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Qian H, Song L, Wang L, Yang Q, Wu R, Du J, Zheng B, Liang W. FolIws1-driven nuclear translocation of deacetylated FolTFIIS ensures conidiation of Fusarium oxysporum. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114588. [PMID: 39110594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens pose a great threat to crop production. Conidiation of fungi is critical for disease epidemics and serves as a promising drug target. Here, we show that deacetylation of the FolTFIIS transcription elongation factor is indispensable for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) conidiation. Upon microconidiation, Fol decreases K76 acetylation of FolTFIIS by altering the level of controlling enzymes, allowing for its nuclear translocation by FolIws1. Increased nuclear FolTFIIS enhances the transcription of sporulation-related genes and, consequently, enables microconidia production. Deacetylation of FolTFIIS is also critical for the production of macroconidia and chlamydospores, and its homolog has similar functions in Botrytis cinerea. We identify two FolIws1-targeting chemicals that block the conidiation of Fol and have effective activity against a wide range of pathogenic fungi without harm to the hosts. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism of conidiation regulation and provide candidate agrochemicals for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Limin Song
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ruihan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bangxian Zheng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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2
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Moin AT, Robin TB, Patil RB, Rani NA, Prome AA, Sakif TI, Hossain M, Chowdhury DUS, Rashid SS, Mollah AKMM, Islam S, Uddin MH, Khalequzzaman M, Islam T, Islam NN. Antifungal plant flavonoids identified in silico with potential to control rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301519. [PMID: 38578751 PMCID: PMC10997076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a severe threat to rice production, particularly in Asia where rice is a staple food. Concerns over fungicide resistance and environmental impact have sparked interest in exploring natural fungicides as potential alternatives. This study aimed to identify highly potent natural fungicides against M. oryzae to combat rice blast disease, using advanced molecular dynamics techniques. Four key proteins (CATALASE PEROXIDASES 2, HYBRID PKS-NRPS SYNTHETASE TAS1, MANGANESE LIPOXYGENASE, and PRE-MRNA-SPLICING FACTOR CEF1) involved in M. oryzae's infection process were identified. A list of 30 plant metabolites with documented antifungal properties was compiled for evaluation as potential fungicides. Molecular docking studies revealed that 2-Coumaroylquinic acid, Myricetin, Rosmarinic Acid, and Quercetin exhibited superior binding affinities compared to reference fungicides (Azoxystrobin and Tricyclazole). High throughput molecular dynamics simulations were performed, analyzing parameters like RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, hydrogen bonds, contact analysis, Gibbs free energy, and cluster analysis. The results revealed stable interactions between the selected metabolites and the target proteins, involving important hydrogen bonds and contacts. The SwissADME server analysis indicated that the metabolites possess fungicide properties, making them effective and safe fungicides with low toxicity to the environment and living beings. Additionally, bioactivity assays confirmed their biological activity as nuclear receptor ligands and enzyme inhibitors. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into potential natural fungicides for combating rice blast disease, with 2-Coumaroylquinic acid, Myricetin, Rosmarinic Acid, and Quercetin standing out as promising and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional fungicides. These findings have significant implications for developing crop protection strategies and enhancing global food security, particularly in rice-dependent regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Tayab Moin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjin Barketullah Robin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh B. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nurul Amin Rani
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Anindita Ash Prome
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Tahsin Islam Sakif
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Mohabbat Hossain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Dil Umme Salma Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Samiur Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Chattogram Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Helal Uddin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Nazneen Naher Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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3
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Zhao T, Tang P, Liu C, Zuo R, Su S, Zhong Y, Li Y, Yang J. Multi-Omics Approach Reveals OsPIL1 as a Regulator Promotes Rice Growth, Grain Development, and Blast Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1822-1843. [PMID: 38192056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a crucial crop, achieving high yield concurrent pathogen resistance remains a challenge. Transcription factors play roles in growth and abiotic tolerance. However, rice phytochrome-interacting factor-like 1 (OsPIL1) in pathogen resistance and agronomic traits remains unexplored. We generated OsPIL1 overexpressing (OsPIL1 OE) rice lines and evaluated their impact on growth, grain development, and resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae. Multiomics analysis (RNA-seq, metabolomics, and CUT&Tag) and RT-qPCR validated OsPIL1 target genes and key metabolites. In the results, OsPIL1 OE rice lines exhibited robust growth, longer grains, and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae without compromising growth. Integrative multiomics analysis revealed a coordinated regulatory network centered on OsPIL1, explaining these desirable traits. OsPIL1 likely acts as a positive regulator, targeting transcriptional elements or specific genes with direct functions in several biological programs. In particular, a range of key signaling genes (phosphatases, kinases, plant hormone genes, transcription factors), and metabolites (linolenic acid, vitamin E, trigonelline, d-glucose, serotonin, choline, genistein, riboflavin) contributed to enhanced rice growth, grain size, pathogen resistance, or a combination of these traits. These findings highlight OsPIL1's regulatory role in promoting important traits and provide insights into potential strategies for rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chonglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rubin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shunyu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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4
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Zhao J, Chen Y, Ding Z, Zhou Y, Bi R, Qin Z, Yang L, Sun P, Sun Q, Chen G, Sun D, Jiang X, Zheng L, Chen XL, Wan H, Wang G, Li Q, Teng H, Li G. Identification of propranolol and derivatives that are chemical inhibitors of phosphatidate phosphatase as potential broad-spectrum fungicides. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100679. [PMID: 37653727 PMCID: PMC10811373 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause enormous economic losses in agriculture and threaten global food security, and application of agrochemicals is an important method of crop disease control. Exploration of disease-resistance mechanisms and synthesis of highly bioactive agrochemicals are thus important research objectives. Here, we show that propranolol, a phosphatidate phosphatase (Pah) inhibitor, effectively suppresses fungal growth, sporulation, sexual reproduction, and infection of diverse plants. The MoPah1 enzyme activity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is inhibited by propranolol. Alterations in lipid metabolism are associated with inhibited hyphal growth and appressorium formation caused by propranolol in M. oryzae. Propranolol inhibits a broad spectrum of 12 plant pathogens, effectively inhibiting infection of barley, wheat, maize, tomato, and pear. To improve antifungal capacity, we synthesized a series of propranolol derivatives, one of which shows a 16-fold increase in antifungal ability and binds directly to MoPah1. Propranolol and its derivatives can also reduce the severity of rice blast and Fusarium head blight of wheat in the field. Taken together, our results demonstrate that propranolol suppresses fungal development and infection through mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism. Propranolol and its derivatives may therefore be promising candidates for fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifen Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziting Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiping Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daiyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianya Jiang
- Yangjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hu Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Jiang Z, Shi D, Chen Y, Li H, Wang J, Lv X, Zi Y, Wang D, Xu Z, Huang J, Liu J, Duan H. Discovery of novel isopropanolamine inhibitors against MoTPS1 as potential fungicides with unique mechanisms. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115755. [PMID: 37672934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The resistance and ecotoxicity of fungicides seriously restrict our ability to effectively control Magnaporthe oryzae. Discovering fungicidal agents based on novel targets, including MoTPS1, could efficiently address this situation. Here, we identified a hit VS-10 containing an isopropanolamine fragment as a novel MoTPS1 inhibitor through virtual screening, and forty-four analogs were synthesized by optimizing the structure of VS-10. Utilizing our newly established ion-pair chromatography (IPC) and leaf inoculation methods, we found that compared to VS-10, its analog j11 exhibited substantially greater inhibitory activity against both MoTPS1 and the pathogenicity of M. oryzae. Molecular simulations clarified that the electrostatic interactions between the bridging moiety of isopropanolamine and residue Glu396 of contributed significantly to the binding of j11 and MoTPS1. We preliminarily revealed the unique fungicidal mechanism of j11, which mainly impeded the infection of M. oryzae by decreasing sporulation, killing a small portion of conidia and interfering with the accumulation of turgor pressure in appressoria. Thus, in this study, a novel fungicide candidate with a unique mechanism targeting MoTPS1 was screened and discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Jiang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin'e Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinrui Lv
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunjiang Zi
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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Duan L, Wang L, Chen W, He Z, Zhou E, Zhu Y. Deficiency of ChPks and ChThr1 Inhibited DHN-Melanin Biosynthesis, Disrupted Cell Wall Integrity and Attenuated Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum higginsianum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15890. [PMID: 37958874 PMCID: PMC10650501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a major pathogen causing anthracnose in Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica parachinensis), posing a significant threat to the Chinese flowering cabbage industry. The conidia of C. higginsianum germinate and form melanized infection structures called appressoria, which enable penetration of the host plant's epidermal cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying melanin biosynthesis in C. higginsianum remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified two enzymes related to DHN-melanin biosynthesis in C. higginsianum: ChPks and ChThr1. Our results demonstrate that the expression levels of genes ChPKS and ChTHR1 were significantly up-regulated during hyphal and appressorial melanization processes. Furthermore, knockout of the gene ChPKS resulted in a blocked DHN-melanin biosynthetic pathway in hyphae and appressoria, leading to increased sensitivity of the ChpksΔ mutant to cell-wall-interfering agents as well as decreased turgor pressure and pathogenicity. It should be noted that although the Chthr1Δ mutant still exhibited melanin accumulation in colonies and appressoria, its sensitivity to cell-wall-interfering agents and turgor pressure decreased compared to wild-type strains; however, complete loss of pathogenicity was not observed. In conclusion, our results indicate that DHN-melanin plays an essential role in both pathogenicity and cell wall integrity in C. higginsianum. Specifically, ChPks is crucial for DHN-melanin biosynthesis while deficiency of ChThr1 does not completely blocked melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erxun Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (W.C.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.D.); (L.W.); (W.C.); (Z.H.)
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7
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Lu K, Chen R, Yang Y, Xu H, Jiang J, Li L. Involvement of the Cell Wall-Integrity Pathway in Signal Recognition, Cell-Wall Biosynthesis, and Virulence in Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:608-622. [PMID: 37140471 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-22-0231-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is the first layer exposed to the external environment. The cell wall has key roles in regulating cell functions, such as cellular stability, permeability, and protection against stress. Understanding the structure of the cell wall and the mechanism of its biogenesis is important for the study of fungi. Highly conserved in fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae, the cell wall-integrity (CWI) pathway is the primary signaling cascade regulating cell-wall structure and function. The CWI pathway has been demonstrated to correlate with pathogenicity in many phytopathogenic fungi. In the synthesis of the cell wall, the CWI pathway cooperates with multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. Many questions have arisen regarding the cooperation of different signaling pathways with the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the M. oryzae CWI pathway and cell-wall structure. We discussed the CWI pathway components and their involvement in different aspects, such as virulence factors, the possibility of the pathway as a target for antifungal therapies, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. This information will aid in better understanding the universal functions of the CWI pathway in regulating cell-wall synthesis and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Rangrang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Yang J, Hu Y, Gao X, Chen R, Huang Z, Xu Z, Li L. Antifungal mechanisms of the antagonistic bacterium Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 and its potential as a new biopesticide. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1201624. [PMID: 37293221 PMCID: PMC10246745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1201624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological control has gradually become the dominant means of controlling fungal disease over recent years. In this study, an endophytic strain of UTF-33 was isolated from acid mold (Rumex acetosa L.) leaves. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence comparison, and biochemical and physiological characteristics, this strain was formally identified as Bacillus mojavensis. Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 was sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested except neomycin. Moreover, the filtrate fermentation solution of Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of rice blast and was used in field evaluation tests, which reduced the infestation of rice blast effectively. Rice treated with filtrate fermentation broth exhibited multiple defense mechanisms in response, including the enhanced expression of disease process-related genes and transcription factor genes, and significantly upregulated the gene expression of titin, salicylic acid pathway-related genes, and H2O2 accumulation, in plants; this may directly or indirectly act as an antagonist to pathogenic infestation. Further analysis revealed that the n-butanol crude extract of Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 could retard or even inhibit conidial germination and prevent the formation of adherent cells both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the amplification of functional genes for biocontrol using specific primers showed that Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 expresses genes that can direct the synthesis of bioA, bmyB, fenB, ituD, srfAA and other substances; this information can help us to determine the extraction direction and purification method for inhibitory substances at a later stage. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify Bacillus mojavensis as a potential agent for the control of rice diseases; this strain, and its bioactive substances, have the potential to be developed as biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luyi Zhang
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhanmei Zhou
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinchang Yang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengjian Huang
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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9
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Iqbal S, Begum F, Rabaan AA, Aljeldah M, Al Shammari BR, Alawfi A, Alshengeti A, Sulaiman T, Khan A. Classification and Multifaceted Potential of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Bacillus subtilis Group: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030927. [PMID: 36770594 PMCID: PMC9919246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their remarkable biosynthetic potential, Bacillus subtilis have been widely overlooked. However, their capability to withstand harsh conditions (extreme temperature, Ultraviolet (UV) and γ-radiation, and dehydration) and the promiscuous metabolites they synthesize have created increased commercial interest in them as a therapeutic agent, a food preservative, and a plant-pathogen control agent. Nevertheless, the commercial-scale availability of these metabolites is constrained due to challenges in their accessibility via synthesis and low fermentation yields. In the context of this rising in interest, we comprehensively visualized the antimicrobial peptides produced by B. subtilis and highlighted their prospective applications in various industries. Moreover, we proposed and classified these metabolites produced by the B. subtilis group based on their biosynthetic pathways and chemical structures. The biosynthetic pathway, bioactivity, and chemical structure are discussed in detail for each class. We believe that this review will spark a renewed interest in the often disregarded B. subtilis and its remarkable biosynthetic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Iqbal
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Farida Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim R. Al Shammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Alawfi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Sulaiman
