1
|
Thach T, Dhanabalan K, Nandekar PP, Stauffer S, Heisler I, Alvarado S, Snyder J, Subramanian R. A Second Drug Binding Site in P2X3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598171. [PMID: 38915546 PMCID: PMC11195084 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Purinergic P2X3 receptors form trimeric cation-gated channels, which are activated by extracellular ATP. P2X3 plays a crucial role in chronic cough and affects over 10% of the population. Despite considerable efforts to develop drugs targeting P2X3, the highly conserved structure within the P2X receptor family presents obstacles for achieving selectivity. Camlipixant, a potent and selective P2X3 antagonist, is currently in phase III clinical trials. However, the mechanisms underlying receptor desensitization, ion permeation, principles governing antagonism, and the structure of P2X3 when bound to camlipixant remain elusive. In this study, we established a stable cell line expressing homotrimeric P2X3 and utilized a peptide scaffold to purify the complex and determine its structure using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). P2X3 binds to camlipixant at a previously unidentified drug-binding site and functions as an allosteric inhibitor. Structure-activity studies combined with modeling and simulations have shed light on the mechanisms underlying the selective targeting and inhibition of P2X3 by camlipixant, distinguishing it from other members of the P2X receptor family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trung Thach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907, USA
| | | | | | - Seth Stauffer
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN-46140, USA
| | - Iring Heisler
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN-46140, USA
| | - Sarah Alvarado
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN-46140, USA
| | - Jonathan Snyder
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN-46140, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wyss MT, Heuer C, Herwerth M. The bumpy road of purinergic inhibitors to clinical application in immune-mediated diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1206-1211. [PMID: 37905866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purinergic signaling plays important roles throughout the body in the regulation of organ functions during and following the disruption of homeostasis. This is also reflected by the widespread expression of two families of purinergic receptors (P1 and P2) with numerous subtypes. In the last few decades, there has been increasing evidence that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of immune functions. Mainly, signals mediated by P2 receptors have been shown to contribute to immune system-mediated pathologies. Thus, interference with P2 receptors may be a promising strategy for the modulation of immune responses. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted in isolated entities with limited success, preclinical work suggests that the use of P2 receptor inhibitors may bear some promise in various autoimmune diseases. Despite the association of P2 receptors with several disorders from this field, the use of P2 receptor antagonists in clinical therapy is still very scarce. In this narrative review, we briefly review the involvement of the purinergic system in immunological responses and clinical studies on the effect of purinergic inhibition on autoimmune processes. We then open the aperture a bit and show some preclinical studies demonstrating a potential effect of purinergic blockade on autoimmune events. Using suramin, a non-specific purinergic inhibitor, as an example, we further show that off-target effects could be responsible for observed effects in immunological settings, which may have interesting implications. Overall, we believe that it is worthwhile to further investigate this hitherto underexplored area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Heuer
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Herwerth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu Y, Lin Y, Wang J. Progress on functions of intracellular domain of trimeric ligand-gated ion channels. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 53:221-230. [PMID: 38310082 PMCID: PMC11057991 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels are a large category of essential ion channels, modulating their state by binding to specific ligands to allow ions to pass through the cell membrane. Purinergic ligand-gated ion channel receptors (P2XRs) and acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs) are representative members of trimeric ligand-gated ion channel. Recent studies have shown that structural differences in the intracellular domain of P2XRs may determine the desensitization process. The lateral fenestrations of P2XRs potentially serve as a pathway for ion conductance and play a decisive role in ion selectivity. Phosphorylation of numerous amino acid residues in the P2XRs are involved in regulating the activity of ion channels. Additionally, the P2XRs interact with other ligand-gated ion channels including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamin receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mediating physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity. Conformational changes in the intracellular domain of the ASICs expose binding sites of intracellular signal partners, facilitating metabolic signal transduction. Amino acids such as Val16, Ser17, Ile18, Gln19 and Ala20 in the ASICs participate in channel opening and membrane expression. ASICs can also bind to intracellular proteins, such as CIPP and p11, to regulate channel function. Many phosphorylation sites at the C-terminus and N-terminus of ASICs are involved in the regulation of receptors. Furthermore, ASICs are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, which include pain, ischemic stroke, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative disease. In this article, we review the roles of the intracellular domains of these trimeric ligand-gated ion channels in channel gating as well as their physiological and pathological functions, in order to provide new insights into the discovery of related drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yiyu Lin
