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Aguirre PAU, Martins KM, López CDD, Sánchez FO, Castaño AT, Velásquez CMR, Vidal AP. Effect of nanoformulation Azadirachta indica on some factors associated with the vectorial capacity and competence of Anopheles aquasalis experimentally infected with Plasmodium vivax. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107223. [PMID: 38642694 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a highly prevalent infectious disease worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Effectively controlling of mosquitoes transmitting of Plasmodium spp. is crucial in to control this disease. A promising strategy involves utilizing plant-derived products, such as the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), known for its secondary metabolites with biological activity against various insect groups of agricultural and public health importance. This study investigated the effects of a nanoformulation prototype Neem on factors linked to the vector competence of Anopheles aquasalis, a malaria vector in Latin America. Different concentrations of the nanoformulation were supplied through sugar solution and blood feeding, assessing impacts on longevity, fecundity, fertility, and transgenerational survival from larvae to adults. Additionally, the effects of the Neem nanoformulation and NeemAZAL® formulation on the sporogonic cycle of P. vivax were evaluated. Overall, significant impacts were observed at 100 ppm and 1,000 ppm concentrations on adult survival patterns and on survival of the F1 generation. A trend of reduced oviposition and hatching rates was also noted in nanoformulation-consuming groups, with fertility and fecundity declining proportionally to the concentration. Additionally, a significant decrease in the infection rate and intensity of P. vivax was observed in the 1,000 ppm group, with a mean of 3 oocysts per female compared to the control's 27 oocysts per female. In the commercial formulation, the highest tested concentration of 3 ppm yielded 5.36 oocysts per female. Concerning sporozoite numbers, there was a reduction of 52 % and 87 % at the highest concentrations compared to the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the A. indica nanoformulation is a potential as a tool for malaria control through reduction in the vector longevity and reproductive capacity, possibly leading to decreased vector population densities. Moreover, the nanoformulation interfered with the sporogonic development of P. vivax. However, further basic research on Neem formulations, their effects, and mechanisms of action is imperative to gain a more specific perspective for safe field implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keillen Monick Martins
- Laboratório de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Pabón Vidal
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Fan ST, Wu MZ, Liu C, Li HH, Huang SH, Zheng ZJ, Ye XY, Tan JF, Zhu GH. Azadirachtin Inhibits Nuclear Receptor HR3 in the Prothoracic Gland to Block Larval Ecdysis in the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15497-15505. [PMID: 37843053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin has been used to control agricultural pests for a long time; however, the molecular mechanism of azadirachtin on lepidopterans is still not clear. In this study, the fourth instar larvae of fall armyworm were fed with azadirachtin, and then the ecdysis was blocked in the fourth instar larval stage (L4). The prothoracic glands (PGs) of the treated larvae were dissected for RNA sequencing to determine the effect of azadirachtin on ecdysis inhibition. Interestingly, one of the PG-enriched genes, the nuclear hormone receptor 3 (HR3), was decreased after azadirachtin treatment, which plays a critical role in the 20-hydroxyecdysone action during ecdysis. To deepen the understanding of azadirachtin on ecdysis, the HR3 was knocked out by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, while the HR3 mutants displayed embryonic lethal phenotype; thus, the stage-specific function of HR3 during larval molting was not enabled to unfold. Hence, the siRNA was injected into the 24 h L4 larvae to knock down HR3. After 96 h, the injected larvae were blocked in the old cuticle during ecdysis which is consistent with the azadirachtin-treated larvae. Taken together, we envisioned that the inhibition of ecdysis in the fall armyworm after the azadirachtin treatment is due to an interference with the expression of HR3 in PG, resulting in larval mortality. The results in this study specified the understanding of azadirachtin on insect ecdysis and the function of HR3 in lepidopteran in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Mian-Zhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hua-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shang-Huan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zi-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xi-Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jin-Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Guan-Heng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Scudeler EL, Daquila BV, de Carvalho SF, Conte H, Padovani CR, Dos Santos DC. Azadirachtin-based insecticide impairs testis morphology and spermatogenesis of the southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1650-1659. [PMID: 36565161 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for alternative tools for integrated pest management, azadirachtin, a botanical insecticide, has been used with the most promising activity against Spodoptera spp., but the mechanism of cytotoxicity on reproductive organs remains unclear. Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782) is a polyphagous pest with great economic importance that has become an important target to elucidate the action of azadirachtin on the reproductive organs of insect pests, helping to understand the deleterious effects caused by its exposure. This study evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to azadirachtin on the morphology and ultrastructure of S. eridania larval testes as well as larval development. RESULTS Azadirachtin exposure (6 or 18 mg a.i. L-1 ) caused a progressive increase in cumulative mortality and reduced gain in body mass after 5 days. Testicular structure indicated a reduction in their size with internal morphological changes such as spermatogonia, spermatogonial, spermatocytes and spermatid cysts in degeneration. The occurrence of cell death in germ and somatic cells was evidenced by the TUNEL technique. Electron microscopy revealed changes in cystic cells, such as cytoplasmic membrane rupture and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Chromatin compaction, changes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex cisternae were observed in germ cells. Apoptotic bodies occurred between germ cell cysts. CONCLUSION Azadirachtin damaged the testes of S. eridania larvae, and these changes compromised spermatogenesis and consequently the development of the reproductive potential of this specimen, making azadirachtin a promising botanical insecticide for application in integrated pest management programs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Luiz Scudeler
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vinicius Daquila
- Laboratory of Biological Control and Bioprospection of Insects. Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Shelly Favorito de Carvalho
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helio Conte
- Laboratory of Biological Control and Bioprospection of Insects. Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yu H, Yang X, Dai J, Li Y, Veeran S, Lin J, Shu B. Effects of azadirachtin on detoxification-related gene expression in the fat bodies of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:42587-42595. [PMID: 35294689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has become a worldwide pest and threatens world food production. A previous study indicated that azadirachtin, the most effective botanical insecticide for S. frugiperda, inhibits larval growth of the insect. The effect of azadirachtin on the tissues of the larvae, however, remains to be determined. In this study, the effects of azadirachtin on the structure of fat bodies were analyzed. Comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted between controls and samples treated with 0.1 μg/g azadirachtin for 7 days to explore potential relevant mechanisms. The expression of 5356 genes was significantly affected after azadirachtin treatment, with 3020 up-regulated and 2336 down-regulated. Among them, 137 encode detoxification enzymes, including 53 P450s, 20 GSTs, 27 CarEs, 16 UGTs, and 12 ABC transporters. Our results indicated that azadirachtin could destroy fat body structure and change the mRNA levels of detoxification-related genes. The up-regulated genes encoding detoxification enzymes might be related to detoxifying azadirachtin. Our results elucidate a preliminary mechanism of azadirachtin detoxification in the fat bodies of S. frugiperda larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikuo Yu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianmei Yang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Dai
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sethuraman Veeran
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benshui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Institute for Management of Invasive Alien Species, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 313 Yingdong teaching building, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China.
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Sun R, Xu Y, Liu J, Yang L, Cui G, Zhong G, Yi X. Proteomic profiling for ovarian development and azadirachtin exposure in Spodoptera litura during metamorphosis from pupae to adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113548. [PMID: 35487172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin is one of the most successful botanical pesticides in agricultural pest control. To build a repertoire of proteins and pathways in response to azadirachtin exposure during ovarian development, iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic was conducted. 1423 and 1686 proteins were identified as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) by comparing the protein abundance in adult ovary with that in pupal ovary under normal and azadirachtin exposure condition, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that pupae-to-adult transition requires proteins related to proteasome and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) degradation for ovary development. Azadirachtin exposure strongly affected glycosylation-related pathway. And proteins related to vitamin B6 synthesis were necessary for ovary development under normal and AZA-exposure condition. RNAi assays confirmed the essential roles of DAPs related to glycosylation and vitamin B6 synthesis in moth growth and ovary development. The results enhance our understanding of the molecular regulatory network for ovary development and provide valuable resources for using AZA-responsive proteins to develop novel bio-rational insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuanhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gaofeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Men TT, Phien HH, Tu Ai TT, Van Ay N, Kim Hue NT, Khang DT, Binh TD. The insecticidal capacity of ethanol extract from Cascabela peruviana (L.) Lippold against fruit fly. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09313. [PMID: 35497027 PMCID: PMC9039844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cascabela peruviana (L.) Lippold (C. peruviana) has been extensively used for its antifungal and antibacterial properties. However, its role in anti-insect is still under investigation. To investigate the ability of the ethanol extract of C. peruviana against insects, we used the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) as a model to gain more insight into the toxic effects of this extract. We found that the ethanol extract from the stem and leaves of C. peruviana was effective against insects and contained polyphenol and flavonoid compounds. C. peruviana could induce mortality of 2nd-instar larvae and reduce growth and reproduction of fruit flies. Interestingly, the toxicity of C. peruviana extract has been remained to affect the development of the next generation of fruit flies. The locomotor activity and feeding ability of the F1 generation of this insect were significantly reduced by C. peruviana. In addition, flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as saponins and tannins were detected in the ethanol extract of C. peruviana. We assume that the ability of the extract of C. peruviana to control insects may be related to the presence of high levels of these compounds. The findings highlighted that the extract from the leaves of Cascabela peruviana has the potential to be used as an insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thanh Men
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Hong Phien
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Tu Ai
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Ay
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Cantho City, 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Hue
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Do Tan Khang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research and Development Institute, Can Tho University, Cantho City, 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Duy Binh
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Tang B, Xu K, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Karthi S, Yang H, Li C. A review of physiological resistance to insecticide stress in Nilaparvata lugens. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35251886 PMCID: PMC8882538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticides are widely used in agriculture as effective means to control pests. However, pests have not been completely mitigated with the increased use of insecticides. Instead, many side effects have arisen, especially the '3Rs' (resistance, resurgence, and residue). The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most threatening rice pests. The main insecticides for controlling N. lugens belong to organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid groups. However, metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, esterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters, effectively promote the detoxification of insecticides. Besides, mutations of neurological target sites, such as acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, and ryanodine receptor, result in insensitivity to insecticides. Here, we review the physiological metabolic resistance in N. lugens under insecticide stress to provide a theoretical basis for identifying and developing more effective and harmless insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412 India
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Santos LPD, Silva RMD, Fioratti CAG, Souza SAD, Carvalho EMD, Mauad JRC, Domingues NLDC, Mussury RM. Bioactivity of aqueous extract of Jacaranda spp. (Bignoniaceae) on Plutella xylostella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e266521. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.266521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The high consumption rate of vegetables stimulates the cultivation and increases the demand regarding the adequacy of the production processes. The attack of the pest Plutella xylostella causes high losses by reducing product quality, typifying a phytosanitary problem. This study aimed to verify the bioactivity of aqueous extracts of leaves of Jacaranda decurrens and Jacaranda mimosifolia at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% on the insect. The choice test was carried out at the laboratory to determine the food effect of plant extracts and evaluate changes in the life cycle of insects exposed to active compounds through the analysis of biological parameters. Plant extracts of J. decurrens and J. mimosifolia presented with phagodeterrent classification in the choice experiments. The three J. decurrens extract concentrations promoted a prolongation of larval and pupal duration, while the duration of individuals treated with J. mimosifolia at 10% was significantly reduced. Occurred reduction in larval survival of individuals treated with aqueous extracts of J. decurrens and J. mimosifolia. Eggs from treatments with aqueous extract of J. decurrens and J. mimosifolia had reduced survival. Pupal survival of individuals treated with extract at 15% showed a significant reduction compared to the treatments at 5% and 10%. Pupae from the treatment with aqueous extract of Jacaranda mimosifolia showed a reduction in biomass in the treatment at 15% differing from the control e 5%. Thus, the aqueous extracts of the species J. decurrens and J. mimosifolia show insecticidal potential in the tests performed on P. xylostella.