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, Abasyn University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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10
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Anthonies S, Vargas-Muñiz JM. Hortaea werneckii isolates exhibit different pathogenic potential in the invertebrate infection model Galleria mellonella. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:941691. [PMID: 37746169 PMCID: PMC10512279 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.941691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Hortaea werneckii is a black yeast with a remarkable tolerance to salt. Most studies have been dedicated to understanding how H. werneckii adapts to hypersaline environments. H. werneckii has an unconventional cell cycle in which it alternates between fission and budding, which is modulated by cell density. Additionally, H. werneckii can cause superficial mycosis of the palm and sole of humans. Here, we determine the impact of salt concentration on the EXF-2000 strain's cell division pattern and morphology by performing timelapse microscopy at different salt concentrations. At low density and no salt, EXF-2000 primarily grows as pseudohyphae dividing mainly by septation. When grown in the presence of salt at a similar concentration to saltwater or hypersaline environments, we observe it grows first by undergoing fission followed by budding at the poles. Then, we examined a collection of 16 isolates in the presence of 0.6M NaCl, including isolates from marine and hypersaline environments and isolates from patients. These isolates exhibit a wide diversity in colony shape and cellular morphology. The isolates grew as yeast, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae, indicating that isolates can exhibit various cell morphologies under similar environmental conditions. We used the insect larvae Galleria mellonella to determine the pathogenic potential of our isolates. We observe that only a subset of isolates can cause death in our model, and there was no correlation between H. werneckii morphology and capacity to cause disease. Taken together, H. werneckii genomic and phenotypic diversity can serve as a model to better understand how phenotypes and pathogenic potential evolve in environmental fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Anthonies
- Biological Sciences Program, School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - José M. Vargas-Muñiz
- Microbiology Program, School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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11
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Wang Y, Yang D, Bi Y, Yu Z. Macrolides from Streptomyces sp. SN5452 and Their Antifungal Activity against Pyricularia oryzae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1612. [PMID: 36014030 PMCID: PMC9416504 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae causes rice blast, the major destructive disease in nearly all rice fields. In order to obtain highly active compounds against P. oryzae, four new 20-membered macrolides named venturicidins G-J (1-4) were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. SN5452 along with two known ones, venturicidins A (5) and B (6). Their structures were determined by the cumulative analyses of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) data. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against P. oryzae. Interestingly, these compounds exhibited obvious inhibition to mycelial growth and conidial germination of P. oryzae. Remarkably, the EC50 values of venturicidins A (5), B (6), and I (3) against mycelial growth were 0.11, 0.15 and 0.35 µg/mL, and their EC50 values of conidial germination were 0.27, 0.39 and 1.14 µg/mL, respectively. The analysis of structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed that the methylated positions might be involved in the antifungal activity of venturicidins. These results indicate that the venturicidins are prospective candidates for novel fungicides that can be applied in controlling rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuhui Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Engineering & Technological Research Center of Biopesticide for Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, China
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12
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Li H, Wang D, Zhang DD, Geng Q, Li JJ, Sheng RC, Xue HS, Zhu H, Kong ZQ, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen FM, Chen JY. A polyketide synthase from Verticillium dahliae modulates melanin biosynthesis and hyphal growth to promote virulence. BMC Biol 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35637443 PMCID: PMC9153097 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the disease cycle, plant pathogenic fungi exhibit a morphological transition between hyphal growth (the phase of active infection) and the production of long-term survival structures that remain dormant during “overwintering.” Verticillium dahliae is a major plant pathogen that produces heavily melanized microsclerotia (MS) that survive in the soil for 14 or more years. These MS are multicellular structures produced during the necrotrophic phase of the disease cycle. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are responsible for catalyzing production of many secondary metabolites including melanin. While MS contribute to long-term survival, hyphal growth is key for infection and virulence, but the signaling mechanisms by which the pathogen maintains hyphal growth are unclear. Results We analyzed the VdPKSs that contain at least one conserved domain potentially involved in secondary metabolism (SM), and screened the effect of VdPKS deletions in the virulent strain AT13. Among the five VdPKSs whose deletion affected virulence on cotton, we found that VdPKS9 acted epistatically to the VdPKS1-associated melanin pathway to promote hyphal growth. The decreased hyphal growth in VdPKS9 mutants was accompanied by the up-regulation of melanin biosynthesis and MS formation. Overexpression of VdPKS9 transformed melanized hyphal-type (MH-type) into the albinistic hyaline hyphal-type (AH-type), and VdPKS9 was upregulated in the AH-type population, which also exhibited higher virulence than the MH-type. Conclusions We show that VdPKS9 is a powerful negative regulator of both melanin biosynthesis and MS formation in V. dahliae. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of how plant pathogens promote their virulence by the maintenance of vegetative hyphal growth during infection and colonization of plant hosts, and may provide novel targets for the control of melanin-producing filamentous fungi. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01330-2.
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13
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Huang P, Cao H, Li Y, Zhu S, Wang J, Wang Q, Liu X, Lin FC, Lu J. Melanin Promotes Spore Production in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:843838. [PMID: 35295315 PMCID: PMC8920546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, spreads through spores and invades rice through appressoria. Melanin is necessary for an appressorium to penetrate plant cells, but there are many unknown aspects of its role in fungal conidiation. In this study, we confirmed that melanin promotes spore production in M. oryzae, and that this effect is related to the background melanin content of wild-type strains. In the wild-type 70-15 strain with low melanin content of aerial hyphae, increased melanin synthesis promoted sporulation. In contrast, increased melanin synthesis in the wild-type Guy11 strain, which has higher melanin content, did not promote sporulation. The transcription factor Cnf1 (conidial production negative regulatory factor 1), which negatively regulates melanin synthesis, has opposite effects in conidiophore differentiation of Guy11 and 70-15. Deletion of CNF1 did not abolish the defects of Δcos1 and Δhox2 (where COS1/conidiophore stalk-less 1 or HOX2/homeodomain protein 2 was deleted) in conidiation, while increased the conidiation of Δgcc1 and Δgcf3 (where GCC1/growth, conidiation and cell wall regulatory factor 1, or GCF3/growth and conidiation regulatory factor 3 was deleted). Pig1 (pigment of Magnaporthe 1) regulates the melanin synthesis of hyphae but not of conidiophores, spores, or appressoria. Deletion of the same gene in different wild-type strains can lead to different phenotypes, partly because of differences in melanin content between fungal strains. Overall, this study reveals the functional diversity and complexity of melanin in different M. oryzae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Yang X, Xu M, Geissen V. Effects of chloropicrin fumigation and azoxystrobin application on ginger growth and phosphorus uptake. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113246. [PMID: 35091296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil chloropicrin (CP) fumigation helps to increase crop yields by eliminating soil-borne diseases which inhibit plant growth. However, little is known about the effect of the CP fumigation combined with fungicide application on plant growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with six treatments: CK (untreated soil), AZO1 (a single application of azoxystrobin (AZO)), AZO2 (double applications of AZO), CP (CP fumigation with no AZO), CP+AZO1 (CP combined with AZO1) and CP+AZO2 (CP combined with AZO2) to investigate the effects of CP fumigation and AZO application on ginger growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. Results showed that a single application of AZO had no significant effect on ginger height, biomass and P uptake whether treated with or without CP fumigation, whereas double applications of AZO combined with CP fumigation significantly improved ginger height and the total amount of P in root (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, AZO residues were similar in all treatments with the same number of applications, with less than 50% remaining in the soil after 7 days applied, indicating that CP fumigation treatment did not influence AZO degradation in ginger cultivation. In addition, although the differences in P use efficiency observed across the different treatments were not significant, they nevertheless suggest that the P budget and soil microbial activity may contribute to those differences. Therefore, further studies should be done to link P cycling with microbial communities, and how these related to fumigation and fungicide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Minggang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Zhu J, Li X, Zhang L, Gao Y, Mu W, Liu F. The Bioactivity and Efficacy of Benzovindiflupyr Against Corynespora cassiicola, the Causal Agent of Cucumber Corynespora Leaf Spot. