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Kikuchi F, Ikeda Z, Kakegawa K, Nishikawa Y, Sasaki S, Fukuda K, Takami K, Banno Y, Nishikawa H, Taya N, Nakahata T, Itono S, Yashiro H, Tsuchimori K, Hiyoshi H, Sasaki M, Tohyama K, Matsumiya K, Ishihara Y, Kawamoto T, Kamaura M, Watanabe M, Kitazaki T, Maekawa T, Sasaki M. Discovery of a novel series of medium-sized cyclic enteropeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117462. [PMID: 37683572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteropeptidase is located in the duodenum that involved in intestinal protein digestion. We have reported enteropeptidase inhibitors with low systemic exposure. The aim of this study was to discover novel enteropeptidase inhibitors showing more potent in vivo efficacy while retaining low systemic exposure. Inhibitory mechanism-based drug design led us to cyclize ester 2 to medium-sized lactones, showing potent enteropeptidase inhibitory activity and improving the ester stability, thus increasing fecal protein output in vivo. Optimization on the linker between two benzene rings resulted in discovery of ether lactone 6b, exhibiting further enhanced enteropeptidase inhibitory activity and long duration of inhibitory state. Oral administration of 6b in mice significantly elevated fecal protein output compared with the lead 2. In addition, 6b showed low systemic exposure along with low intestinal absorption. Furthermore, we identified the 10-membered lactonization method for scale-up synthesis of 6b, which does not require high-dilution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kikuchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Zenichi Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youichi Nishikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koichiro Fukuda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Banno
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoaki Nishikawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Taya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahata
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youko Ishihara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamaura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kitazaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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2
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Cryo-EM structures reveal the activation and substrate recognition mechanism of human enteropeptidase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6955. [PMID: 36376282 PMCID: PMC9663175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropeptidase (EP) initiates intestinal digestion by proteolytically processing trypsinogen, generating catalytically active trypsin. EP dysfunction causes a series of pancreatic diseases including acute necrotizing pancreatitis. However, the molecular mechanisms of EP activation and substrate recognition remain elusive, due to the lack of structural information on the EP heavy chain. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of human EP in inactive, active, and substrate-bound states at resolutions from 2.7 to 4.9 Å. The EP heavy chain was observed to clamp the light chain with CUB2 domain for substrate recognition. The EP light chain N-terminus induced a rearrangement of surface-loops from inactive to active conformations, resulting in activated EP. The heavy chain then served as a hinge for light-chain conformational changes to recruit and subsequently cleave substrate. Our study provides structural insights into rearrangements of EP surface-loops and heavy chain dynamics in the EP catalytic cycle, advancing our understanding of EP-associated pancreatitis.
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3
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Kagawa T, Sugama J, Nishizaki H, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M. An Exploratory Randomized Trial of SCO-792, an Enteropeptidase Inhibitor, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Albuminuria. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 8:115-125. [PMID: 36644351 PMCID: PMC9831944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elevated plasma amino acid levels overload kidney function by increasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inhibiting gut amino acid intake may have therapeutic benefits for patients with kidney dysfunction. For a prospective phase 2a trial, we carried out an exploratory evaluation of the safety and efficacy of SCO-792, an enteropeptidase inhibitor that blocks gut amino acid intake, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and albuminuria. Methods Seventy-two patients with T2DM, a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of 200-5000 mg/g, and an estimated GFR >30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were included. Patients were randomly assigned (1:2:2) to the following groups and received treatment for 12 weeks: placebo (n = 15), SCO-792 500 mg once daily (SCO-792 QD; n = 29), or SCO-792 500 mg 3 times daily (SCO-792 3 times a day (TID); n = 28) by following a double-blind approach. We evaluated UACR changes from the baseline along with safety as the primary end points and other parameters as secondary or exploratory end points. Results SCO-792 was safe and well tolerated up to 1500 mg/day for 12 weeks. UACR changes from baseline were -14% (P = 0.4407), -27% (P = 0.0271), and -28% (P = 0.0211) in placebo, SCO-792 QD, and SCO-792 TID, respectively, whereas UACR changes in SCO-792 groups were not statistically significant compared with placebo. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels from baseline, an exploratory end point, decreased in the SCO-792 TID group. Conclusion SCO-792 was safe and well tolerated for 12 weeks and may be associated with decreased UACR in patients with T2DM and albuminuria. Further clinical studies are essential to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kagawa
- Clinical Development Department, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Drug Discovery Laboratories, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Drug Discovery Laboratories, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan,Business Development Department, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan,Correspondence: Yusuke Moritoh or Masanori Watanabe, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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4
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Ikeda Z, Kakegawa K, Kikuchi F, Itono S, Oki H, Yashiro H, Hiyoshi H, Tsuchimori K, Hamagami K, Watanabe M, Sasaki M, Ishihara Y, Tohyama K, Kitazaki T, Maekawa T, Sasaki M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Series of 4-Guanidinobenzoate Derivatives as Enteropeptidase Inhibitors with Low Systemic Exposure for the Treatment of Obesity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8456-8477. [PMID: 35686954 PMCID: PMC9234964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
To discover a novel
series of potent inhibitors of enteropeptidase,
a membrane-bound serine protease localized to the duodenal brush border,
4-guanidinobenzoate derivatives were evaluated with minimal systemic
