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Saunders EJ, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Identification of Germline Genetic Variants that Increase Prostate Cancer Risk and Influence Development of Aggressive Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33673083 PMCID: PMC7917798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is a heterogeneous disease, which presents in individual patients across a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from indolent to fatal forms. No robust biomarkers are currently available to enable routine screening for PrCa or to distinguish clinically significant forms, therefore late stage identification of advanced disease and overdiagnosis plus overtreatment of insignificant disease both remain areas of concern in healthcare provision. PrCa has a substantial heritable component, and technological advances since the completion of the Human Genome Project have facilitated improved identification of inherited genetic factors influencing susceptibility to development of the disease within families and populations. These genetic markers hold promise to enable improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning PrCa development, facilitate genetically informed PrCa screening programmes and guide appropriate treatment provision. However, insight remains largely lacking regarding many aspects of their manifestation; especially in relation to genes associated with aggressive phenotypes, risk factors in non-European populations and appropriate approaches to enable accurate stratification of higher and lower risk individuals. This review discusses the methodology used in the elucidation of genetic loci, genes and individual causal variants responsible for modulating PrCa susceptibility; the current state of understanding of the allelic spectrum contributing to PrCa risk; and prospective future translational applications of these discoveries in the developing eras of genomics and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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2
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Ha Chung B, Horie S, Chiong E. The incidence, mortality, and risk factors of prostate cancer in Asian men. Prostate Int 2018; 7:1-8. [PMID: 30937291 PMCID: PMC6424686 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to describe the epidemiology and risk factors of prostate cancer (PCa) in Asian populations. English language publications published over the last 10 years covering studies on the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of PCa in Asia were reviewed. The incidence of PCa in Asia is rising but is still significantly lower than that in Western countries. Studies in Asia indicated that the consumption of red meat, fat, dairy, and eggs was associated with a higher risk for PCa. Age and family history were also found to be risk factors. The emergence of genetic data indicates that different genetic backgrounds between Asian and Western populations play a role in the observed differences in PCa incidence. The lower incidence of PCa in Asian men than in Western men may in part be due to a lack of systematic prostate-specific antigen screening, but environmental and genetic factors also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2 Chome-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074, Singapore
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3
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Helfand BT, Chen H, Fantus RJ, Conran CA, Brendler CB, Zheng SL, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB, Xu J. Differences in inherited risk among relatives of hereditary prostate cancer patients using genetic risk score. Prostate 2018; 78:1063-1068. [PMID: 29923209 PMCID: PMC6773522 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Family history assigns equivalent risk to all relatives based upon the degree of relationship. Recent genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be used to calculate a genetic risk score (GRS) to determine prostate cancer (PCa) risk. We sought to determine whether GRS can stratify PCa risk among individuals in families considered to be at higher risk due their family history of PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Family members with hereditary PCa were recruited and genotyped for 17 SNPs associated with PCa. A GRS was calculated for all subjects. Analyses compared the distribution of GRS values among affected and unaffected family members of varying relationship degrees. RESULTS Data was available for 789 family members of probands including 552 affected and 237 unaffected relatives. Median GRSs were higher among first-degree relatives compared to second- and third-degree relatives. In addition, GRS values among affected first- and second-degree relatives were significantly higher than unaffected relatives (P = 0.042 and P = 0.016, respectively). Multivariate analysis including GRS and degree of relationship demonstrated that GRS was a significant and independent predictor of PCa (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.15-2.01). CONCLUSION GRS is an easy-to-interpret, objective measure that can be used to assess differences in PCa risk among family members of affected men. GRS allows for further differentiation among family members, providing better risk assessment. While prospective validation studies are required, this information can help guide relatives in regards to the time of initiation and frequency of PCa screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter for Urologic Health, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Haitao Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Richard J Fantus