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sheng D, Yue CX, Jin F, Wang Y, Ichikawa M, Yu Y, Guo CR, Hattori M. Structural insights into the orthosteric inhibition of P2X receptors by non-ATP analog antagonists. eLife 2024; 12:RP92829. [PMID: 38578670 PMCID: PMC10997329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are extracellular ATP-gated ion channels that form homo- or heterotrimers and consist of seven subtypes. They are expressed in various tissues, including neuronal and nonneuronal cells, and play critical roles in physiological processes such as neurotransmission, inflammation, pain, and cancer. As a result, P2X receptors have attracted considerable interest as drug targets, and various competitive inhibitors have been developed. However, although several P2X receptor structures from different subtypes have been reported, the limited structural information of P2X receptors in complex with competitive antagonists hampers the understanding of orthosteric inhibition, hindering the further design and optimization of those antagonists for drug discovery. We determined the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the mammalian P2X7 receptor in complex with two classical competitive antagonists of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate derivatives, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-6-(2'-naphthylazo-6'-nitro-4',8'-disulfonate) (PPNDS) and pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',5'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), and performed structure-based mutational analysis by patch-clamp recording as well as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our structures revealed the orthosteric site for PPADS/PPNDS, and structural comparison with the previously reported apo- and ATP-bound structures showed how PPADS/PPNDS binding inhibits the conformational changes associated with channel activation. In addition, structure-based mutational analysis identified key residues involved in the PPNDS sensitivity of P2X1 and P2X3, which are known to have higher affinity for PPADS/PPNDS than other P2X subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chen-Xi Yue
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chang-Run Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He H, Luo H, Qian B, Xu H, Zhang G, Zou X, Zou J. Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction Is Related to Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:1-28. [PMID: 37118962 PMCID: PMC10782122 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common and non-lethal urological condition with painful symptoms. The complexity of CP/CPPS's pathogenesis and lack of efficient etiological diagnosis results in incomplete treatment and recurrent episodes, causing long-term mental and psychological suffering in patients. Recent findings indicate that the autonomic nervous system involves in CP/CPPS, including sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and central nervous systems. Neuro-inflammation and sensitization of sensory nerves lead to persistent inflammation and pain. Sympathetic and parasympathetic alterations affect the cardiovascular and reproductive systems and the development of prostatitis. Central sensitization lowers pain thresholds and increases pelvic pain perception in chronic prostatitis. Therefore, this review summarized the detailed processes and mechanisms of the critical role of the autonomic nervous system in developing CP/CPPS. Furthermore, it describes the neurologically relevant substances and channels or receptors involved in this process, which provides new perspectives for new therapeutic approaches to CP/CPPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailan He
- Department of Graduate, First Clinical Colledge, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Graduate, First Clinical Colledge, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Biao Qian
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sainz RM, Rodriguez-Quintero JH, Maldifassi MC, Stiles BM, Wennerberg E. Tumour immune escape via P2X7 receptor signalling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287310. [PMID: 38022596 PMCID: PMC10643160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While P2X7 receptor expression on tumour cells has been characterized as a promotor of cancer growth and metastasis, its expression by the host immune system is central for orchestration of both innate and adaptive immune responses against cancer. The role of P2X7R in anti-tumour immunity is complex and preclinical studies have described opposing roles of the P2X7R in regulating immune responses against tumours. Therefore, few P2X7R modulators have reached clinical testing in cancer patients. Here, we review the prognostic value of P2X7R in cancer, how P2X7R have been targeted to date in tumour models, and we discuss four aspects of how tumours skew immune responses to promote immune escape via the P2X7R; non-pore functional P2X7Rs, mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, ectonucleotidases, and immunoregulatory cells. Lastly, we discuss alternative approaches to offset tumour immune escape via P2X7R to enhance immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. Sainz
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Humberto Rodriguez-Quintero
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Constanza Maldifassi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Brendon M. Stiles
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Erik Wennerberg
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen C, Zhang Y, Cui W, Zhao Y, Sheng D, Teng X, Shao M, Ichikawa M, Wang J, Hattori M. Structural insights into the allosteric inhibition of P2X4 receptors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6437. [PMID: 37833294 PMCID: PMC10575874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are ATP-activated cation channels, and the P2X4 subtype plays important roles in the immune system and the central nervous system, particularly in neuropathic pain. Therefore, P2X4 receptors are of increasing interest as potential drug targets. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in complex with two P2X4 subtype-specific antagonists, BX430 and BAY-1797. Both antagonists bind to the same allosteric site located at the subunit interface at the top of the extracellular domain. Structure-based mutational analysis by electrophysiology identified the important residues for the allosteric inhibition of both zebrafish and human P2X4 receptors. Structural comparison revealed the ligand-dependent structural rearrangement of the binding pocket to stabilize the binding of allosteric modulators, which in turn would prevent the structural changes of the extracellular domain associated with channel activation. Furthermore, comparison with the previously reported P2X structures of other subtypes provided mechanistic insights into subtype-specific allosteric inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Danqi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinyu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Miaoqing Shao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ai Y, Wang H, Liu L, Qi Y, Tang S, Tang J, Chen N. Purine and purinergic receptors in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e359. [PMID: 37692109 PMCID: PMC10484181 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purines and purinergic receptors are widely distributed throughout the human body. Purine molecules within cells play crucial roles in regulating energy metabolism and other cellular processes, while extracellular purines transmit signals through specific purinergic receptors. The ubiquitous purinergic signaling maintains normal neural excitability, digestion and absorption, respiratory movement, and other complex physiological activities, and participates in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. Pathological dysregulation of purinergic signaling can result in the development of various diseases, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory reactions, and malignant tumors. The dysregulation or dysfunction of purines and purinergic receptors has been demonstrated to be closely associated with tumor progression. Compared with other subtypes of purinergic receptors, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) exhibits distinct characteristics (i.e., a low affinity for ATP, dual functionality upon activation, the mediation of ion channels, and nonselective pores formation) and is considered a promising target for antitumor therapy, particularly in patients with poor response to immunotherapy This review summarizes the physiological and pathological significance of purinergic signaling and purinergic receptors, analyzes their complex relationship with tumors, and proposes potential antitumor immunotherapy strategies from tumor P2X7R inhibition, tumor P2X7R overactivation, and host P2X7R activation. This review provides a reference for clinical immunotherapy and mechanism investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ai
- Department of OncologyHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Lu Liu
- School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Yulin Qi
- Department of OphthalmologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Shiyun Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceHospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Nianzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and EngineeringCollege of Biomedical EngineeringChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Figueiredo IAD, Ferreira SRD, Fernandes JM, Silva BA, Vasconcelos LHC, Cavalcante FA. A review of the pathophysiology and the role of ion channels on bronchial asthma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1236550. [PMID: 37841931 PMCID: PMC10568497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1236550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the main non-communicable chronic diseases and affects a huge portion of the population. It is a multifactorial disease, classified into several phenotypes, being the allergic the most frequent. The pathophysiological mechanism of asthma involves a Th2-type immune response, with high concentrations of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, eosinophilia, hyperreactivity and airway remodeling. These mechanisms are orchestrated by intracellular signaling from effector cells, such as lymphocytes and eosinophils. Ion channels play a fundamental role in maintaining the inflammatory response on asthma. In particular, transient receptor potential (TRP), stock-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs), Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKCa and BKCa), calcium-activated chloride channel (TMEM16A), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1) and purinergic P2X receptor (P2X). The recognition of the participation of these channels in the pathological process of asthma is important, as they become pharmacological targets for the discovery of new drugs and/or pharmacological tools that effectively help the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of this disease, as well as the more specific mechanisms involved in worsening asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indyra Alencar Duarte Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Sarah Rebeca Dantas Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Jayne Muniz Fernandes
- Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique César Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cevoli F, Arnould B, Peralta FA, Grutter T. Untangling Macropore Formation and Current Facilitation in P2X7. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10896. [PMID: 37446075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropore formation and current facilitation are intriguing phenomena associated with ATP-gated P2X7 receptors (P2X7). Macropores are large pores formed in the cell membrane that allow the passage of large molecules. The precise mechanisms underlying macropore formation remain poorly understood, but recent evidence suggests two alternative pathways: a direct entry through the P2X7 pore itself, and an indirect pathway triggered by P2X7 activation involving additional proteins, such as TMEM16F channel/scramblase. On the other hand, current facilitation refers to the progressive increase in current amplitude and activation kinetics observed with prolonged or repetitive exposure to ATP. Various mechanisms, including the activation of chloride channels and intrinsic properties of P2X7, have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. In this comprehensive review, we present an in-depth overview of P2X7 current facilitation and macropore formation, highlighting new findings and proposing mechanistic models that may offer fresh insights into these untangled processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cevoli
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Benoit Arnould