exposure. The 1c docking model enabled the installation
of an additional carboxylic acid moiety to obtain an extra interaction
with enteropeptidase, yielding 2a. The oral administration
of 2a significantly elevated the fecal protein output,
a pharmacodynamic marker, in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, whereas
subcutaneous administration did not change this parameter. Thus, systemic
exposure of 2a was not required for its pharmacological
effects. Further optimization focusing on the in vitro IC50 value and T1/2, an indicator of dissociation
time, followed by enhanced in vivo pharmacological activity based
on the ester stability of the compounds, revealed two series of potent
enteropeptidase inhibitors, a dihydrobenzofuran analogue ((S)-5b, SCO-792) and phenylisoxazoline (6b), which exhibited potent anti-obesity effects despite their low
systemic exposure following their oral administration to DIO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenichi Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kikuchi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itono
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Oki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hamagami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Youko Ishihara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kitazaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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5
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Yang X, Yin H, Peng L, Zhang D, Li K, Cui F, Xia C, Huang H, Li Z. The Global Status and Trends of Enteropeptidase: A Bibliometric Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:779722. [PMID: 35223895 PMCID: PMC8866687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.779722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEnteropeptidase (EP) is a type II transmembrane serine protease and a physiological activator of trypsinogen. Extensive studies related to EP have been conducted to date. However, no bibliometric analysis has systematically investigated this theme. Our study aimed to visualize the current landscape and frontier trends of scientific achievements on EP, provide an overview of the past 120 years and insights for researchers and clinicians to facilitate future collaborative research and clinical intervention.MethodsQuantitative analysis of publications relating to EP from 1900 to 2020 was interpreted and graphed through the Science Citation Index Expanded of Web of Science Core Collection (limited to SCIE). Microsoft office 2019, GraphPad Prism 8, VOSviewer, and R-bibliometrix were used to conduct the bibliometric analysis.ResultsFrom 1900 to 2020, a total of 1,034 publications were retrieved. The USA had the largest number of publications, making the greatest contribution to the topic (n = 260, 25.15%). Active collaborations between countries/regions were also enrolled. Grant and Hermontaylor were perhaps the most impactful researchers in the landscape of EP. Protein Expression and Purification and the Journal of Biological Chemistry were the most prevalent (79/1,034, 7.64%) and cited journals (n = 2,626), respectively. Using the top 15 citations and co-citations achievements clarified the theoretical basis of the EP research field. Important topics mainly include the structure of EP, the affective factors for activating substrates by EP, EP-related disorders, and inhibitors of EP.ConclusionBased on the bibliometric analysis, we have gained a comprehensive analysis of the global status and research frontiers of studies investigating EP, which provides some guidance and reference for researchers and clinicians engaged in EP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Keliang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanchao Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haojie Huang
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Zhaoshen Li
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6
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Katayama Y, Sugama J, Suzuki T, Ishimura Y, Kobayashi A, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M. Enteropeptidase inhibitor SCO-792 effectively prevents kidney function decline and fibrosis in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:631-640. [PMID: 33351150 PMCID: PMC8008362 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibiting enteropeptidase, a gut serine protease regulating protein digestion, suppresses food intake and ameliorates obesity and diabetes in mice. However, the effects of enteropeptidase inhibition on kidney parameters are largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the chronic effects of an enteropeptidase inhibitor, SCO-792, on kidney function, albuminuria and kidney pathology in spontaneously hypercholesterolaemic (SHC) rats, a rat chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. Methods SCO-792, an orally available enteropeptidase inhibitor, was administered [0.03% and 0.06% (w/w) in the diet] to 20-week-old SHC rats showing albuminuria and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for five weeks. The effects of SCO-792 and the contribution of amino acids to these effects were evaluated. Results SCO-792 increased the faecal protein content, indicating that SCO-792 inhibited enteropeptidase in SHC rats. Chronic treatment with SCO-792 prevented GFR decline and suppressed albuminuria. Moreover, SCO-792 improved glomerulosclerosis and kidney fibrosis. Pair feeding with SCO-792 (0.06%) was less effective in preventing GFR decline, albuminuria and renal histological damage than SCO-792 treatment, indicating the enteropeptidase-inhibition-dependent therapeutic effects of SCO-792. SCO-792 did not affect the renal plasma flow, suggesting that its effect on GFR was mediated by an improvement in filtration fraction. Moreover, SCO-792 increased hydrogen sulphide production capacity, which has a role in tissue protection. Finally, methionine and cysteine supplementation to the diet abrogated SCO-792-induced therapeutic effects on albuminuria. Conclusions SCO-792-mediated inhibition of enteropeptidase potently prevented GFR decline, albuminuria and kidney fibrosis; hence, it may have therapeutic potential against CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Katayama
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
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7
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Zhang X, Zhu B, Sun W, Wang M, Albarazanji K, Ghosh B, Cummings M, Lenhard J, Leonard J, Macielag M, Lanter J. Discovery of a novel series of guanidinebenzoates as gut-restricted enteropeptidase and trypsin dual inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127939. [PMID: 33713780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of guanidinebenzoate enteropeptidase and trypsin dual inhibitors has been discovered and SAR studies were conducted. Optimization was focused on improving properties for gut restriction, including increased aqueous solubility, lower cellular permeability, and reduced oral bioavailability. Lead compounds were identified with efficacy in a mouse fecal protein excretion study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States.
