The conserved Arg241-Glu439 salt bridge determines flexibility of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding core in the ligand-free state

Detailed Analysis of ITPR1 Missense Variants Guides Diagnostics and Therapeutic Design

BACKGROUND

The ITPR1 gene encodes the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 ) receptor type 1 (IP3 R1), a critical player in cerebellar intracellular calcium signaling. Pathogenic missense variants in ITPR1 cause congenital spinocerebellar ataxia type 29 (SCA29), Gillespie syndrome (GLSP), and severe pontine/cerebellar hypoplasia. The pathophysiological basis of the different phenotypes is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to identify novel SCA29 and GLSP cases to define core phenotypes, describe the spectrum of missense variation across ITPR1, standardize the ITPR1 variant nomenclature, and investigate disease progression in relation to cerebellar atrophy.

METHODS

Cases were identified using next-generation sequencing through the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study, the 100,000 Genomes project, and clinical collaborations. ITPR1 alternative splicing in the human cerebellum was investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

We report the largest, multinational case series of 46 patients with 28 unique ITPR1 missense variants. Variants clustered in functional domains of the protein, especially in the N-terminal IP3 -binding domain, the carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8)-binding region, and the C-terminal transmembrane channel domain. Variants outside these domains were of questionable clinical significance. Standardized transcript annotation, based on our ITPR1 transcript expression data, greatly facilitated analysis. Genotype-phenotype associations were highly variable. Importantly, while cerebellar atrophy was common, cerebellar volume loss did not correlate with symptom progression.

CONCLUSIONS

This dataset represents the largest cohort of patients with ITPR1 missense variants, expanding the clinical spectrum of SCA29 and GLSP. Standardized transcript annotation is essential for future reporting. Our findings will aid in diagnostic interpretation in the clinic and guide selection of variants for preclinical studies. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Allosteric response to ligand binding: Molecular dynamics study of the N-terminal domains in IP receptor

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃) receptor (IP₃R) is a huge tetrameric intracellular Ca²⁺ channel that mediates cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ signaling. The structural basis of the gating in IP₃R has been studied by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, focusing on the domain rearrangements triggered by IP₃ binding. Here, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the three N-terminal domains of IP₃R responsible for IP₃ binding (IBC/SD; two domains of the IP₃ binding core, IBCβ and IBCα, and suppressor domain, SD) as a model system to study the initial gating stage. The response upon removal of IP₃ from the IP₃-bound form of IBC/SD was traced in MD trajectories. The two IBC domains showed an immediate response of opening after removal of IP₃, and SD showed a simultaneous opening motion indicating a tight dynamic coupling with IBC. However, when IBC remained in a more closed form, the dynamic coupling broke and SD exhibited a more amplified closing motion independently of IBC. This amplified SD motion was caused by the break of connection between SD and IBCβ at the hinge region, but was suppressed in the native tetrameric state. The analyses using Motion Tree and the linear response theory clarified that in the open form, SD and IBCα moved collectively relative to IBCβ with a response upon IP₃ binding within the linear regime, whereas in the closed form, such collectiveness disappeared. These results suggest that the regulation of dynamics via the domain arrangement and multimerization is requisite for large-scale allosteric communication in IP₃R gating machinery.

IP3 Receptor Plasticity Underlying Diverse Functions

In the body, extracellular stimuli produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃), an intracellular chemical signal that binds to the IP₃ receptor (IP₃R) to release calcium ions (Ca²⁺) from the endoplasmic reticulum. In the past 40 years, the wide-ranging functions mediated by IP₃R and its genetic defects causing a variety of disorders have been unveiled. Recent cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography have resolved IP₃R structures and begun to integrate with concurrent functional studies, which can explicate IP₃-dependent opening of Ca²⁺-conducting gates placed ∼90 Å away from IP₃-binding sites and its regulation by Ca²⁺. This review highlights recent research progress on the IP₃R structure and function. We also propose how protein plasticity within IP₃R, which involves allosteric gating and assembly transformations accompanied by rapid and chronic structural changes, would enable it to regulate diverse functions at cellular microdomains in pathophysiological states.

Exploration of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) regulated dynamics of N-terminal domain of IP3 receptor reveals early phase molecular events during receptor activation

Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP₃) binding at the N-terminus (NT) of IP₃ receptor (IP₃R) allosterically triggers the opening of a Ca²⁺-conducting pore located ~100 Å away from the IP₃-binding core (IBC). However, the precise mechanism of IP₃ binding and correlated domain dynamics in the NT that are central to the IP₃R activation, remains unknown. Our all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations recapitulate the characteristic twist motion of the suppressor domain (SD) and reveal correlated ‘clam closure’ dynamics of IBC with IP₃-binding, complementing existing suggestions on IP₃R activation mechanism. Our study further reveals the existence of inter-domain dynamic correlation in the NT and establishes the SD to be critical for the conformational dynamics of IBC. Also, a tripartite interaction involving Glu283-Arg54-Asp444 at the SD – IBC interface seemed critical for IP₃R activation. Intriguingly, during the sub-microsecond long simulation, we observed Arg269 undergoing an SD-dependent flipping of hydrogen bonding between the first and fifth phosphate groups of IP₃. This seems to play a major role in determining the IP₃ binding affinity of IBC in the presence/absence of the SD. Our study thus provides atomistic details of early molecular events occurring within the NT during and following IP₃ binding that lead to channel gating.