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Francisco Andrés Peralta
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Thomas Grutter
- Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives (CAMB) UMR 7199, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pasqualetto G, Zuanon M, Brancale A, Young MT. Identification of a novel P2X7 antagonist using structure-based virtual screening. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1094607. [PMID: 36712671 PMCID: PMC9877316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X4 and P2X7 receptors are ATP-gated ion channels, which play important roles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and as such they are important drug targets in diseases of inflammatory origin. While several compounds targeting P2X4 and P2X7 receptors have been developed using traditional high-throughput screening approaches, relatively few compounds have been developed using structure-based design. We initially set out to develop compounds targeting human P2X4, by performing virtual screening on the orthosteric (ATP-binding) pocket of a molecular model of human P2X4 based on the crystal structure of the Danio rerio receptor. The screening of a library of approximately 300,000 commercially available drug-like compounds led to the initial selection of 17 compounds; however, none of these compounds displayed a significant antagonist effect at P2X4 in a Fluo-4 ATP-induced calcium influx assay. When the same set of compounds was tested against human P2X7 in an ATP-stimulated Yo-Pro1 dye uptake assay, one compound (an indeno(1,2-b)pyridine derivative; GP-25) reduced the response by greater than 50% when applied at a concentration of 30 µM. GP-25 displayed an IC50 value of 8.7 μM at human P2X7 and 24.4 μM at rat P2X7, and was confirmed to be active using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology and not cytotoxic. Schild analysis suggested that mode of action of GP-25 was orthosteric. Screening of a further 16 commercially available analogues of GP-25 led to the discovery of five additional compounds with antagonist activity at human P2X7, enabling us to investigate the structure-activity relationship. Finally, docking of the R- and S-enantiomers of GP-25 into the orthosteric pocket of molecular models of human P2X4 and human P2X7 revealed that, while both enantiomers were able to make multiple interactions between their carboxyl moieties and conserved positively charged amino-acids in human P2X7, only the S-enantiomer of GP-25 was able to do this in human P2X4, potentially explaining the lack of activity of GP-25 at this receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualetto
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Zuanon
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Mark T. Young,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Within the family of purinergic receptors, the P2X1 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that plays a role in urogenital, immune and cardiovascular function. Specifically, the P2X1 receptor has been implicated in controlling smooth muscle contractions of the vas deferens and therefore has emerged as an exciting drug target for male contraception. In addition, the P2X1 receptor contributes to smooth muscle contractions of the bladder and is a target to treat bladder dysfunction. Finally, platelets and neutrophils have populations of P2X1 receptors that could be targeted for thrombosis and inflammatory conditions. Drugs that specifically target the P2X1 receptor have been challenging to develop, and only recently have small molecule antagonists of the P2X1 receptor been available. However, these ligands need further biological validation for appropriate selectivity and drug-like properties before they will be suitable for use in preclinical models of disease. Although the atomic structure of the P2X1 receptor has yet to be determined, the recent discovery of several other P2X receptor structures and improvements in the field of structural biology suggests that this is now a distinct possibility. Such efforts may significantly improve drug discovery efforts at the P2X1 receptor.
Collapse
|
13
|
Deng D. Editorial: Special issue Transporter and Channel. Proteins 2022; 90:1747-1748. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Deng
- Department of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sabnis RW. Substituted N-Heteroaryl- N-Pyridinylacetamides as P2X4 Modulators for Treating Pain. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:765-766. [PMID: 35586428 PMCID: PMC9109476 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1105 West Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rotondo JC, Mazziotta C, Lanzillotti C, Stefani C, Badiale G, Campione G, Martini F, Tognon M. The Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor in Inflammation and Cancer: Novel Molecular Insights and Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1116. [PMID: 35267424 PMCID: PMC8909580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a transmembrane protein whose expression has been related to a variety of cellular processes, while its dysregulation has been linked to inflammation and cancer. P2X7R is expressed in cancer and immune system cell surfaces. ATP plays a key role in numerous metabolic processes due to its abundance in the tumour microenvironment. P2X7R plays an important role in cancer by interacting with ATP. The unusual property of P2X7R is that stimulation with low doses of ATP causes the opening of a permeable channel for sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, whereas sustained stimulation with high doses of ATP favours the formation of a non-selective pore. The latter effect induces a change in intracellular homeostasis that leads to cell death. This evidence suggests that P2X7R has both pro- and anti-tumour proprieties. P2X7R is increasingly recognised as a regulator of inflammation. In this review, we aimed to describe the most relevant characteristics of P2X7R function, activation, and its ligands, while also summarising the role of P2X7R activation in the context of inflammation and cancer. The currently used therapeutic approaches and clinical trials of P2X7R modulators are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Stefani
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Giada Badiale
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Giulia Campione
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|