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Mousavizadeh R, Waugh CM, McCormack RG, Cairns BE, Scott A. MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell activation by substance P from overloaded human tenocytes induces inflammatory and degenerative responses in tendons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13540. [PMID: 38866832 PMCID: PMC11169467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells minimally present in normal tendon tissue. The increased abundance of mast cells in tendinopathy biopsies and at the sites of tendon injury suggests an unexplored role of this cell population in overuse tendon injuries. Mast cells are particularly present in tendon biopsies from patients with more chronic symptom duration and a history of intensive mechanical loading. This study, therefore, examined the cross talk between mast cells and human tendon cells in either static or mechanically active conditions in order to explore the potential mechanistic roles of mast cells in overuse tendon injuries. A coculture of isolated human tenocytes and mast cells (HMC-1) combined with Flexcell Tension System for cyclic stretching of tenocytes was used. Additionally, human tenocytes were exposed to agonists and antagonists of substance P (SP) receptors. Mast cell degranulation was assessed by measuring β-hexosaminidase activity. Transwell and cell adhesion assays were used to evaluate mast cell migration and binding to tendon extracellular matrix components (collagen and fibronectin), respectively. Gene expressions were analyzed using real time qRT-PCR. Our results indicate that mechanical stimulation of human tenocytes leads to release of SP which, in turn, activates mast cells through the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2). The degranulation and migration of mast cells in response to MRGPRX2 activation subsequently cause human tenocytes to increase their expression of inflammatory factors, matrix proteins and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes. These observations may be important in understanding the mechanisms by which tendons become tendinopathic in response to repetitive mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Mousavizadeh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centre for Aging SMART, Centre for Aging SMART, University of British Columbia, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Charlie M Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centre for Aging SMART, Centre for Aging SMART, University of British Columbia, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert G McCormack
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, Centre for Aging SMART, Centre for Aging SMART, University of British Columbia, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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West PW, Tontini C, Atmoko H, Kiss O, Garner T, Bahri R, Warren RB, Griffiths CEM, Stevens A, Bulfone-Paus S. Human Mast Cells Upregulate Cathepsin B, a Novel Marker of Itch in Psoriasis. Cells 2023; 12:2177. [PMID: 37681909 PMCID: PMC10486964 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) contribute to skin inflammation. In psoriasis, the activation of cutaneous neuroimmune networks commonly leads to itch. To dissect the unique contribution of MCs to the cutaneous neuroinflammatory response in psoriasis, we examined their density, distribution, relation to nerve fibres and disease severity, and molecular signature by comparing RNA-seq analysis of MCs isolated from the skin of psoriasis patients and healthy volunteers. In involved psoriasis skin, MCs and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)-positive nerve fibres were spatially associated, and the increase of both MC and nerve fibre density correlated with disease severity. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in involved psoriasis skin showed significant representation of neuron-related pathways (i.e., regulation of neuron projection along with dendrite and dendritic spine morphogenesis), indicating MC engagement in neuronal development and supporting the evidence of close MC-nerve fibre interaction. Furthermore, the analysis of 208 identified itch-associated genes revealed that CTSB, TLR4, and TACR1 were upregulated in MCs in involved skin. In both whole-skin published datasets and isolated MCs, CTSB was found to be a reliable indicator of the psoriasis condition. Furthermore, cathepsin B+ cells were increased in psoriasis skin and cathepsin B+ MC density correlated with disease severity. Therefore, our study provides evidence that cathepsin B could serve as a common indicator of the MC-dependent itch signature in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. West
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
| | - Chiara Tontini
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
| | - Haris Atmoko
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
| | - Orsolya Kiss
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
| | - Terence Garner
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Rajia Bahri
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
| | - Richard B. Warren
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Christopher E. M. Griffiths
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Adam Stevens
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK; (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (P.W.W.); (C.T.); (O.K.); (R.B.); (R.B.W.); (C.E.M.G.)