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9
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Lin M, Yang S, Huang J, Zhou L. Insecticidal Triterpenes in Meliaceae: Plant Species, Molecules and Activities: Part Ⅰ ( Aphanamixis- Chukrasia). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413262. [PMID: 34948062 PMCID: PMC8704831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-originated triterpenes are important insecticidal molecules. The research on insecticidal activity of molecules from Meliaceae plants has always received attention due to the molecules from this family showing a variety of insecticidal activities with diverse mechanisms of action. In this paper, we discuss 102 triterpenoid molecules with insecticidal activity of plants of eight genera (Aglaia, Aphanamixis, Azadirachta, Cabralea, Carapa, Cedrela, Chisocheton, and Chukrasia) in Meliaceae. In total, 19 insecticidal plant species are presented. Among these species, Azadirachta indica A. Juss is the most well-known insecticidal plant and azadirachtin is the active molecule most widely recognized and highly effective botanical insecticide. However, it is noteworthy that six species from Cedrela were reported to show insecticidal activity and deserve future study. In this paper, a total of 102 insecticidal molecules are summarized, including 96 nortriterpenes, 4 tetracyclic triterpenes, and 2 pentacyclic triterpenes. Results showed antifeedant activity, growth inhibition activity, poisonous activity, or other activities. Among them, 43 molecules from 15 plant species showed antifeedant activity against 16 insect species, 49 molecules from 14 plant species exhibited poisonous activity on 10 insect species, and 19 molecules from 11 plant species possessed growth regulatory activity on 12 insect species. Among these molecules, azadirachtins were found to be the most successful botanical insecticides. Still, other molecules possessed more than one type of obvious activity, including 7-deacetylgedunin, salannin, gedunin, azadirone, salannol, azadiradione, and methyl angolensate. Most of these molecules are only in the primary stage of study activity; their mechanism of action and structure–activity relationship warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Sifan Yang
- Organic Agriculture, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands;
| | - Jiguang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (L.Z.)
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10
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Hamida ZC, Farine JP, Ferveur JF, Soltani N. Pre-imaginal exposure to Oberon® disrupts fatty acid composition, cuticular hydrocarbon profile and sexual behavior in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108981. [PMID: 33493665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oberon® is a commercial formulation of spiromesifen, a pesticide inhibitor of lipid biosynthesis via acetyl CoA carboxylase, widely used in agricultural crop protection. However, its mode of action requires further analysis. We currently examined the effect of this product on Drosophila melanogaster as a non-target and model organism. Different concentrations of spiromesifen were administered by ingestion (and contact) during pre-imaginal development, and we evaluated its delayed action on adults. Our results suggest that spiromesifen induced insecticidal activity on D. melanogaster. Moreover, spiromesifen treatment significantly increased the duration of larval and pupal development at all tested concentrations while it shortened longevity in exposed males as compared to control males. Also, pre-imaginal exposure to spiromesifen quantitatively affected fatty acids supporting its primary mode of action on lipid synthesis. In addition, this product was found to modify cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in exposed female and male flies as well as their sexual behavior and reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Hamida
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria; Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J P Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J F Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - N Soltani
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
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Shu B, Yu H, Li Y, Zhong H, Li X, Cao L, Lin J. Identification of azadirachtin responsive genes in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae based on RNA-seq. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 172:104745. [PMID: 33518039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest with 353 plant species as its hosts, including maize, sorghum, cotton, and rice. Azadirachtin is one of the most effective botanical insecticides. The effect of azadirachtin against S. frugiperda remains to be determined. Here we report strong growth inhibition of azadirachtin on S. frugiperda larvae under either 1.0 or 5.0 μg/g azadirachtin. To explore the relevant mechanisms, the larvae fed with normal artificial diet and with 1.0 μg/g azadirachtin exposure for 3 days were collected as samples for RNA-Seq. RNA-Seq on S. frugiperda larvae under different treatments identified a total of 24,153 unigenes, including 3494 novel genes, were identified. Among them, 1282 genes were affected by 1.0 μg/g azadirachtin exposure, with 672 up-regulated and 610 down-regulated. The impacted genes include 61 coding for detoxification enzymes (31 P450s, 7 GSTs, 11 CarEs, 7 UGTs and 5 ABC transporters), 31 for cuticle proteins, and several proteins involved in insect chitin and hormone biosynthesis. Our results indicated that azadirachtin could regulate the growth of S. frugiperda by affecting insect chitin and hormone biosynthesis pathway. The enhanced expression of detoxification enzymes might be related to detoxifying azadirachtin. These findings provided a foundation for further delineating the molecular mechanism of growth regulation induced by azadirachtin in S. frugiperda larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haikuo Yu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuning Li
