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Snow NP, Glow MP, Foster JA, VerCauteren KC. Seasonal efficacy and risks from a sodium nitrite toxic bait for wild pigs. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3227-3237. [PMID: 38357838 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive and destructive species throughout many regions of the world. A sodium nitrite (SN) toxic bait is currently used in Australia and being developed for use in the US and other countries to combat the increasing populations of wild pigs. In the US, efforts to modify the Australian SN-toxic bait and baiting strategy have focused on reducing issues with non-target animals accessing the SN-toxic bait spilled outside of bait stations by wild pigs. We tested and compared modifications for efficacy (with wild pigs) and hazards (with non-targets) in north-central Texas, US during summer (July 2021) and winter (March 2023) seasons. RESULTS During both seasons we found that visitation to the bait sites declined 94-99% after deploying the SN-toxic bait, and we found a total of 106 dead wild pigs, indicating considerable lethality for the local population. Prior to deploying the SN-toxic bait, Global Positioning System (GPS)-collared wild pigs were more likely to cease visiting bait sites during summer when foraging resources were abundant. Farrowing decreased visitation to bait sites during the winter. We observed no dead non-targets during summer; winter results showed an average of 5.2 dead migrating birds per bait site (primarily Dark-eye juncos [Junco hyemalis]) from consuming SN-toxic bait spilled by wild pigs. The presence and winter-foraging behaviors of migrating birds appeared to increase hazards for those species. CONCLUSION The current formulation of SN-toxic bait was effective at removing wild pigs during both seasons, however it is clear that different baiting strategies may be required in winter when migrating birds are present. Baiting wild pigs prior to farrowing during the winter, and during drier summers, may further improve efficacy of the bait. Reducing hazards to non-targets could be achieved by refining the SN-toxic bait or modifying bait stations to decrease the potential for spillage, decreasing environmental persistence if spilled, or decreasing attractiveness to migrating birds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Snow
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael P Glow
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Justin A Foster
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Hunt, Texas, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Kinsey JC, Foster JA, Snow NP, Wishart JD, Staples LD, Bush JK, VerCauteren KC. Assessment of spilled toxic bait by wild pigs and potential risk to non-target species. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4589-4598. [PMID: 37431651 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, a sodium nitrite (SN)-based toxic bait for invasive wild pigs (hereafter wild pigs; Sus scrofa), was evaluated to determine its effectiveness in reducing local wild pig populations in Texas. Localized population reductions of >70% were achieved, but spillage of bait outside wild pig-specific feeders (bait stations) caused by feeding wild pigs resulted in the deaths of non-target animals. To evaluate risks to non-target animals, we tested whether bait presentation influenced the total amount of bait spilled by wild pigs and estimated the associated risk to non-target species. RESULTS We found that bait spilled outside bait stations could be reduced by >90% when compacted in trays, as opposed to being manually crumbled into pieces. We documented a mean spill rate of 0.913 g of bait per wild pig. Conservative risk assessments for nine non-target species for which SN toxicity data exist indicate that there is relatively low risk of lethal exposure, apart from zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and white mice. Our results indicate that there may be enough spilled bait per feeding wild pig to kill 9.5 or 3.5 individuals of these species, respectively. Other species assessed range from 0.002 to 0.406 potential mortalities per wild pig. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the amount of bait spilled by wild pigs during feeding and the associated risk to non-target animals can be minimized by presenting the bait compacted in trays within bait stations. We recommend that baits be tightly compacted and secured in bait stations to minimize risks to non-target animals from spilled bait by wild pigs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kinsey
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Hunt, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Justin A Foster
- Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Hunt, TX, USA
| | - Nathan P Snow
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jason D Wishart
- Animal Control Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Somerton, VIC, Australia
| | - Linton D Staples
- Animal Control Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Somerton, VIC, Australia
| | - Janis K Bush
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- USDA/APHIS/ Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Baruzzi C, Snow NP, Vercauteren KC, Strickland BK, Arnoult JS, Fischer JW, Glow MP, Lavelle MJ, Smith BA, Steakley D, Lashley MA. Estimating body mass of wild pigs ( Sus scrofa) using body morphometrics. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9853. [PMID: 36911312 PMCID: PMC9994471 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are invading many areas globally and impacting biodiversity and economies in their non-native range. Thus, wild pigs are often targeted for eradication efforts. Age- and sex-specific body measurements are important for informing these eradication efforts because they reflect body condition, resource availability, and fecundity, which are common indicators of population trajectory. However, body mass is often difficult to collect, especially on large individuals that require specialized equipment or multiple people to weigh. Measurements that can be rapidly taken by a single land or wildlife manager on any size wild pig without aid from specialized equipment would be beneficial if they accurately infer wild pig body mass. Our goals were to assess whether morphometric measurements could accurately predict wild pig body mass, and to provide tools to directly input these measures and estimate wild pig body mass. Using linear models, we quantified the relationship between body mass and morphometric measurements (i.e., body length, chest girth, ear length, eye to snout length, hindfoot length, shoulder length, and tail length) from a subset (n = 102) of wild pigs culled at the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Mississippi, USA. We evaluated separate models for each individual morphometric measurement. We then used the model coefficients to develop equations to predict wild pig body mass. We validated these equations predicting body mass of 1592 individuals collected across eight areas in Australia, Guam, and the USA for cross-validation. Each developed equation remained accurate when cross-validated across regions. Body length, chest girth, and shoulder length were the morphometrics that best predicted wild pig body mass. Our analyses indicated it is possible to use the presented equations to infer wild pig body mass from simple metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Baruzzi
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, North Florida Research and Education Center University of Florida Quincy Florida USA.,Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Nathan P Snow