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3201-3207. [PMID: 33560881 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-20-2334-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Corynespora cassiicola, which causes Corynespora leaf spot, results in considerable yield loss of cucumber grown in greenhouses. Frequent reports of reduced efficacy and control failure of fungicides warrant new, efficient alternative chemistries. In this study, the sensitivity of C. cassiicola to benzovindiflupyr was evaluated using a collection of 81 isolates collected from Shandong, China. The mean EC50 values for mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation of C. cassiicola were 0.69 ± 0.44, 0.12 ± 0.063, and 0.13 ± 0.076 µg ml-1, respectively. Benzovindiflupyr treatment led to a reduced respiration rate and ATP production of C. cassiicola and decreased spore pathogenicity by 21.9% on average. Additionally, detached cucumber leaves sprayed with fungicides before or after inoculation were used to assess the efficacy of benzovindiflupyr against C. cassiicola. Benzovindiflupyr (150 µg ml-1) exhibited preventive and curative efficacies of 86.9 and 77.1%, respectively. Benzovindiflupyr at 150 g a.i. ha-1 provided over 70% efficacy in field trials performed in 2018 and 2019, which was significantly higher than that of the reference fungicides fluopyram and fluxapyroxad at the same dose. Furthermore, the yield of commercial cucumber increased as disease incidence decreased. Our findings pave the way for the introduction of benzovindiflupyr in the integrated management of Corynespora leaf spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Gupta L, Vermani M, Kaur Ahluwalia S, Vijayaraghavan P. Molecular virulence determinants of Magnaporthe oryzae: disease pathogenesis and recent interventions for disease management in rice plant. Mycology 2021; 12:174-187. [PMID: 34552809 PMCID: PMC8451642 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1868594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, causative agent of the rice blast disease, is a major concern for the loss in yield of rice crop across the globe. It is known for its characteristic melanised dome-shaped appressorium containing a dense melanin layer. The melanised layer is of considerable importance as it is required to generate turgor pressure for initiating peg formation, consequently rupturing the plant cuticle. Various virulence factors play an important role in the disease progression as well as pathogenesis of the fungus. Some of the proteins encoded by virulence genes are associated with signalling, secondary metabolism, protein deprivation, defence responses and conidiation. The purpose of this review is to describe various fungal virulence determinants and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in progression of the disease. Besides, the recent molecular approaches being employed to combat the rice blast have also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Gupta
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Maansi Vermani
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
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17
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Effect of tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin on Ceratocystis fimbriata to control black rot of sweet potato: processes of reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant defense responses. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:148. [PMID: 34363541 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Black rot, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is one of the most destructive disease of sweet potato worldwide, resulting in significant yield losses. However, a proper management system can increase resistance to this disease. Therefore, this study investigated the potential of using tebuconazole (TEB) and trifloxystrobin (TRI) to improve the antioxidant defense systems in sweet potato as well as the inhibitory effects on the growth of and antioxidant activity in C. fimbriata. Four days after inoculating cut surfaces of sweet potato disks with C. fimbriata, disease development was reduced by different concentrations of TEB + TRI. Infection by C. fimbriata increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL), and the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) by 138, 152, 73, and 282%, respectively, in sweet potato disks, relative to control. In the sweet potato disks, C. fimbriata reduced the antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the contents of ascorbate (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) by 82 and 91%, respectively, compared with control. However, TEB + TRI reduced the oxidative damage in the C. fimbriata-inoculated sweet potato disks by enhancing the antioxidant defense systems. On the other hand, applying TEB + TRI increased the levels of H2O2, MDA, and EL, and increased the activity of LOX in C. fimbriata, in which the contents of AsA and GSH decreased, and therefore, inhibited the growth of C. fimbriata. These results suggest that TEB + TRI can significantly control black rot disease in sweet potato by inhibiting the growth of C. fimbriata.
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18
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Zhou H, Ren ZH, Zu X, Yu XY, Zhu HJ, Li XJ, Zhong J, Liu EM. Efficacy of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Bacillus cereus YN917 for Biocontrol of Rice Blast. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684888. [PMID: 34354684 PMCID: PMC8329377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus YN917, obtained from a rice leaf with remarkable antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, was reported in our previous study. The present study deciphered the possible biocontrol properties. YN917 strain exhibits multiple plant growth-promoting and disease prevention traits, including production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ACC deaminase, siderophores, protease, amylase, cellulase, and β-1,3-glucanase, and harboring mineral phosphate decomposition activity. The effects of the strain YN917 on growth promotion and disease prevention were further evaluated under detached leaf and greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that B. cereus YN917 can promote seed germination and seedling plant growth. The growth status of rice plants was measured from the aspects of rice plumule, radicle lengths, plant height, stem width, root lengths, fresh weights, dry weights, and root activity when YN917 was used as inoculants. YN917 significantly reduced rice blast severity under detached leaf and greenhouse conditions. Genome analysis revealed the presence of gene clusters for biosynthesis of plant promotion and antifungal compounds, such as IAA, tryptophan, siderophores, and phenazine. In summary, YN917 can not only be used as biocontrol agents to minimize the use of chemical substances in rice blast control, but also can be developed as bio-fertilizers to promote the rice plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China
| | - Zuo-hua Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Zu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi-yue Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua-jun Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-juan Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Er-ming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China
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19
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Structural Investigation and Molecular Modeling Studies of Strobilurin-Based Fungicides Active against the Rice Blast Pathogen Pyricularia oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073731. [PMID: 33918510 PMCID: PMC8038316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens requires urgent solutions for crop disease management. Here, we describe a structural investigation of new fungicides obtained by combining strobilurin and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor pharmacophores. We identified compounds endowed with very good activity against wild-type Pyricularia oryzae, combined in some cases with promising activity against strobilurin-resistant strains. The first three-dimensional model of P. oryzae cytochrome bc1 complex containing azoxystrobin as a ligand was developed. The model was validated with a set of commercially available strobilurins, and it well explains both the resistance mechanism to strobilurins mediated by the mutation G143A and the activity of metyltetraprole against strobilurin-resistant strains. The obtained results shed light on the key recognition determinants of strobilurin-like derivatives in the cytochrome bc1 active site and will guide the further rational design of new fungicides able to overcome resistance caused by G143A mutation in the rice blast pathogen.