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Zhong
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangli Li
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Multi-tissue transcriptome analysis using hybrid-sequencing reveals potential genes and biological pathways associated with azadirachtin A biosynthesis in neem (azadirachta indica). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:749. [PMID: 33115410 PMCID: PMC7592523 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azadirachtin A is a triterpenoid from neem tree exhibiting excellent activities against over 600 insect species in agriculture. The production of azadirachtin A depends on extraction from neem tissues, which is not an eco-friendly and sustainable process. The low yield and discontinuous supply of azadirachtin A impedes further applications. The biosynthetic pathway of azadirachtin A is still unknown and is the focus of our study. RESULTS We attempted to explore azadirachtin A biosynthetic pathway and identified the key genes involved by analyzing transcriptome data from five neem tissues through the hybrid-sequencing (Illumina HiSeq and Pacific Biosciences Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT)) approach. Candidates were first screened by comparing the expression levels between the five tissues. After phylogenetic analysis, domain prediction, and molecular docking studies, 22 candidates encoding 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 (CYP450), acyltransferase, and esterase were proposed to be potential genes involved in azadirachtin A biosynthesis. Among them, two unigenes encoding homologs of MaOSC1 and MaCYP71CD2 were identified. A unigene encoding the complete homolog of MaCYP71BQ5 was reported. Accuracy of the assembly was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and full-length PCR cloning. CONCLUSIONS By integrating and analyzing transcriptome data from hybrid-seq technology, 22 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were finally selected as candidates involved in azadirachtin A pathway. The obtained reliable and accurate sequencing data provided important novel information for understanding neem genome. Our data shed new light on understanding the biosynthesis of other triterpenoids in neem trees and provides a reference for exploring other valuable natural product biosynthesis in plants.
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13
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Kissoum N, Bensafi-Gheraibia H, Hamida ZC, Soltani N. Evaluation of the pesticide Oberon on a model organism Drosophila melanogaster via topical toxicity test on biochemical and reproductive parameters. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108666. [PMID: 31726222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spiromesifen (Oberon® 240 SC), a pesticide widely used to control pests like mites and whiteflies, was investigated using Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) as a model organism. The compound was applied topically at two concentrations (LC10: 21.45 and LC25: 39.53 μg active ingredient/pupa), on newly molted pupae and assessed on morphometric measurements of ovaries and the progeny of surviving adults. Results showed that spiromesifen inhibited the growth and development of ovaries, reducing at the highest dose (LC25) the number of oocytes, the volume of basal oocytes and ovarian weight. Biochemical analysis revealed that the tested compound reduced the ovarian levels of carbohydrates and glycogen during the sexual maturation. Moreover, fecundity, fertility and number of descendants from parents that survived to the treatment of pupae were significantly reduced. The sex ratio determined indicated a significant decrease in treated series and males seemed more sensitive to spiromesifen than females. Lastly, the compound was found to affect the sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kissoum
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - H Bensafi-Gheraibia
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Z C Hamida
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - N Soltani
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
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14
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Ferdenache M, Bezzar-Bendjazia R, Marion-Poll F, Kilani-Morakchi S. Transgenerational effects from single larval exposure to azadirachtin on life history and behavior traits of Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17015. [PMID: 31745147 PMCID: PMC6863814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Azadirachtin is one of the successful botanical pesticides in agricultural use with a broad-spectrum insecticide activity, but its possible transgenerational effects have not been under much scrutiny. The effects of sublethal doses of azadirachtin on life-table traits and oviposition behaviour of a model organism in toxicological studies, D. melanogaster, were evaluated. The fecundity and oviposition preference of flies surviving to single azadirachtin-treated larvae of parental generation was adversely affected and resulted in the reduction of the number of eggs laid and increased aversion to this compound over two successive generations. In parental generation, early exposure to azadirachtin affects adult's development by reducing the number of organisms, delay larval and pupal development; male biased sex ratio and induced morphological alterations. Moreover, adult's survival of the two generations was significantly decreased as compared to the control. Therefore, Single preimaginal azadirachtin treatment can affect flies population dynamics via transgenerational reductions in survival and reproduction capacity as well as reinforcement of oviposition avoidance which can contribute as repellent strategies in integrated pest management programs. The transgenerational effects observed suggest a possible reduction both in application frequency and total amount of pesticide used, would help in reducing both control costs and possible ecotoxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferdenache
