetics, Tehran, Iran
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Tang XL, Wang Y, Li DL, Luo J, Liu MY. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): biological functions and potential drug targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:363-71. [PMID: 22367282 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) includes at least 800 seven-transmembrane receptors that participate in diverse physiological and pathological functions. GPCRs are the most successful targets of modern medicine, and approximately 36% of marketed pharmaceuticals target human GPCRs. However, the endogenous ligands of more than 140 GPCRs remain unidentified, leaving the natural functions of those GPCRs in doubt. These are the so-called orphan GPCRs, a great source of drug targets. This review focuses on the signaling transduction pathways of the adhesion GPCR family, the LGR subfamily, and the PSGR subfamily, and their potential functions in immunology, development, and cancers. In this review, we present the current approaches and difficulties of orphan GPCR deorphanization and characterization.
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Jin H, Lee HC, Park SS, Jeong YS, Kim SY. Serum cancer biomarker discovery through analysis of gene expression data sets across multiple tumor and normal tissues. J Biomed Inform 2011; 44:1076-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rigau M, Morote J, Mir MC, Ballesteros C, Ortega I, Sanchez A, Colás E, Garcia M, Ruiz A, Abal M, Planas J, Reventós J, Doll A. PSGR and PCA3 as biomarkers for the detection of prostate cancer in urine. Prostate 2010; 70:1760-7. [PMID: 20672322 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of monitoring an RNA transcript in urine, such as PCA3, for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis. PCa screening would benefit from additional biomarkers of higher specificity and could be used in conjunction with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, in order to better determine biopsy candidates. METHODS We used urine sediments after prostate massage (PM) from 215 consecutive patients, who presented for prostate biopsy. We tested whether prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor (PSGR), a biomarker previously described to be over-expressed in PCa tissue, could also be detected by quantitative real-time PCR in post-PM urine sediment. We combined these findings with prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3), the current gold standard for PCa diagnosis in urine, to test if a combination of both biomarkers could improve the sensitivity of PCA3 alone. RESULTS By univariate analysis we found that PSGR and PCA3 were significant predictors of PCa. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis and its multivariate extension, multivariate ROC (MultiROC), were used to assess the outcome predictive values of the individual and the paired biomarkers. We obtained the following area under the curve values: PSA (0.602), PSGR (0.681), PCA3 (0.656), and PSGRvPCA3 (0.729). Then, we tested whether a combination of PSGR and PCA3 could improve specificity by fixing the sensitivity at 95%. We obtained specificities of 15% (PSGR), 17% (PCA3), and 34% (PSGRvPCA3). CONCLUSIONS A multiplexed model including PSGR and PCA3 improves the specificity for the detection of PCa, especially in the area of high sensitivity. This could be clinically useful for determining which patients should undergo biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rigau
- Biomedical Research Unit, Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron UniversityHospital, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Berretta R, Moscato P. Cancer biomarker discovery: the entropic hallmark. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12262. [PMID: 20805891 PMCID: PMC2923618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is a commonly accepted belief that cancer cells modify their transcriptional state during the progression of the disease. We propose that the progression of cancer cells towards malignant phenotypes can be efficiently tracked using high-throughput technologies that follow the gradual changes observed in the gene expression profiles by employing Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. Methods based on Information Theory can then quantify the divergence of cancer cells' transcriptional profiles from those of normally appearing cells of the originating tissues. The relevance of the proposed methods can be evaluated using microarray datasets available in the public domain but the method is in principle applicable to other high-throughput methods. Methodology/Principal Findings Using melanoma and prostate cancer datasets we illustrate how it is possible to employ Shannon Entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence to trace the transcriptional changes progression of the disease. We establish how the variations of these two measures correlate with established biomarkers of cancer progression. The Information Theory measures allow us to identify novel biomarkers for both progressive and relatively more sudden transcriptional changes leading to malignant phenotypes. At the same time, the methodology was able to validate a large number of genes and processes that seem to be implicated in the progression of melanoma and prostate cancer. Conclusions/Significance We thus present a quantitative guiding rule, a new unifying hallmark of cancer: the cancer cell's transcriptome changes lead to measurable observed transitions of Normalized Shannon Entropy values (as measured by high-througput technologies). At the same time, tumor cells increment their divergence from the normal tissue profile increasing their disorder via creation of states that we might not directly measure. This unifying hallmark allows, via the the Jensen-Shannon divergence, to identify the arrow of time of the processes from the gene expression profiles, and helps to map the phenotypical and molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subtypes. The deep mathematical basis of the approach allows us to suggest that this principle is, hopefully, of general applicability for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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41
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You J, Cozzi P, Walsh B, Willcox M, Kearsley J, Russell P, Li Y. Innovative biomarkers for prostate cancer early diagnosis and progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 73:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Neuhaus EM, Zhang W, Gelis L, Deng Y, Noldus J, Hatt H. Activation of an olfactory receptor inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16218-16225. [PMID: 19389702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.012096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed not only in the sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, where they detect volatile substances, but also in various other tissues where their potential functions are largely unknown. Here, we report the physiological characterization of human OR51E2, also named prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR) due to its reported up-regulation in prostate cancer. We identified androstenone derivatives as ligands for the recombinant receptor. PSGR can also be activated with the odorant beta-ionone. Activation of the endogenous receptor in prostate cancer cells by the identified ligands evoked an intracellular Ca2+ increase. Exposure to beta-ionone resulted in the activation of members of the MAPK family and inhibition of cell proliferation. Our data give support to the hypothesis that because PSGR signaling could reduce growth of prostate cancer cells, specific receptor ligands might therefore be potential candidates for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Neuhaus
- From the Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum.