| | - Bin Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Weimei Sun
- DPDS Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Mina Wang
- DPDS Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Kamal Albarazanji
- CVM Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Brahma Ghosh
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Maxwell Cummings
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - James Lenhard
- CVM Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - James Leonard
- CVM Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Mark Macielag
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - James Lanter
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
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8
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Rashid MY, Noor A, Patel V, Henin S, Cuello-Ramírez A, Al Kaabi AS, Gnawali A, Mostafa JA. Role of SCO-792, A Novel Enteropeptidase Inhibitor, In the Prevention of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. Cureus 2021; 13:e13724. [PMID: 33833935 PMCID: PMC8018875 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is the most common iatrogenic dilemma of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, and preventive measures were practiced accordingly. This study aims to refine the potential mechanisms that trigger post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis and define the role of enteropeptidase in the pathogenesis of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Furthermore, address the role of a new novel medication known as SCO-792, a potent enteropeptidase inhibitor, in the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis. Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis is caused by premature activation of the pancreatic enzymes within the pancreatic parenchyma. This activation is either an autoactivation due to direct provocation of intra-acinar enzymes as a result of the procedure or due to activation by enterpeptidase, a rate-limiting enzyme. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography interjects duodenal juice that is rich in enterokinase into the pancreatic-biliary tract, which in turn leads to intra-ductal activation of trypsinogen and subsequent enzymes. Given the vital role of enterokinase in initiating the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, enteropeptidase inhibition may prevent and reduce the severity of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. SCO-792, a novel enteropeptidase inhibitor, is developed by SCOHIA Pharma, and pre-clinical trials confirmed its efficacy in inhibiting enteropeptidase. Studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of enteropeptidase inhibitors in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y Rashid
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Asfa Noor
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Viral Patel
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Shereen Henin
- Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Anoud S Al Kaabi
- Neonatology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Anupa Gnawali
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jihan A Mostafa
- Psychotherapy and Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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9
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Sugama J, Katayama Y, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M. Enteropeptidase inhibition improves kidney function in a rat model of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:86-96. [PMID: 32893449 PMCID: PMC7756647 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of an enteropeptidase inhibitor, SCO-792, on kidney function in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacological effects of SCO-792 were evaluated in Wistar fatty (WF) rats, a rat model of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). RESULTS Oral administration of SCO-792 increased faecal protein content and improved glycaemic control in WF rats. SCO-792 elicited a rapid decrease in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). SCO-792 also normalized glomerular hyperfiltration and decreased fibrosis, inflammation and tubular injury markers in the kidneys. However, pioglitazone-induced glycaemic improvement had no effect on kidney variables. Dietary supplementation of amino acids (AAs), which bypass the action of enteropeptidase inhibition, mitigated the effect of SCO-792 on UACR reduction, suggesting a pivotal role for enteropeptidase. Furthermore, autophagy activity in the glomerulus, which is impaired in DKD, was elevated in SCO-792-treated rats. Finally, a therapeutically additive effect on UACR reduction was observed with a combination of SCO-792 with irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that enteropeptidase inhibition is effective in improving disease conditions in DKD. SCO-792-induced therapeutic efficacy is likely to be independent of glycaemic control and mediated by the regulation of AAs and autophagy. Taken together with a combination effect of irbesartan, SCO-792 may be a novel therapeutic option for patients with DKD.