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie. CNRS, IRD, Univ Paris-Sud. Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R Bezzar-Bendjazia
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria
| | - F Marion-Poll
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie. CNRS, IRD, Univ Paris-Sud. Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - S Kilani-Morakchi
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
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15
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Fernandes SR, Barreiros L, Oliveira RF, Cruz A, Prudêncio C, Oliveira AI, Pinho C, Santos N, Morgado J. Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art. Fitoterapia 2019; 134:141-150. [PMID: 30738093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) is an Indian tree recognized for its activity as pesticide, as well as several pharmacological properties. Among the various compounds already isolated and studied from Neem tree, azadirachtin (AZA) was identified as the main bioactive compound. Azadirachtin can be found at different parts of the Neem plant but assumes its maximum concentration at the seed level. This compound features a quite complex chemical structure, which justifies the 20-plus-year difficulty to identify the synthetic pathway that subsequently permitted to carry out its artificial synthesis. Azadirachtin is widely used as a basis for production of biopesticides; nevertheless, other properties have been recognized for this substance, among which the anticancer and antimalarial activity stand out. The methods available for azadirachtin extraction are diverse, including solid-liquid extraction and extraction with solvents at high or low temperatures. Alcohol based solvents are associated with higher extraction yields and are therefore preferred for the isolation of azadirachtin from plant parts. Clean-up of the extracts is generally required for further purification. The highest azadirachtin levels have been obtained from Neem seeds but concentration values present a large variation between batches. Therefore, in addition to extraction procedures, it is essential to establish routine methods for azadirachtin identification and quantification. Chromatography-based techniques are preferably selected for detection and quantification of azadirachtin in plant matrices. Overall, this process will guarantee a future reproducible, safe and effective use of the extracts in formulations for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rita F Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Secção Autónoma de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Cruz
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pinho
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Zhang J, Sun T, Sun Z, Li H, Qi X, Zhong G, Yi X. Azadirachtin acting as a hazardous compound to induce multiple detrimental effects in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:338-347. [PMID: 30048948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid botanical insecticide, has varied sub-lethal effects against many insect pests, including antifeedant, repellent, and growth regulatory. Despite extensive studies of the mechanisms that underline these physiological effects, little attention has been given to multiple toxic effects of azadirachtin under a coherent concentration, and there is no definitive overarching consensus on its toxicity. Here, we investigated multiple sub-lethal effects induced by 4 mg L-1 of azadirachtin, which did not elicit antifeedant behavior in Drosophila melanogaster, on metrics of longevity, development, compound eyes and reproduction. Exposure to <20 mg L-1 azadirachtin did not induce mortality, and 4 mg L-1 of azadirachtin could shorten lifespan, expression of detoxification genes and activities of related detoxification enzymes were higher. The lower activity of chitinase and higher content of chitin in fruit fly exposed to 4 mg L-1 azadirachtin could be important in developmental inhibition effects, and ovarian abnormalities and lower fecundity could have resulted from azadirachtin-mediated influences on juvenile hormone and ecdysone that disrupted the endocrine system. Caspase-3, head involution defective and reaper-dependent apoptosis genes may have been responsible for compound eye abnormalities in flies exposed to azadirachtin. Our findings provide important insights to the potential mechanisms of sub-lethal effects of azadirachtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Sun R, Cui G, Chen Y, Shu B, Zhong G, Yi X. Proteomic Profiling Analysis of Male Infertility in Spodoptera Litura
Larvae Challenged with Azadirachtin and its Potential-Regulated Pathways in the Following Stages. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800192. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China; Ministry of Agriculture; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Gaofeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China; Ministry of Agriculture; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China; Ministry of Agriculture; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Benshui Shu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China; Ministry of Agriculture; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China; Ministry of Agriculture; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China; Ministry of Agriculture; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P. R. China
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