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Koehler A, Heidrich D, Pagani DM, Corbellini VA, Scroferneker ML. Melanin and chromoblastomycosis agents: Characterization, functions, and relation with antifungals. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:203-211. [PMID: 33576034 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are a diverse group of dark pigments with similar properties. In fungi, the most studied is the dihydroxynaphtalene (DHN)-melanin, present in several species including all the chromoblastomycosis agents, a chronic, disabling, and recalcitrant subcutaneous mycosis. It is synthesized in a pathway known as the pentaketide pathway, which has the agrochemical tricyclazole as an inhibitor, widely used in in vitro studies because it does not prevent the growth of fungi. There are different methodologies for qualitative and quantitative analyses of DHN-melanin, which made it possible to discover its important structural and antioxidant functions, with melanin acting as a protective factor against the host's immune system. Also, it can interact with some of the main antifungals of medical interest, reducing its activity and the susceptibility of fungi to these agents. This review aims to discuss the aspects of DHN-melanin, focusing on chromoblastomycosis, bringing the main findings of the published scientific studies, and highlighting the need for further research to understand this important fungal pathogenicity and a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Koehler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiane Heidrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Danielle M Pagani
- Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valeriano A Corbellini
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria L Scroferneker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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21
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Zhu S, Yan Y, Qu Y, Wang J, Feng X, Liu X, Lin F, Lu J. Role refinement of melanin synthesis genes by gene knockout reveals their functional diversity in Pyricularia oryzae strains. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126620. [PMID: 33189072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae is a plant pathogenic fungus that severely affects rice production. Past studies, primarily using mutants generated by spontaneous mutations or artificial physical and chemical mutagenesis, have determined that melanin is required for appressorium turgor, penetration, and virulence of P. oryzae. However, these roles need to be verified by gene knockout and/or overexpression in different strains considering the potential differences in the level of virulence. Here, we confirmed the indispensable roles of melanin in the development and virulence of P. oryzae by knocking out and over-expressing three melanin synthesis genes (ALB1, RSY1, and BUF1) in two wild-type strains (Guy11 and 70-15). Deletion of ALB1, RSY1, or BUF1 led to loss of melanin and virulence in both strains. ALB1, RSY1 and BUF1 in Guy11, and BUF1 in 70-15 were required for conidiation, respectively. ALB1, RSY1, and BUF1 were required for conidial resistance to environmental stresses (UV exposure, oxidization, and freezing damage) in both strains. Guy11 cells had greater amounts of melanin and more transcripts of melanin synthesis genes than 70-15 cells. Paired culture experiments between the deletion or over-expression mutants of melanin synthesis genes suggested that the reaction catalyzed by Buf1, but not Alb1 and Rsy1, was likely a rate-limiting step in melanin biosynthesis in 70-15. These results expand our understanding on melanin and its synthesis genes in P. oryzae as well as its responses to biotic and abiotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingmin Qu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Tang W, Jiang H, Aron O, Wang M, Wang X, Chen J, Lin B, Chen X, Zheng Q, Gao X, He D, Wang A, Wang Z. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation mediated by MoHrd1 and MoDer1 is pivotal for appressorium development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4953-4973. [PMID: 32410295 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most secretory proteins are folded and modified in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, protein folding is error-prone, resulting in toxic protein aggregation and cause ER stress. Irreversibly misfolded proteins are subjected to ER-associated degradation (ERAD), modified by ubiquitination, and degraded by the 26S proteasome. The yeast ERAD ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p and multispanning membrane protein Der1p are involved in ubiquitination and transportation of the folding-defective proteins. Here, we performed functional characterization of MoHrd1 and MoDer1 and revealed that both of them are localized to the ER and are pivotal for ERAD substrate degradation and the ER stress response. MoHrd1 and MoDer1 are involved in hyphal growth, asexual reproduction, infection-related morphogenesis, protein secretion and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. Importantly, MoHrd1 and MoDer1 mediated conidial autophagic cell death and subsequent septin ring assembly at the appressorium pore, leading to abnormal appressorium development and loss of pathogenicity. In addition, deletion of MoHrd1 and MoDer1 activated the basal unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, suggesting that crosstalk between ERAD and two other closely related mechanisms in ER quality control system (UPR and autophagy) governs the ER stress response. Our study indicates the importance of ERAD function in fungal development and pathogenesis of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haolang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Osakina Aron
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiangfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Birong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xuehang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiaojia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiuqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dou He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Airong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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23
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Berthelot C, Zegeye A, Gaber DA, Chalot M, Franken P, Kovács GM, Leyval C, Blaudez D. Unravelling the Role of Melanin in Cd and Zn Tolerance and Accumulation of Three Dark Septate Endophytic Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E537. [PMID: 32276491 PMCID: PMC7232325 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are often trace element (TE)-tolerant fungi and are abundant in TE-polluted environments. The production of melanin, a black polymer found in cell walls, was hypothesized by several authors to play a role in the TE tolerance of DSEs. To test this hypothesis, we established a series of experiments using albino strains and melanin inhibitors and examined the responses to Cd and Zn. Six DSEs belonging to genera Cadophora sp., Leptodontidium sp. and Phialophora mustea, were evaluated. The strains mainly produced 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin whereas 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanin melanin was also synthetized. Cd and Zn decreased melanin synthesis in most of the strains. A reduction in melanin concentration in hyphae through the use of tricyclazole, an inhibitor of DHN-melanin synthesis, did not reduce the tolerance of the strains to Cd and Zn. Similarly, albino mutants of Leptodontidium sp. were not more sensitive to Cd and Zn than the WT strain. Moreover, tricyclazole-treated colonies accumulated less Cd but more Zn compared to untreated colonies. The Cd and Zn contents of Leptodontidium albino strains were variable and similar to that of the WT. The results suggest that melanin production is not an important functional trait that contributes to Cd and Zn tolerance, but might contribute to Cd accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berthelot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
- CTIFL, Centre de Carquefou, F-44483 Carquefou, France
| | - Asfaw Zegeye
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Dalia A. Gaber
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
| | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, CNRS, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, F-25211 Montbéliard, France
- Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Philipp Franken
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
- Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, 99090 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Corinne Leyval
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Corvaro M, Gollapudi BB, Mehta J. A critical Assessment of the Genotoxicity Profile of the Fungicide Tricyclazole. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:300-315. [PMID: 31633836 DOI: 10.1002/em.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclazole (8-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole) is a fungicide used globally on rice for treatment of the seasonal rice blast disease. Human exposure to this fungicide can occur via dietary and nondietary routes. In a battery of in vitro assays, tricyclazole did not induce gene mutations in bacteria (Ames test) or at the Hprt locus of CHO cells. It was also negative for the induction of micronuclei in human lymphocyte cultures and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary rat hepatocyte. Paradoxically, tricyclazole induced a mutagenic response at the Tk locus of the mouse lymphoma L5178Ycells (MLA), which occurred equally among small/large colony phenotypes. Selection of preexisting mutants leading to a false-positive response in the MLA was ruled out in follow-up experiments. In vivo, tricyclazole was negative in the rat liver UDS assay, mouse bone micronucleus test and a transgenic (MutaMouse) gene mutation assay in glandular stomach, liver, and kidney. Other supporting evidence for the lack of genotoxicity for tricyclazole comes from an in vivo study for sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamsters, and a dominant lethal test in the male germ cells of mice. The combined evidence from the genotoxicity studies together with the evidence from toxicokinetic, carcinogenicity, developmental, and reproductive toxicity studies confirm that mutagenicity does not occur in relevant in vivo systems. Data were also compared to potential animal and human exposure, mechanistic data on biological targets and data on analogues, confirming adequacy of the available data for hazard identification and risk assessment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:300-315, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Corvaro