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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Zhu Z, Bhatia M. Inflammation and Organ Injury the Role of Substance P and Its Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076140. [PMID: 37047113 PMCID: PMC10094202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly controlled inflammation is an indispensable mechanism in the maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis in living organisms. However, aberrant inflammation is detrimental and has been suggested as a key contributor to organ injury with different etiologies. Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide with a robust effect on inflammation. The proinflammatory effects of SP are achieved by activating its functional receptors, namely the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) receptor and mas-related G protein-coupled receptors X member 2 (MRGPRX2) and its murine homolog MRGPRB2. Upon activation, the receptors further signal to several cellular signaling pathways involved in the onset, development, and progression of inflammation. Therefore, excessive SP-NK1R or SP-MRGPRX2/B2 signals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated organ injury. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of SP and its receptors and the emerging roles of the SP-NK1R system and the SP-MRGPRX2/B2 system in inflammation and injury in multiple organs resulting from different pathologies. We also briefly discuss the prospect of developing a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory organ injury by disrupting the proinflammatory actions of SP via pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neurogenic Inflammation of the Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055001. [PMID: 36902434 PMCID: PMC10003326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, including the hypodermis, is the largest body organ and is in constant contact with the environment. Neurogenic inflammation is the result of the activity of nerve endings and mediators (neuropeptides secreted by nerve endings in the development of the inflammatory reaction in the skin), as well as interactions with other cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, endothelial cells and mast cells. The activation of TRPV-ion channels results in an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, induces the release of other pro-inflammatory mediators and contributes to the maintenance of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI) in diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, prurigo and rosacea. Immune cells present in the skin (mononuclear cells, dendritic cells and mast cells) also express TRPV1, and their activation directly affects their function. The activation of TRPV1 channels mediates communication between sensory nerve endings and skin immune cells, increasing the release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines and neuropeptides). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation, activation and modulation of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter receptors in cutaneous cells can aid in the development of effective treatments for inflammatory skin disorders.
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Xia B, Lin G, Zheng S, Zhang H, Yu Y. Differential effects of PEGylated Cd-free CuInS 2/ZnS quantum dot (QDs) on substance P and LL-37 induced human mast cell activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114108. [PMID: 36174319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CuInS2/ZnS-PEG quantum dots (QDs) are among the most widely used near infrared non-cadmium QDs and are favored because of their non-cadmium content and strong tissue penetration. However, with their increasing use, there is great concern about whether exposure to QDs is potentially risky to the environment and humans. Furthermore, toxicological data related to CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs are scarce. In the study, we found that CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs (0-100 μg/mL) could internalize into human LAD2 mast cells without affecting their survival rate, nor did it cause degranulation or release of IL-8 and TNF-α. However, CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs significantly inhibited Substance P (SP) and LL-37-induced degranulation and chemotaxis of LAD2 cells by inhibiting calcium mobilization. Lower concentrations of CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-8 stimulated by SP, but higher concentrations of CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs significantly inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-8. On the other hand, CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs promoted LL-37-mediated TNF-α release from LAD2 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL, while release of IL-8 triggered by LL-37 was dose-dependently inhibited within a dose concentration of 12.5-100 μg/mL. Collectively, our data demonstrated that CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs differentially mediated human mast cell activation induced by SP and LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xia
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Siman Zheng
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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Hsin L, Fernandopulle NA, Ding J, Lumb C, Veldhuis N, Karas JA, Northfield SE, Mackay GA. The effect of substance P and its common in vivo-formed metabolites on MRGPRX2 and human mast cell activation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00990. [PMID: 35904495 PMCID: PMC9337217 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP) is the canonical agonist peptide for the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). More recently, it has also been shown to activate the Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) receptor on mast cells (MCs), triggering degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. SP undergoes rapid C‐terminal truncation in vivo by a number of proteases to generate the metabolites SP(1–9)‐COOH and in particular SP(1–7)‐COOH. While the C terminus of SP is critical for NK1R activation, studies have shown that the peptide polycationic N terminus is key for MRGPRX2 and mast cell activation. The study thus aimed to determine if the C‐terminally truncated metabolites of SP, SP(1–9)‐COOH, and SP(1–7)‐COOH retained stimulatory activity at MRGPRX2. SP, SP(1–9)‐COOH, and SP(1–7)‐COOH were synthesized and tested on HEK293 cells expressing NK1R or MRGPRX2, and LAD2 human mast cells, to determine the activity of SP and its metabolites in Ca2+ mobilization, degranulation, and cytokine assays. As expected from prior studies, both C‐terminally truncated SP metabolites had essentially no activity at NK1R, even at very high concentrations. In contrast, the in vivo metabolite of SP, SP(1–9)‐COOH retained ability to activate MRGPRX2 across all parameters tested, albeit with reduced potency compared to intact SP. SP(1–7)‐COOH did not produce any significant MRGRPX2 activation. Our results suggest that the SP metabolite, SP(1–9)‐COOH, may play a regulatory role through the activation of MRGPRX2. However, given the relatively low potency of both SP and SP(1–9)‐COOH at MRGPRX2, additional work is needed to better understand the biological importance of this expanded SP/MRGPRX2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hsin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nithya A Fernandopulle
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Lumb
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Karas
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan E Northfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham A Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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