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medical Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carly A Conran
- Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter for Urologic Health, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Charles B Brendler
- Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter for Urologic Health, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Siquan Lilly Zheng
- Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter for Urologic Health, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Patrick C Walsh
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Division of Urology, John and Carol Walter for Urologic Health, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
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4
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Helfand BT. A comparison of genetic risk score with family history for estimating prostate cancer risk. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:515-9. [PMID: 27004541 PMCID: PMC4955172 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.177122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) testing is recommended by most authoritative groups for high-risk men including those with a family history of the disease. However, family history information is often limited by patient knowledge and clinician intake, and thus, many men are incorrectly assigned to different risk groups. Alternate methods to assess PCa risk are required. In this review, we discuss how genetic variants, referred to as PCa-risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms, can be used to calculate a genetic risk score (GRS). GRS assigns a relatively unique value to all men based on the number of PCa-risk SNPs that an individual carries. This GRS value can provide a more precise estimate of a man's PCa risk. This is particularly relevant in situations when an individual is unaware of his family history. In addition, GRS has utility and can provide a more precise estimate of risk even among men with a positive family history. It can even distinguish risk among relatives with the same degree of family relationships. Taken together, this review serves to provide support for the clinical utility of GRS as an independent test to provide supplemental information to family history. As such, GRS can serve as a platform to help guide-shared decision-making processes regarding the timing and frequency of PCa testing and biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Division of Urology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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5
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Helfand BT, Kearns J, Conran C, Xu J. Clinical validity and utility of genetic risk scores in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:509-14. [PMID: 27297129 PMCID: PMC4955171 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.182981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current issues related to prostate cancer (PCa) clinical care (e.g., over-screening, over-diagnosis, and over-treatment of nonaggressive PCa) call for risk assessment tools that can be combined with family history (FH) to stratify disease risk among men in the general population. Since 2007, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 100 SNPs associated with PCa susceptibility. In this review, we discuss (1) the validity of these PCa risk-associated SNPs, individually and collectively; (2) the various methods used for measuring the cumulative effect of multiple SNPs, including genetic risk score (GRS); (3) the adequate number of SNPs needed for risk assessment; (4) reclassification of risk based on evolving numbers of SNPs used to calculate genetic risk, (5) risk assessment for men from various racial groups, and (6) the clinical utility of genetic risk assessment. In conclusion, data available to date support the clinical validity of PCa risk-associated SNPs and GRS in risk assessment among men with or without FH. PCa risk-associated SNPs are not intended for diagnostic use; rather, they should be used the same way as FH. Combining GRS and FH can significantly improve the performance of risk assessment. Improved risk assessment may have important clinical utility in targeted PCa testing. However, clinical trials are urgently needed to evaluate this clinical utility as well as the acceptance of GRS by patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - James Kearns
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Carly Conran
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Conran CA, Na R, Chen H, Jiang D, Lin X, Zheng SL, Brendler CB, Xu J. Population-standardized genetic risk score: the SNP-based method of choice for inherited risk assessment of prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:520-4. [PMID: 27080480 PMCID: PMC4955173 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.179527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different approaches are available to clinicians for determining prostate
cancer (PCa) risk. The clinical validity of various PCa risk assessment methods
utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been established; however, these
SNP-based methods have not been compared. The objective of this study was to compare
the three most commonly used SNP-based methods for PCa risk assessment. Participants
were men (n = 1654) enrolled in a prospective study of PCa
development. Genotypes of 59 PCa risk-associated SNPs were available in this cohort.