- Dow AgroSciences, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - B Bhaskar Gollapudi
- Exponent, Center for Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Midland, Michigan, USA
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25
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Zeng F, Meng Y, Hao Z, Li P, Zhai W, shen S, Cao Z, Dong J. Setosphaeria turcica ATR turns off appressorium-mediated maize infection and triggers melanin-involved self-protection in response to genotoxic stress. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:401-414. [PMID: 31912966 PMCID: PMC7036364 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms activate conserved signalling networks to maintain genomic stability in response to DNA genotoxic stresses. However, the coordination of this response pathway in fungal pathogens remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica controls maize infection and activates self-protection pathways in response to DNA genotoxic insults. Appressorium-mediated maize infection by S. turcica was blocked by the S-phase checkpoint. This repression was dependent on the checkpoint central kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), as inhibition of ATR activity or knockdown of the ATR gene recovered appressorium formation in the presence of genotoxic reagents. ATR promoted melanin biosynthesis in S. turcica as a defence response to stress. The melanin biosynthesis genes StPKS and StLac2 were induced by the ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint. The responses to DNA genotoxic stress were conserved in a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Cochliobolus carbonum, Alternaria solani, and Alternaria kikuchiana, which are known causal agents for plant diseases. We propose that in response to genotoxic stress, phytopathogenic fungi including S. turcica activate an ATR-dependent pathway to suppress appressorium-mediated infection and induce melanin-related self-protection in addition to conserved responses in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Zeng
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Yanan Meng
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Zhimin Hao
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Pan Li
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Weibo Zhai
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
| | - Shen shen
- College of Life SciencesHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationBaodingChina
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyHebeiChina
- College of Plant ProtectionHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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Xin W, Mao Y, Lu F, Li T, Wang J, Duan Y, Zhou M. In vitro fungicidal activity and in planta control efficacy of coumoxystrobin against Magnaporthe oryzae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 162:78-85. [PMID: 31836058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a destructive fungal disease in rice, causing serious losses in yield and quality. Coumoxystrobin is a novel methoxyacrylate strobilurin fungicide. In the current study, we determined the sensitivity of 100 M. oryzae strains to coumoxystrobin based on the mycelial growth inhibition method. The EC50 values ranged from 0.0089 to 0.0290 μg mL-1, with a mean EC50 value of 0.0163 ± 0.0036 μg mL-1, indicating that coumoxystrobin exhibits an excellent inhibitory activity in the mycelial growth of M. oryzae. In addition, the EC50 values had no significant difference among four populations from the different geographical regions. After treating with coumoxystrobin, cell membrane permeability increased, respiration decreased, and the hyphal tips were contorted, with offshoot of top increasing. Protective and curative activity tests showed that coumoxystrobin exhibited better protective and curative activities against M. oryzae in detached barley leaves in comparison to the currently used fungicides tricyclazole and azoxystrobin. Also, it was found that the protective activity was better than its curative activity. Furthermore, compared with the currently used fungicides, coumoxystrobin not only exhibited excellent control efficacy on rice blast, but also markedly reduced the dosages of chemical fungicides in the field trials. Overall, these findings provide important references for revealing the pharmacological effect of coumoxystrobin against M. oryzae and managing rice blast caused by M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yushuai Mao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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27
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Xu T, Cao L, Zeng J, Franco CMM, Yang Y, Hu X, Liu Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Bu Z, Shi L, Zhou G, Zhou Q, Liu X, Zhu Y. The antifungal action mode of the rice endophyte Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2 as a potential biocontrol agent against the rice blast pathogen. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:58-69. [PMID: 31519258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial antagonists and their bioactive metabolites provide one of the best alternatives to chemical pesticides to control crop disease for sustainable agriculture and global food security. The rice endophyte Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2, with remarkable antagonistic activity towards the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, was reported in our previous study. The present study deciphered the possible direct interaction mode of OsiSh-2 against M. oryzae. An in vitro antibiotic assay for OsiSh-2 culture filtrate revealed strong suppression of mycelial growth, conidial germination and appressorial formation of M. oryzae. Meanwhile, severe morphological and internal abnormalities in M. oryzae hyphae were observed under a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Foliar treatment of rice seedlings by OsiSh-2 culture filtrate in the greenhouse and in the field showed 23.5% and 28.3% disease reduction, respectively. Correspondingly, OsiSh-2 culture filtrate could induce disorganized chitin deposition in the cell wall and lowered ergosterol content in the cell membrane of M. oryzae. Additionally, cell wall integrity pathway activation, large cell electrolytes release, reactive oxygen species accumulation and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related enzyme activity changes were found in M. oryzae. All these results suggested that the direct antagonistic activity of OsiSh-2 against M. oryzae may be attributed to damaging the integrity of the cell wall and membrane and disrupting mitochondrial function in the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Lidan Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jiarui Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Christopher M M Franco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Yuanzhu Yang
- Yahua Seeds Science Academy of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410119, China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- Yahua Seeds Science Academy of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410119, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhigang Bu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Liming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
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Kaddes A, Fauconnier ML, Sassi K, Nasraoui B, Jijakli MH. Antifungal Properties of Two Volatile Organic Compounds on Barley Pathogens and Introduction to Their Mechanism of Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162866. [PMID: 31405165 PMCID: PMC6720319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antifungal effects of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against two common pathogens: Fusarium culmorum and Cochliobolus sativus. Among the various VOCs, methyl propanoate (MP) and methyl prop-2-enoate (MA) exhibited remarkable antifungal effects under different experimental conditions (direct or indirect contact) and at different concentrations (500–1000 μM). In addition, the type of antifungal effect (fungistatic or fungicidal) appeared to be strongly correlated with the VOC concentrations. Additional tests revealed that both molecules increased membrane permeability of pathogenic spores, which resulted in a decreased efflux of K+ ions into the intracellular medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Kaddes
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Khaled Sassi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Biotechnology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Bouzid Nasraoui
- RL/Biogressors and Integrated Protection in Agriculture, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - M Haïssam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Screening of Rice Endophytic Biofertilizers with Fungicide Tolerance and Plant Growth-Promoting Characteristics. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of pesticides is unavoidable in conventional agricultural practice. To develop effective biofertilizers, bacterial strains with both pesticide tolerance and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits were isolated for further testing. Seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa) were planted in soil with 1, 5, or 10 times the recommended rates of the fungicides etridiazole, metalaxyl, and tricyclazole. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from roots of rice seedlings. The bacterial 16S rDNA sequences and related PGP characteristics including potential nitrogen fixation, phosphorus-solubilizing and indole acetic acid (IAA) production ability were further examined. In all, 17 different strains were obtained from rice seedling roots; five strains with both nitrogen fixation potential and IAA production ability included Rhizobium larrymoorei E2, Bacillus aryabhattai E7, Bacillus aryabhattai MN1, Pseudomonas granadensis T6, and Bacillus fortis T9. Except for T9, all strains could tolerate two or more fungicides. We inoculated rice roots with the endophytic bacteria and all conferred rice growth-promoting ability. Bacillus aryabhattai MN1 was further tested and showed high tryptophan dose-dependent IAA production ability, tolerance towards etridiazole and metalaxyl application and should be considered a potential bacterial biofertilizer.