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Sugama J, Moritoh Y, Yashiro H, Tsuchimori K, Watanabe M. Enteropeptidase inhibition improves obesity by modulating gut microbiota composition and enterobacterial metabolites in diet-induced obese mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105337. [PMID: 33276106 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enteropeptidase is a transmembrane serine protease localized in the lumen of the duodenum that acts as a key enzyme for protein digestion. SCO-792 is an orally available enteropeptidase inhibitor that has been reported to have therapeutic effects on obesity and diabetes in mice. However, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of SCO-792 has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the role of gut microbiota on SCO-792-induced body weight (BW) reduction in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Chronic administration of SCO-792 substantially decreased BW and food intake in DIO mice. While the pair-fed study uncovered food intake-independent mechanisms of BW reduction by SCO-792. Interestingly, antibiotics-induced microbiota elimination in the gut canceled SCO-792-induced BW reduction by nearly half without affecting the anorectic effect, indicating the involvement of gut microbiota in the anti-obesity mechanism that is independent of food intake reduction. Microbiome analysis revealed that SCO-792 altered the gut microbiota composition in DIO mice. Notably, it was found that the abundance of Firmicutes decreased while that of Verrucomicrobia increased at the phylum level. Increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a bacterium known to be useful for host metabolism, was observed in SCO-792-treated mice. Fecal metabolome analysis revealed increased amino acid levels, indicating gut enteropeptidase inhibition. In addition, SCO-792 was found to increase the level of short-chain fatty acids, including propionate, and bile acids in the feces, which all help maintain gut health and improve metabolism. Furthermore, it was found that SCO-792 induced the elevation of colonic immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration, which may maintain the microbiota condition, in DIO mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the contribution of microbiota to SCO-792-induced BW reduction. Enteropeptidase-mediated regulation of microbiota, enterobacterial metabolites, and IgA in the gut may coordinately drive the therapeutic effects of SCO-792 in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sugama
- Research and Development Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research and Development Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research and Development Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Kanagawa, Japan.
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Sun W, Zhang X, Cummings MD, Albarazanji K, Wu J, Wang M, Alexander R, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Leonard J, Lanter J, Lenhard J. Targeting Enteropeptidase with Reversible Covalent Inhibitors To Achieve Metabolic Benefits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:510-521. [PMID: 33033171 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the serine protease enteropeptidase (EP) opens a new avenue to the discovery of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Camostat has been used clinically for treating chronic pancreatitis in Japan; however, the mechanistic basis of the observed clinical efficacy has not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate that camostat is a potent reversible covalent inhibitor of EP, with an inhibition potency (k inact/KI) of 1.5 × 104 M-1s-1 High-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed addition of 161.6 Da to EP after the reaction with camostat, consistent with insertion of the carboxyphenylguanidine moiety of camostat. Covalent inhibition of EP by camostat is reversible, with an enzyme reactivation half-life of 14.3 hours. Formation of a covalent adduct was further supported by a crystal structure resolved to 2.19 Å, showing modification of the catalytic serine of EP by a close analog of camostat, leading to formation of the carboxyphenylguanidine acyl enzyme identical to that expected for the reaction with camostat. Of particular note, minor structural modifications of camostat led to changes in the mechanism of inhibition. We observed from other studies that sustained inhibition of EP is required to effect a reduction in cumulative food intake and body weight, with concomitant improved blood glucose levels in obese and diabetic leptin-deficient mice. Thus, the structure-activity relationship needs to be driven by not only the inhibition potency but also the mechanistic and kinetic characterization. Our findings support EP as a target for the treatment of metabolic diseases and demonstrate that reversible covalent EP inhibitors show clinically relevant efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Interest in targeted covalent drugs has expanded in recent years, particularly so for kinase targets, but also more broadly. This study demonstrates that reversible covalent inhibition of the serine protease enteropeptidase is a therapeutically viable approach to the treatment of metabolic diseases and that mechanistic details of inhibition are relevant to clinical efficacy. Our mechanistic and kinetic studies outline a framework for detailed inhibitor characterization that is proving essential in guiding discovery efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Sun
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Maxwell D Cummings
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamal Albarazanji
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiejun Wu
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Mina Wang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Alexander
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Bin Zhu
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - YueMei Zhang
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Leonard
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lanter
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - James Lenhard
- DPDS Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Spring House, Pennsylvania (W.S., M.W., R.A.); DPDS Analytical Sciences, La Jolla, California (J.W.); Discovery Chemistry, Spring House, Pennsylvania (X.Z., M.D.C., B.Z., Y.Z., J.La.); CVM Discovery, Spring House, Pennsylvania (K.A., J.Leo., J.Len.); and Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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