Three methods of calculating SNP-based genetic risk scores (GRSs) were used for the
evaluation of individual disease risk such as risk allele count (GRS-RAC), weighted
risk allele count (GRS-wRAC), and population-standardized genetic risk score
(GRS-PS). Mean GRSs were calculated, and performances were compared using area under
the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and positive predictive value
(PPV). All SNP-based methods were found to be independently associated with PCa (all
P < 0.05; hence their clinical validity). The mean GRSs in
men with or without PCa using GRS-RAC were 55.15 and 53.46, respectively, using
GRS-wRAC were 7.42 and 6.97, respectively, and using GRS-PS were 1.12 and 0.84,
respectively (all P < 0.05 for differences between patients
with or without PCa). All three SNP-based methods performed similarly in
discriminating PCa from non-PCa based on AUC and in predicting PCa risk based on PPV
(all P > 0.05 for comparisons between the three methods), and
all three SNP-based methods had a significantly higher AUC than family history (all
P < 0.05). Results from this study suggest that while the
three most commonly used SNP-based methods performed similarly in discriminating PCa
from non-PCa at the population level, GRS-PS is the method of choice for risk
assessment at the individual level because its value (where 1.0 represents average
population risk) can be easily interpreted regardless of the number of
risk-associated SNPs used in the calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Conran
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Rong Na
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China,
| | - Haitao Chen
- Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Deke Jiang
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Charles B Brendler
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Program for Personalized Cancer Care, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China; Center for Genomic Translational Medicine and Prevention, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China,
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7
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Zhu Y, Wang HK, Qu YY, Ye DW. Prostate cancer in East Asia: evolving trend over the last decade. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:48-57. [PMID: 25080928 PMCID: PMC4291877 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.132780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is now becoming an emerging health priority in East Asia. Most of our current knowledge on Prostate cancer has been generated from studies conducted in Western population; however, there is considerable heterogeneity of Prostate cancer between East and West. In this article, we reviewed epidemiologic trends, risk factors, disease characteristics and management of Prostate cancer in East Asian population over the last decade. Growing evidence from East Asia suggests an important role of genetic and environmental risk factors interactions in the carcinogenesis of Prostate cancer. Exposure to westernized diet and life style and improvement in health care in combination contribute substantially to the increasing epidemic in this region. Diagnostic and treatment guidelines in East Asia are largely based on Western knowledge. Although there is a remarkable improvement in the outcome over the last decade, ample evidence suggests an inneglectable difference in diagnostic accuracy, treatment efficacy and adverse events between different populations. The knowledge from western countries should be calibrated in the Asian setting to provide a better race-based treatment approach. In this review, we intend to reveal the evolving trend of Prostate cancer in the last decade, in order to gain evidence to improve Prostate cancer prevention and control in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Wei HM, Chen HT, Wang P, Wu YS, Na R, Liu F, Sun JS, Jiang DK, Lu DR, Xu J. Prostate cancer antigen 3 and genetic risk score as markers for the detection of prostate cancer in the Chinese population. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:168-70. [PMID: 25412674 PMCID: PMC4291867 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.143245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433; Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA,
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9
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Little J, Wilson B, Carter R, Walker K, Santaguida P, Tomiak E, Beyene J, Usman Ali M, Raina P. Multigene panels in prostate cancer risk assessment: a systematic review. Genet Med 2015; 18:535-44. [PMID: 26426883 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel tests have been proposed for use in the detection of, and prediction of risk for, prostate cancer and as prognostic indicator in affected men. A systematic review was undertaken to address three research questions to evaluate the analytic validity, clinical validity, clinical utility, and prognostic validity of SNP-based panels. METHODS Data sources comprised MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and EMBASE; these were searched from inception to April 2013. The gray-literature searches included contact with manufacturers. Eligible studies included English-language studies evaluating commercially available SNP panels. Study selection and risk of bias assessment were undertaken by two independent reviewers. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met eligibility criteria. All focused on clinical validity and evaluated 18 individual panels with 2 to 35 SNPs. All had poor discriminative ability (overall area under receiver-operator characteristic curves, 58-74%; incremental gain resulting from inclusion of SNP data, 2.5-11%) for predicting risk of prostate cancer and/or distinguishing between aggressive and asymptomatic/latent disease. The risk of bias of the studies, as assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tools, was moderate. CONCLUSION The evidence on currently available SNP panels is insufficient to assess analytic validity, and at best the panels assessed would add a small and clinically unimportant improvement to factors such as age and family history in risk stratification (clinical validity). No evidence on the clinical utility of current panels is available.Genet Med 18 6, 535-544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Wilson
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ron Carter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Walker