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Meng Z, Chen X, Guan L, Xu Z, Zhang Q, Song Y, Liu F, Fan T. Dissipation kinetics and risk assessments of tricyclazole during Oryza sativa L. growing, processing and storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35249-35256. [PMID: 30341752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increase of people's attention to food safety, monitoring the residue of pesticide in rice is becoming more and more important. Commercial and home processing techniques have been used to transform paddy rice into rice products for human or animal consumption, which may reduce the pesticide content in rice. The degradation of tricyclazole during different stages of commercial and home processing and storage was assessed in this paper. Many researches studying the occurrence and distribution of pesticide residues during rice cropping and processing have been reported. Rice samples were extracted with acetonitrile, the extracts were enriched, and then residues were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. The dissipation dynamics of tricyclazole in rice plant, soil, and paddy water fitted the first-order kinetic equations. The dissipation half-lives of tricyclazole in the rice plant, water, and soil at dosage of 300~450 g a.i. hm -2 were 4.84~5.16, 4.64~4.85, and 3.57~3.82 days, respectively. The residue levels of tricyclazole gradually reduced with different processing procedures. What is more, decladding process could effectively remove the residues of tricyclazole in raw rice, and washing process could further remove the residues of tricyclazole in polished rice. Degradation dynamic equations of tricyclazole in the raw rice and polished rice were based on the first-order reaction dynamic equations, and the half-lives of the degradation of tricyclazole was 43.32~58.24 days and 46.83~56.35 days in raw rice and polished rice. These results provide information regarding the fate of tricyclazole in the rice food chain, while it provides a theoretical basis for systematic evaluation of the potential residual risk of tricyclazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingjun Guan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Xu
- Yangzhou Polytechnic University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyi Song
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianle Fan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Rennberger G, Gerard P, Keinath AP. Occurrence of Foliar Pathogens of Watermelon on Commercial Farms in South Carolina Estimated with Stratified Cluster Sampling. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2285-2295. [PMID: 30207511 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-18-0468-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A survey of foliar pathogens of watermelon based on two-stage cluster sampling was conducted on commercial farms in South Carolina in spring 2015, spring and fall 2016, and fall 2017. In total, 60 fields from 27 different growers in seven counties representing the main watermelon-producing areas in the state were sampled, using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling approach. In the sampling design, counties corresponded to strata, growers to first-stage clusters, and fields to second-stage clusters. In each field, 100 symptomatic leaves were collected at five equidistant sampling points along four transects encompassing a square shape of 2,500 m2. After collection, pathogens were identified based on reproductive structures formed on leaves during >12 h incubation. Estimates were obtained for the statewide probability of pathogen occurrence and associations between pathogen pairs. Six fungal pathogens, Stagonosporopsis spp., Podosphaera xanthii, Cercospora citrullina, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Myrothecium sensu lato (s.l.), and Corynespora cassiicola; the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis; and three viral pathogens were identified on the examined leaves. With the exception of fall 2017, Stagonosporopsis spp. was the most prevalent pathogen in every season, followed by P. xanthii. The highest occurrence of P. cubensis was in spring 2015; it did not occur in 2016. The highest occurrence of C. orbiculare was in spring 2016; it did not occur in spring 2015. Myrothecium s.l. was the most common pathogen in fall 2017 and the second most common pathogen occurring by itself in fall 2016. The third most common pathogen in fall 2017, Corynespora cassiicola, was not observed in any other season. Eight of the 80 isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. collected were identified as S. caricae, the rest as S. citrulli. All isolates of S. caricae were found in spring 2015 and originated from two fields in different counties. A total of three positive and five negative associations were found between pathogen pairs co-occurring on the same leaf. A positive association between Stagonosporopsis spp. and C. citrullina was the only significant association between pathogens found in two seasons, spring 2015 and spring 2016. Based on estimates of probability of pathogen occurrence across seasons, Stagonosporopsis spp. and P. xanthii are the most common pathogens on watermelons in South Carolina. This is the first report of C. cassiicola, S. caricae, and Myrothecium s.l. on watermelon in South Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rennberger
- Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Patrick Gerard
- Clemson University, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Anthony P Keinath
- Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, SC 29414
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Kong Q, Yu X, Song D, Ren X. Effect of tricyclazole on morphology, virulence and gene expression of Aspergillus aculeatus for management of soft rot disease in peach. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1827-1835. [PMID: 30129994 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aspergillus aculeatus, a pathogen of peaches, can cause soft rot and lead to economic losses in agricultural production. However, studies on the prevention of soft rot caused by A. aculeatus have rarely been reported. Tricyclazole (TCZ) is a fungicide that has been widely used in disease prevention of various crops but the inhibitory mechanism of TCZ on A. aculeatus is unknown. Our aim was to determine the effects of TCZ on A. aculeatus. METHODS AND RESULTS In our study, TCZ inhibited the growth of fungal colonies when applied at 0·5-6 mmol l-1 and inhibited the production of melanin at 3 mmol l-1 . Conidia exposed to TCZ were less effective at causing the disease in inoculated samples, and electrical conductivity, divulgation of nucleic acids and proteins rose with increasing concentrations of TCZ. Microscopic results suggest that TCZ damages not only the cell wall but also the cell membrane. Results of qRT-PCR showed that TCZ had no significant effect on the regulation of genes coding for laccase, apoptosis and hypothetical protein; however, it significantly down-regulated genes coding for cellulase, chitinase and sterol. CONCLUSIONS Tricyclazole can influence the pathogenic ability of A. aculeatus by damaging the cell structure of hyphae and conidia, reducing the melanin production, and altering the expression of pathogenic-related gene. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results explained the potential cause and mechanism TCZ produced in A. aculeatus. Our research offers scientific insights into future research interest relative to using TCZ in the treatment of soft rot caused by A. aculeatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Kong
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Yu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - D Song
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Ren
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Gao Y, He L, Li X, Lin J, Mu W, Liu F. Toxicity and biochemical action of the antibiotic fungicide tetramycin on Colletotrichum scovillei. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 147:51-58. [PMID: 29933993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetramycin, a novel polyene macrolide antibiotic, has strong activity against a broad spectrum of fungi and may have potential uses in future agricultural applications. Thus, the antifungal activity and biochemical action of tetramycin on Colletotrichum scovillei were investigated in this study. The experimental results indicated that tetramycin had strong inhibitory activity against the mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation of C. scovillei. The baseline sensitivity curves were unimodal, with mean EC50 values of 1.98 ± 0.078 μg/mL and 0.003 ± 0.005 μg/mL for mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition, respectively. Tetramycin also inhibited the germination of spores and formation of appressoria. After tetramycin treatment, the edge of the mycelial diaphragm showed protuberances, with decreased offshoots at the top. Additionally, disruption of the membrane was detected through an increase in membrane permeability, leakage of sugars and a reduction in the ergosterol content. Tetramycin effectively controlled C. scovillei on detached pepper fruits. These results will contribute to our evaluation of the potential of tetramycin for successful management of pepper anthracnose and to our understanding of the possible biochemical action of tetramycin against C. scovillei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lifei He
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jin Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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34
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Vaezi A, Fakhim H, Javidnia J, Khodavaisy S, Abtahian Z, Vojoodi M, Nourbakhsh F, Badali H. Pesticide behavior in paddy fields and development of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus : Should we be concerned? J Mycol Med 2018; 28:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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35
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Fattahi E. Histopathological and Enzymatic Changes in Liver of Mice Treated with Tricyclazole. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.11.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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36
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Wang J, Li L, Yin Y, Gu Z, Chai R, Wang Y, Sun G. Equol, a Clinically Important Metabolite, Inhibits the Development and Pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Blast Disease. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101799. [PMID: 29064450 PMCID: PMC6151770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Equol, a metabolite of soybean isoflavone daidzein, has been proven to have various bioactivities related to human health, but little is known on its antifungal activity to plant fungal pathogens. Magnaporthe oryzae is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes rice blast, a devastating disease on rice. Here, we demonstrated that equol influences the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. Equol showed a significant inhibition to the mycelial growth, conidial generation and germination, and appressorial formation of M. oryzae. As a result, equol greatly reduced the virulence of M. oryzae on rice and barley leaves. The antifungal activity of equol was also found in several other plant fungal pathogens. These findings expand our knowledge on the bioactivities of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Yeshi Yin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Zhuokan Gu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Rongyao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Villa F, Cappitelli F, Cortesi P, Kunova A. Fungal Biofilms: Targets for the Development of Novel Strategies in Plant Disease Management. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:654. [PMID: 28450858 PMCID: PMC5390024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The global food supply has been facing increasing challenges during the first decades of the 21st century. Disease in plants is an important constraint to worldwide crop production, accounting for 20-40% of its annual harvest loss. Although the use of resistant varieties, good water management and agronomic practices are valid management tools in counteracting plant diseases, there are still many pathosystems where fungicides are widely used for disease management. However, restrictive regulations and increasing concern regarding the risk to human health and the environment, along with the incidence of fungicide resistance, have discouraged their use and have prompted for a search for new efficient, ecologically friendly and sustainable disease management strategies. The recent evidence of biofilm formation by fungal phytopathogens provides the scientific framework for designing and adapting methods and concepts developed by biofilm research that could be integrated in IPM practices. In this perspective paper, we provide evidence to support the view that the biofilm lifestyle plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases. We describe the main factors limiting the durability of single-site fungicides, and we assemble the current knowledge on pesticide resistance in the specific context of the biofilm lifestyle. Finally, we illustrate the potential of antibiofilm compounds at sub-lethal concentrations for the development of an innovative, eco-sustainable strategy to counteract phytopathogenic fungi. Such fungicide-free solutions will be instrumental in reducing disease severity, and will permit more prudent use of fungicides decreasing thus the selection of resistant forms and safeguarding the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Kunova
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
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38
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Kaddes A, Parisi O, Berhal C, Ben Kaab S, Fauconnier ML, Nasraoui B, Jijakli MH, Massart S, De Clerck C. Evaluation of the Effect of Two Volatile Organic Compounds on Barley Pathogens. Molecules 2016; 21:E1124. [PMID: 27571054 PMCID: PMC6274465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) on some pathogens, these VOCs were emitted during interactions of barley with Fusarium culmorum Schltdl and/or Cochliobolus sativus Shoemaker, two common root rot pathogens. Our work shows that two organic esters: methyl propanoate (MP) and methyl prop-2-enoate (MA) significantly reduced the development of fungi in vitro. Additional tests showed that the esters significantly inhibited spore germination of these pathogens. The activity of these VOCs on a wide range of fungal and bacterial pathogens was also tested in vitro and showed inhibitory action. The effect of the VOCs on infected barley seeds also showed plantlets growing without disease symptoms. MA and MP seem to have potential value as alternative plant protection compounds against barley bioagressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Kaddes
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Parisi
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Chadi Berhal
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Sofiene Ben Kaab
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- General and Organic Chemistry Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Bouzid Nasraoui
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia.