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- From the Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum
| | - Lian Gelis
- From the Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum
| | - Ying Deng
- From the Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum
| | - Joachim Noldus
- Department of Urology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Marienhospital Herne, 44627 Herne, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- From the Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum
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Kristiansen G, Fritzsche FR, Wassermann K, Jäger C, Tölls A, Lein M, Stephan C, Jung K, Pilarsky C, Dietel M, Moch H. GOLPH2 protein expression as a novel tissue biomarker for prostate cancer: implications for tissue-based diagnostics. Br J Cancer 2009; 99:939-48. [PMID: 18781151 PMCID: PMC2538754 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GOLPH2 is coding the 73-kDa type II Golgi membrane antigen GOLPH2/GP73. Upregulation of GOLPH2 mRNA has been recently reported in expression array analyses of prostate cancer. As GOLPH2 protein expression in prostate tissues is currently unknown, this study aimed at a comprehensive analysis of GOLPH2 protein in benign and malignant prostate lesions. Immunohistochemically detected GOLPH2 protein expression was compared with the basal cell marker p63 and the prostate cancer marker alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) in 614 radical prostatectomy specimens. GOLPH2 exhibited a perinuclear Golgi-type staining pattern and was preferentially seen in prostatic gland epithelia. Using a semiquantitative staining intensity score, GOLPH2 expression was significantly higher in prostate cancer glands compared with normal glands (P<0.001). GOLPH2 protein was upregulated in 567 of 614 tumours (92.3%) and AMACR in 583 of 614 tumours (95%) (correlation coefficient 0.113, P = 0.005). Importantly, GOLPH2 immunohistochemistry exhibited a lower level of intratumoral heterogeneity (25 vs 45%). Further, GOLPH2 upregulation was detected in 26 of 31 (84%) AMACR-negative prostate cancer cases. These data clearly suggest GOLPH2 as an additional ancillary positive marker for tissue-based diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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44
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Srivastava PK, Küffer S, Brors B, Shahi P, Li L, Kenzelmann M, Gretz N, Gröne HJ. A cut-off based approach for gene expression analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Genomics 2008; 91:522-9. [PMID: 18490134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microarray analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue seems to be of importance for the detection of molecular marker sets in prostate cancer (PC). The compromised RNA integrity of FFPE tissue results in a high degree of variability at the probe level of microarray data as shown by degradation plot. We tested methods that reduce the variability by including all probes within 300 nucleotides, within 600 nucleotides, or up to a calculated breakpoint with reference to the 3'-end. Accepted PC pathways such as the Wnt signaling pathway could be observed to be significantly regulated within FFPE microarray datasets. The best representation of PC gene expression, as well as better comparability to meta-analysis and fresh-frozen microarray data, could be obtained with a 600-nucleotide cutoff. Beyond the specific impact for PC microarray data analysis we propose a cutoff of 600 nucleotides for samples for which the integrity of the RNA cannot be guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Srivastava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang J, Cai Y, Ren C, Ittmann M. Expression of variant TMPRSS2/ERG fusion messenger RNAs is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8347-51. [PMID: 16951141 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that the majority of prostate cancers express fusion genes in which the 5' region of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 gene is fused to an ETS family transcription factor, most commonly the ERG gene. We have characterized in detail the expression of TMPRSS2/ERG fusion mRNAs and correlated the isoforms expressed and expression levels with clinical outcome in cancers from men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Overall, 59% of clinically localized prostate cancers express the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion gene, confirming the initial observations of high frequency expression of this fusion mRNA in prostate cancer. There was significant variation in the alternatively spliced isoforms expressed in different cancers. Expression of an isoform, in which the native ATG in exon 2 of the TMPRSS2 gene is in frame with exon 4 of the ERG gene, was associated with clinical