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pasqualina Santaguida
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Tomiak
- The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Usman Ali
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parminder Raina
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has become to have the highest incidence and the second mortality rate in western countries, affecting men's health to a large extent. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was discovered to help diagnose the cancer in an early stage for decades, its specificity is relative low, resulting in unnecessary biopsy for healthy people and over-treatment for patients. Thus, it is imperative to identify more and more effective biomarkers for early diagnosis of PCa in order to distinguish patients from healthy populations, which helps guide an early treatment to lower disease-related mortality by noninvasive or minimal invasive approaches. This review generally describes the current early diagnostic biomarkers of PCa in addition to PSA and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying-Hao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Grill S, Fallah M, Leach RJ, Thompson IM, Hemminki K, Ankerst DP. A simple-to-use method incorporating genomic markers into prostate cancer risk prediction tools facilitated future validation. J Clin Epidemiol 2015; 68:563-73. [PMID: 25684153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To incorporate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) into the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator (PCPTRC). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING A multivariate random-effects meta-analysis of likelihood ratios (LRs) for 30 validated SNPs was performed, allowing the incorporation of linkage disequilibrium. LRs for an SNP were defined as the ratio of the probability of observing the SNP in prostate cancer cases relative to controls and estimated by published allele or genotype frequencies. LRs were multiplied by the PCPTRC prior odds of prostate cancer to provide updated posterior odds. RESULTS In the meta-analysis (prostate cancer cases/controls = 386,538/985,968), all but two of the SNPs had at least one statistically significant allele LR (P < 0.05). The two SNPs with the largest LRs were rs16901979 [LR = 1.575 for one risk allele, 2.552 for two risk alleles (homozygous)] and rs1447295 (LR = 1.307 and 1.887, respectively). CONCLUSION The substantial investment in genome-wide association studies to discover SNPs associated with prostate cancer risk and the ability to integrate these findings into the PCPTRC allows investigators to validate these observations, to determine the clinical impact, and to ultimately improve clinical practice in the early detection of the most common cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Grill
- Department of Life Sciences of the Technical University Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Mahdi Fallah
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Im Technologiepark, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Department of Urology of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Im Technologiepark, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 LUND, Sweden
| | - Donna P Ankerst
- Department of Life Sciences of the Technical University Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Department of Urology of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Mathematics of the Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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12
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Uhl GR, Walther D, Musci R, Fisher C, Anthony JC, Storr CL, Behm FM, Eaton WW, Ialongo N, Rose JE. Smoking quit success genotype score predicts quit success and distinct patterns of developmental involvement with common addictive substances. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:50-4. [PMID: 23128154 PMCID: PMC3922203 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genotype scores that predict relevant clinical outcomes may detect other disease features and help direct prevention efforts. We report data that validate a previously established v1.0 smoking cessation quit success genotype score and describe striking differences in the score in individuals who display differing developmental trajectories of use of common addictive substances. In a cessation study, v1.0 genotype scores predicted ability to quit with P=0.00056 and area under receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.66. About 43% vs 13% quit in the upper vs lower genotype score terciles. Latent class growth analyses of a developmentally assessed sample identified three latent classes based on substance use. Higher v1.0 scores were associated with (a) higher probabilities of participant membership in a latent class that displayed low use of common addictive substances during adolescence (P=0.0004) and (b) lower probabilities of membership in a class that reported escalating use (P=0.001). These results indicate that: (a) we have identified genetic predictors of smoking cessation success, (b) genetic influences on quit success overlap with those that influence the rate at which addictive substance use is taken up during adolescence and (c) individuals at genetic risk for both escalating use of addictive substances and poor abilities to quit may provide especially urgent focus for prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224,Corresponding Author: George Uhl, Molecular Neurobiology, Box 5180, Baltimore, MD 21224, phone: (443) 740-2799, fax: (443) 740-2122, (GRU)
| | - Donna Walther
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Rashelle Musci
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21221
| | - Christian Fisher
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - James C Anthony
- Dept of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Carla L Storr
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201,Dept of Psychiatry and Center for Nicotine and Smoking Cessation Research, Duke University, Durham NC 27705
| | - Frederique M. Behm
- Dept of Psychiatry and Center for Nicotine and Smoking Cessation Research, Duke University, Durham NC 27705
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21221
| | - Nicholas Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21221
| | - Jed E. Rose
- Dept of Psychiatry and Center for Nicotine and Smoking Cessation Research, Duke University, Durham NC 27705