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Caroline De Clerck
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
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Chen H, Han X, Qin N, Wei L, Yang Y, Rao L, Chi B, Feng L, Ren Y, Wan J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel inhibitors against 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase from Magnaporthe grisea. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Zhan F, He Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Li T, Zhao Z. Effects of Tricyclazole on Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation Characteristics of a Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE), Exophiala pisciphila. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:235-241. [PMID: 26467568 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exophiala pisciphila is a cadmium-tolerant fungus, and produces 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin which can be inhibited by tricyclazole. Tricyclazole at higher levels (20 and 40 µg mL−1) reduced the growth and sporulation of E. pisciphila, but toxicity was not observed at a low concentration (2.5 µg mL−1). Under cadmium (Cd) stress (50, 100 and 200 mg L−1), 2.5 µg mL−1 of tricyclazole reduced fungal growth and sporulation. These reduces indicated a decrease on Cd tolerance of E. pisciphila. For both the 0 and 2.5 µg mL−1 tricyclazole treatments, Cd was associated mostly with cell walls and was extracted by 2 % acetic acid and 1 M NaCl. The FTIR spectra of the E. pisciphila mycelia were similar for both 0 and 2.5 µg mL−1 tricyclazole treatments, which showed hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl and phosphate groups. Thus inhibition of melanin synthesis by tricyclazole did not change Cd accumulation characteristics in E. pisciphila. Results suggested that melanin played a protective role for E. pisciphila against Cd stress, but inhibition of melanin synthesis did not have a remarkable impact on Cd accumulation in E. pisciphila.
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41
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Rogov AG, Zvyagilskaya RA. Physiological role of alternative oxidase (from yeasts to plants). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:400-7. [PMID: 25869356 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria of all so far studied organisms, with the exception of Archaea, mammals, some yeasts, and protists, contain, along with the classical phosphorylating cytochrome pathway, a so-called cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase (AOX) localized on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane, and electron transport through which is not coupled with ATP synthesis and energy accumulation. Mechanisms underlying plentiful functions of AOX in organisms at various levels of organization ranging from yeasts to plants are considered. First and foremost, AOX provides a chance of cell survival after inhibiting the terminal components of the main respiratory chain or losing the ability to synthesize these components. The vitally important role of AOX is obvious in thermogenesis of thermogenic plant organs where it becomes the only terminal oxidase with a very high activity, and the energy of substrate oxidation by this respiratory pathway is converted into heat, thus promoting evaporation of volatile substances attracting pollinating insects. AOX plays a fundamentally significant role in alleviating or preventing oxidative stress, thus ensuring the defense against a wide range of stresses and adverse environmental conditions, such as changes in temperature and light intensities, osmotic stress, drought, and attack by incompatible strains of bacterial pathogens, phytopathogens, or their elicitors. Participation of AOX in pathogen survival during its existence inside the host, in antivirus defense, as well as in metabolic rearrangements in plants during embryogenesis and cell differentiation is described. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX might be an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rogov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Rogov AG, Sukhanova EI, Uralskaya LA, Aliverdieva DA, Zvyagilskaya RA. Alternative oxidase: distribution, induction, properties, structure, regulation, and functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1615-34. [PMID: 25749168 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain in the majority of organisms with aerobic type metabolism features the concomitant existence of the phosphorylating cytochrome pathway and the cyanide- and antimycin A-insensitive oxidative route comprising a so-called alternative oxidase (AOX) as a terminal oxidase. In this review, the history of AOX discovery is described. Considerable evidence is presented that AOX occurs widely in organisms at various levels of organization and is not confined to the plant kingdom. This enzyme has not been found only in Archaea, mammals, some yeasts and protists. Bioinformatics research revealed the sequences characteristic of AOX in representatives of various taxonomic groups. Based on multiple alignments of these sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer their possible evolution. The ways of AOX activation, as well as regulatory interactions between AOX and the main respiratory chain are described. Data are summarized concerning the properties of AOX and the AOX-encoding genes whose expression is either constitutive or induced by various factors. Information is presented on the structure of AOX, its active center, and the ubiquinone-binding site. The principal functions of AOX are analyzed, including the cases of cell survival, optimization of respiratory metabolism, protection against excess of reactive oxygen species, and adaptation to variable nutrition sources and to biotic and abiotic stress factors. It is emphasized that different AOX functions complement each other in many instances and are not mutually exclusive. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX is an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals. This is the first comprehensive review on alternative oxidases of various organisms ranging from yeasts and protists to vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rogov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Kumar M, Chand R, Dubey RS, Shah K. Effect of Tricyclazole on morphology, virulence and enzymatic alterations in pathogenic fungi Bipolaris sorokiniana for management of spot blotch disease in barley. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:23-35. [PMID: 25335466 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bipolaris sorokiniana synthesizes the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin via pentaketide pathway and promotes the development of aerial mycelia and conidia. A melanin biosynthesis inhibitor Tricyclazole (TCZ), brought changes when applied at 5-100 μg ml(-1) concentration in the colony morphology, radial growth, mycelia weight, melanin content, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase, pectinase, amylase and protease) in black, mixed and white isolates of B. sorokiniana. A significant alteration was recorded in antioxidant enzymes in black and mixed isolates; however, non-significant alteration was recorded in white isolate. Isolates of B. sorokiniana exposed to 100 µg ml(-1) TCZ showed significantly increased formation of superoxide radical (O 2 (·-) ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)·H2O2 was detected significantly high in hyphae and conidia while, O 2 (·-) was found primarily in the conidia. Microscopic results suggest that TCZ damages not only the cell wall but also the cell membrane. The foliar application of TCZ (25, 50 and 100 µg ml(-1)) decreases the area under disease progress curve, lesion development and spore formation on barley leaves thereby reducing potential for the disease development. In conclusion TCZ influences the pathogenic ability by damaging the cell structure of hyphae and conidia and also alters the antioxidant enzyme levels in B. sorokiniana. TCZ may therefore, works against to pathogen for better management of spot blotch disease in barley infected with B. sorokiniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India,
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