and pathologic variables of aggressive disease. Expression of other isoforms, in which the native ERG ATG in exon 3 was the first in-frame ATG, was associated with seminal vesicle invasion, which is correlated with poor outcome following radical prostatectomy. Cancers not expressing these isoforms tended to express higher levels of fusion mRNAs, and in this group, higher expression levels of fusion mRNA were present in cancers with early prostate-specific antigen recurrence. Thus, both the isoforms of TMPRSS2/ERG fusions expressed and expression level may affect prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Tissue microarrays (TMAs) offer the potential to rapidly translate genomics and basic science research findings to practical clinical application. This is particularly true in the field of cancer biomarker research, where TMAs can be used for candidate biomarker validation and association with patient clinical, pathologic, and outcomes parameters. In this review, we examine the effect of TMA use on prostate cancer biomarker research, focusing on the types of TMAs that have been used, and the biomarkers that have been examined. The results demonstrate that TMAs have been very effective in screening candidate biomarkers for subsequent, extended evaluation in large patient populations. In addition, the use of TMAs in multiple biomarker series allows for the statistical analysis of sets of biomarkers as diagnostic or prognostic tests. The processes used here can be applied to any tumor type to improve patient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction.
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Ozen M, Creighton CJ, Ozdemir M, Ittmann M. Widespread deregulation of microRNA expression in human prostate cancer. Oncogene 2007; 27:1788-93. [PMID: 17891175 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that can regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA sequences and repressing target-gene expression post-transcriptionally, either by inhibiting translation or promoting RNA degradation. We have analysed expression of 328 known and 152 novel human miRNAs in 10 benign peripheral zone tissues and 16 prostate cancer tissues using microarrays and found widespread, but not universal, downregulation of miRNAs in clinically localized prostate cancer relative to benign peripheral zone tissue. These findings have been verified by real-time RT-PCR assays on select miRNAs, including miR-125b, miR-145 and let-7c. The downregulated miRNAs include several with proven target mRNAs whose proteins have been previously shown to be increased in prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry, including RAS, E2F3, BCL-2 and MCL-1. Using a bioinformatics approach, we have identified additional potential mRNA targets of one of the miRNAs, (miR-125b) that are upregulated in prostate cancer and confirmed increased expression of one of these targets, EIF4EBP1, in prostate cancer tissues. Our findings indicate that changes in miRNA expression may have an important role in the biology of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ozen
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Cardillo MR, Di Silverio F. Prostate--specific G protein couple receptor genes and STAG1/PMEPA1 in peripheral blood from patients with prostatic cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 19:871-8. [PMID: 17166409 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether prostate - specific G protein couple receptor genes and STAG1/PMEPA1 gene expression in peripheral- blood could be useful as a diagnostic or prognostic marker of prostate cancer. Circulating cells were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect PSGR and STAG1/PMEPA1 mRNA in peripheral blood (PB) from 11 patients with treated prostate cancer (CaP), 11 with newly-diagnosed untreated CaP and 20 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (controls). RT-PCR amplified PSGR in 8 of 11 untreated and in 9 of 11 treated patients with CaP and in 16 of 20 with BPH; whereas it amplified PMEPA1 in 1 of 11 untreated and in 7 of 11 treated patients with CaP and in 4 of 20 with BPH. In our control tissues and cell lines nearly all the prostatic and non- prostatic tissues and cell lines expressed PSGR mRNA, whereas only one prostatic neoplastic tissue and the androgen-responsive (LNCaP) and androgen non-responsive (PC3) prostatic cell lines expressed PMEPA1. These findings suggest that the investigated genes are poorly specific and probably of little use as diagnostic or prognostic markers in peripheral blood for monitoring prostate cancer progression and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Cardillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology (Section of Pathologic Anatomy), University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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