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13
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Ren S, Xu J, Zhou T, Jiang H, Chen H, Liu F, Na R, Zhang L, Wu Y, Sun J, Yang B, Gao X, Zheng SL, Xu C, Ding Q, Sun Y. Plateau effect of prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs in discriminating prostate biopsy outcomes. Prostate 2013; 73:1824-35. [PMID: 24037738 PMCID: PMC3910089 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additional prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) continue to be identified. It is unclear whether addition of newly identified SNPs improves the discriminative performance of biopsy outcomes over previously established SNPs. METHODS A total of 667 consecutive patients that underwent prostate biopsy for detection of PCa at Huashan Hospital and Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China were recruited. Genetic scores were calculated for each patient using various combinations of 29 PCa risk-associated SNPs. Performance of these genetic scores for discriminating prostate biopsy outcomes were compared using the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS The discriminative performance of genetic score derived from a panel of all 29 SNPs (24 previous and 5 new) was similar to that derived from the 24 previously established SNPs, the AUC of which were 0.60 and 0.61, respectively (P = 0.72). When SNPs with the strongest effect on PCa risk (ranked based on contribution to the total genetic variance from an external study) were sequentially added to the models for calculating genetic score, the AUC gradually increased and peaked at 0.62 with the top 13 strongest SNPs. Under the 13-SNP model, the PCa detection rate was 21.52%, 36.74%, and 51.98%, respectively for men with low (<0.5), intermediate (0.5-1.5), and high (>1.5) genetic score, P-trend = 9.91 × 10(-6). CONCLUSION Genetic score based on PCa risk-associated SNPs implicated to date is a significant predictor of biopsy outcome. Additional small-effect PCa risk-associated SNPs to be discovered in the future are unlikely to further improve predictive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Na
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishuo Wu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Qiang Ding, Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Yinghao Sun, Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Jiang H, Liu F, Wang Z, Na R, Zhang L, Wu Y, Zheng J, Lin X, Jiang D, Sun J, Zheng SL, Ding Q, Xu J. Prediction of prostate cancer from prostate biopsy in Chinese men using a genetic score derived from 24 prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs. Prostate 2013; 73:1651-9. [PMID: 23868750 PMCID: PMC3909876 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty-four prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Chinese men have been cataloged. We evaluated whether these SNPs can independently predict outcomes of prostate biopsy, and improve the predictive performance of existing clinical variables. METHODS Three hundred eight consecutive patients that underwent prostate biopsy for detection of PCa at Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China between April 2011 and August 2012 were recruited. Clinical variables such as serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and peripheral blood samples were collected prior to a 10-core biopsy. A genetic score based on these 24 PCa associated SNPs was calculated for each individual. RESULTS Among 308 patients underwent prostate biopsy, 141 (45.8%) were diagnosed with PCa. Genetic score was significantly higher in patients with PCa (median = 1.30) than without (median = 0.89), P = 3.81 × 10(-6). The difference remained significant after adjusting for age and total PSA, P = 0.007. The PCa detection rate increased with increasing genetic score; 26.3%, 43.2%, and 60.0% for men with lower (<0.5), average (0.5-1.5), and higher (>1.5) genetic score, respectively, P(-trend) = 0.0003. For patients with moderately elevated PSA levels (1.6-20 ng/ml), the PCa detection rate was 31.2% overall and was 16.7%, 31.2%, and 40.9% for men with lower (<0.5), average (0.5-1.5), and higher (>1.5) genetic score, respectively, P(-trend) = 0.03. For patients with PSA ≥ 20 ng/ml, however, the PCa detection rates were high (>69%) regardless of genetic score. CONCLUSION A genetic score based on PCa risk-associated SNPs is an independent predictor of prostate biopsy outcomes in Chinese men and may be helpful to determine the need for prostate biopsy among patients within a "gray zone" of PCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Fang Liu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Center for Cancer Genomics,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rong Na
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Cancer Genomics,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Limin Zhang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Yishuo Wu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Deke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Qiang Ding
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Correspondence to: Qiang Ding and Jianfeng Xu, Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Rd. (M), Shanghai 200040, China. ;
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Center for Cancer Genomics,Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Qiang Ding and Jianfeng Xu, Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Rd. (M), Shanghai 200040, China. ;
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Chen R, Ren S, Sun Y. Genome-wide association studies on prostate cancer: the end or the beginning? Protein Cell 2013; 4:677-86. [PMID: 23982739 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has been highly successful in discovering susceptibility loci for prostate cancer. Currently, more than twenty GWAS have identified more than fifty common variants associated with susceptibility with PCa. Yet with the increase in loci, voices from the scientific society are calling for more. In this review, we summarize current findings, discuss the common problems troubling current studies and shed light upon possible breakthroughs in the future. GWAS is the beginning of something wonderful. Although we are quite near the end of the beginning, post-GWAS studies are just taking off and future studies are needed extensively. It is believed that in the future GWAS information will be helpful to build a comprehensive system intergraded with PCa prevention, diagnosis, molecular classification, personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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16
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Xu J, Sun J, Zheng SL. Prostate cancer risk-associated genetic markers and their potential clinical utility. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:314-22. [PMID: 23564047 PMCID: PMC3739659 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men in Western developed countries and its incidence has increased considerably in many other parts of the world, including China. The etiology of PCa is largely unknown but is thought to be multifactorial, where inherited genetics plays an important role. In this article, we first briefly review results from studies of familial aggregation and genetic susceptibility to PCa. We then recap key findings of rare and high-penetrance PCa susceptibility genes from linkage studies in PCa families. We devote a significant portion of this article to summarizing discoveries of common and low-penetrance PCa risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genetic association studies in PCa cases and controls, especially those from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). A strong focus of this article is to review the literature on the potential clinical utility of these implicated genetic markers. Most of these published studies described PCa risk estimation using a genetic score derived from multiple risk-associated SNPs and its utility in determining the need for prostate biopsy. Finally, we comment on the newly proposed concept of genetic score; the notion is to treat it as a marker for genetic predisposition, similar to family history, rather than a diagnostic marker to discriminate PCa patients from non-cancer patients. Available evidence to date suggests that genetic score is an objective and better measurement of inherited risk of PCa than family history. Another unique feature of this article is the inclusion of genetic association studies of PCa in Chinese and Japanese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityFudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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17
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) research in China has been on a rocketing trend in recent years. The first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in China identified two new PCa risk associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Next generation sequencing is beginning to be used, yielding novel findings: gene fusions, long non-coding RNAs and other variations. Mechanisms of PCa progression have been illustrated while various diagnosis biomarkers have been investigated extensively. Personalized therapy based on genetic factors, nano-medicine and traditional Chinese medicine has been the focus of experimental therapeutic research for PCa. This review intends to shed light upon the recent progress in PCa research in China and points out the possible breakthroughs in the future.
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18
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Lin X, Qu L, Chen Z, Xu C, Ye D, Shao Q, Wang X, Qi J, Chen Z, Zhou F, Wang M, Wang Z, He D, Wu D, Gao X, Yuan J, Wang G, Xu Y, Wang G, Dong P, Jiao Y, Yang J, Ou-Yang J, Jiang H, Zhu Y, Ren S, Zhang Z, Yin C, Wu Q, Zheng Y, Turner AR, Tao S, Na R, Ding Q, Lu D, Shi R, Sun J, Liu F, Zheng SL, Mo Z, Sun Y, Xu J. A novel germline mutation in HOXB13 is associated with prostate cancer risk in Chinese men. Prostate 2013; 73:169-75. [PMID: 22718278 PMCID: PMC3755486 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rare mutation G84E in HOXB13 was recently identified to be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) in Caucasians. The goal of this study is to test association between HOXB13 genetic variants and PCa risk in Chinese men. METHODS All study subjects were part of the Chinese Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ChinaPCa). In the first stage, we screened for mutations by sequencing the HOXB13 coding region in 96 unrelated PCa patients. In stage 2, G84E and novel mutations found in stage 1 were genotyped in 671 PCa patients and 1,536 controls. In stage 3, mutation status in 751 additional PCa patients was imputed via haplotype. RESULTS The G84E mutation was not detected in this study. However, a novel mutation, G135E, was identified among 96 patients in stage 1. It was also observed twice in 575 additional PCa patients but not in 1,536 control subjects of stage 2. The frequency of G135E was significantly different between cases and controls, with a P-value of 0.027, based on Fisher's exact test. Haplotype estimation showed that G135E mutation carriers shared a unique haplotype that was not observed in other subjects. In stage 3, two more PCa patients were predicted to carry the G135E mutation. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel rare mutation in the HOXB13 gene, G135E, which appears to be a founder mutation. This mutation is associated with increased PCa risk in Chinese men. Consistent with a previous report, our findings provide further evidence that rare mutations in HOXB13 contribute to PCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lin
- Fudan-VARICenter for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lianxi Qu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Departmentof Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Departmentof Urology, Cancer Hospital, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Shao
- Departmentof Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Qi
- Departmentof Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Urologyof Institute of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, C hongqing, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Departmentof Urology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Departmentof Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Departmentof Urology, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dalin He
- Departmentof Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Departmentof Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Departmentof Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Departmentof Urology, Xijing Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Departmentof Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Departmentof Urology, Second Hospital of TianJin Medical University, TianJin Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guozeng Wang
- Departmentof Urology, Pudong Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Pei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Departmentof Urology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Departmentof Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jin Yang
- Departmentof Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Ou-Yang
- Departmentof Urology, First People’s Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Departmentof Urology, Cancer Hospital, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Departmentof Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Departmentof Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Departmentof Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Aubrey R. Turner
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sha Tao
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rong Na
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Qiang Ding
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Daru Lu
- Fudan-VARICenter for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rong Shi
- Schoolof Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Fang Liu
- Fudan-VARICenter for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
- Departmentof Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Departmentof Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan-VARICenter for Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Dr. Jianfeng Xu, MD, DrPH, Fudan Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Akamatsu S, Takahashi A, Takata R, Kubo M, Inoue T, Morizono T, Tsunoda T, Kamatani N, Haiman CA, Wan P, Chen GK, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Fujioka T, Habuchi T, Nakamura Y, Ogawa O, Nakagawa H. Reproducibility, performance, and clinical utility of a genetic risk prediction model for prostate cancer in Japanese. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46454. [PMID: 23071574 PMCID: PMC3468627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is widely used as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer (PC). However, due to its low predictive performance, many patients without PC suffer from the harms of unnecessary prostate needle biopsies. The present study aims to evaluate the reproducibility and performance of a genetic risk prediction model in Japanese and estimate its utility as a diagnostic biomarker in a clinical scenario. We created a logistic regression model incorporating 16 SNPs that were significantly associated with PC in a genome-wide association study of Japanese population using 689 cases and 749 male controls. The model was validated by two independent sets of Japanese samples comprising 3,294 cases and 6,281 male controls. The areas under curve (AUC) of the model were 0.679, 0.655, and 0.661 for the samples used to create the model and those used for validation. The AUCs were not significantly altered in samples with PSA 1-10 ng/ml. 24.2% and 9.7% of the patients had odds ratio <0.5 (low risk) or >2 (high risk) in the model. Assuming the overall positive rate of prostate needle biopsies to be 20%, the positive biopsy rates were 10.7% and 42.4% for the low and high genetic risk groups respectively. Our genetic risk prediction model for PC was highly reproducible, and its predictive performance was not influenced by PSA. The model could have a potential to affect clinical decision when it is applied to patients with gray-zone PSA, which should be confirmed in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Akamatsu
- Laboratory for Biomarker Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takata
- Laboratory for Biomarker Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Morizono
- Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Informatics, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peggy Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gary K. Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Centre, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Laurence N. Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Centre, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tomoaki Fujioka
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Habuchi
- Department of Urology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Biomarker Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Chen J, Shao P, Cao Q, Li P, Li J, Cai H, Zhu J, Wang M, Zhang Z, Qin C, Yin C. Genetic variations in a PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis and prostate cancer risk in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40817. [PMID: 22815832 PMCID: PMC3399895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Genetic variations in a PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling axis may influence cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis, and then increase the individual’s risk of cancer. Accordingly, we explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these genes and prostate cancer (PCa) in our Chinese population. Methods Subjects were recruited from 666 PCa patients and 708 cancer-free controls, and eight SNPs in the PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis were determined by the TaqMan assay. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were evaluated by logistic regression. Results We observed significant associations between PCa risk and mTOR rs2295080 [P = 0.027, OR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.74–0.98], and AKT2 rs7254617 (P = 0.003, OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.11–1.64). When estimated these two SNPs together, the combined genotypes with 2–4 risk alleles (rs2295080 T and rs7254617 A alleles) were associated with an increased risk of PCa compared with 0–1 risk alleles, which was more pronounced among subgroups of age >71 years, smokers, drinkers and no family history of cancer. Results of stratified analyses by cliniopathological parameters revealed that the frequencies of the combined genotypes with 2–4 risk alleles in advanced stage were significantly higher than in localized stage(P = 0.022), but there was no significant association in Gleason score and PSA level. Conclusion Our results indicate, for the first time that the two variants in AKT2 and mTOR, particularly the joint genotypes with 2–4 risk alleles may influence PCa susceptibility and progression in Chinese, and the association appeared to be more strong in the subgroup of smokers and drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (CQ)
| | - Changjun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (CY); (CQ)
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