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - Bronson K Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Jacques S Arnoult
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Justin W Fischer
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Michael P Glow
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Michael J Lavelle
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Benjamin A Smith
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Daryl Steakley
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Marcus A Lashley
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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Snow NP, Glow MP, Lavelle MJ, Fischer JW, Cook SM, Lutman M, Foster JA, VerCauteren KC. Dry and Unwary are Best Conditions for Baiting Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Deterring non-target birds from toxic bait sites for wild pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19967. [PMID: 34620966 PMCID: PMC8497612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic baiting of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is a potential new tool for population control and damage reduction in the US. Field trials testing a prototype toxic bait (HOGGONE 2 containing 5% sodium nitrite [SN]), though, revealed that wild pigs spilled small particles of toxic bait outside of bait stations which subsequently created hazards for non-target species that consumed those particles, primarily passerine birds. To deter non-target birds from consuming particles of spilled bait, we tested four deterrents at mock bait sites (i.e., baited with bird seed) in north-central Colorado, USA during April–May 2020. We found a programable, inflatable deterrent device (scare dancer) reduced bird visitation by an average of 96%. Then, we evaluated the deterrent devices at SN-toxic bait sites in north-central Texas, USA during July 2020, where the devices were activated the morning following deployment of SN-toxic bait. Overall, we found 139 dead wild pigs at 10 bait sites following one night of toxic baiting, which represented an average of 91% reduction in wild pigs visiting bait sites. We found that deterrent devices were 100% effective at deterring birds from toxic bait sites. We found two dead non-target mice at bait sites without deterrent devices. We noted that deploying toxic bait in mid-summer rather than late-winter/early-spring reduced hazards to migrating birds because they were not present in our study area during July. We recommend using deterrent devices (i.e., novel, programmable, battery operated, continuous and erratic movement, and snapping sounds) to reduce hazards to non-target birds at SN-toxic bait sites. We further recommend deploying SN-toxic bait during seasons when migrating birds are not as abundant until further research demonstrates minimal risks to migrating birds.
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Snow NP, Wishart JD, Foster JA, Staples LD, VerCauteren KC. Efficacy and risks from a modified sodium nitrite toxic bait for wild pigs. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1616-1625. [PMID: 33200879 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a destructive invasive species throughout many regions of the world. In 2018, a field evaluation of an early prototype of a sodium nitrite (SN) toxic bait in the United States revealed wild pigs dropped large amounts of the toxic bait outside the pig-specific bait stations while feeding, and thus subsequent hazards for non-target animals. We modified the SN-toxic bait formulation, the design of the bait station, and the baiting strategy to reduce dropped bait. We tested the modifications in Queensland, Australia (December 2018), Alabama, USA (August 2019), and Texas, USA (March 2020) under differing climatic and seasonal conditions for one night. RESULTS Cumulatively we found 161 carcasses of all age classes of wild pigs using systematic transects. Remote camera indices indicated high lethality for wild pigs, achieving population reductions of 76.3 to 90.4%. Wild pigs dropped only small particles of SN-toxic bait (average = 55.5 g per bait site), which represented a 19-fold decrease from the previous trial. Despite this reduction, we found three Australian ravens (Corvus coronoides) in Queensland, two Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in Alabama, and 35 granivorous-passerine birds (mostly dark-eyed juncos [Junco hyemalis]) in Texas dead from consuming the dropped bait. We did not detect any population-level effects for those species. CONCLUSION Our modifications were effective at reducing populations of wild pigs, but the deaths of non-target species require further steps to minimize these hazards. Next steps will include evaluating various deterrent devices for birds the morning after SN-toxic bait has been offered. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Snow
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jason D Wishart
- Animal Control Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Somerton, Australia
| | - Justin A Foster
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Kerr Wildlife Management Area, Hunt, TX, USA
| | - Linton D Staples
- Animal Control Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Somerton, Australia
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Snow NP, Halseth JM, Glow MP, Lavelle MJ, Fischer JW, Vannatta EH, VerCauTeren KC. Daily and Landscape Influences of Species Visitation to Toxic Bait Sites for Wild Pigs. WILDLIFE SOC B 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Snow
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Joseph M. Halseth
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Michael P. Glow
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Michael J. Lavelle
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Justin W. Fischer
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Eric H. Vannatta
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Kurt C. VerCauTeren
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
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Yang A, Schlichting P, Wight B, Anderson WM, Chinn SM, Wilber MQ, Miller RS, Beasley JC, Boughton RK, VerCauteren KC, Wittemyer G, Pepin KM. Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:820-833. [PMID: 33340089 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contact heterogeneity among hosts determines invasion and spreading dynamics of infectious disease, thus its characterization is essential for identifying effective disease control strategies. Yet, little is known about the factors shaping contact networks in many wildlife species and how wildlife management actions might affect contact networks. Wild pigs in North America are an invasive, socially structured species that pose a health concern for domestic swine given their ability to transmit numerous devastating diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Using proximity loggers and GPS data from 48 wild pigs in Florida and South Carolina, USA, we employed a probabilistic framework to estimate weighted contact networks. We determined the effects of sex, social group and spatial distribution (monthly home-range overlap and distance) on wild pig contact. We also estimated the impacts of management-induced perturbations on contact and inferred their effects on ASF establishment in wild pigs with simulation. Social group membership was the primary factor influencing contacts. Between-group contacts depended primarily on space use characteristics, with fewer contacts among groups separated by >2 km and no contacts among groups >4 km apart within a month. Modelling ASF dynamics on the contact network demonstrated that indirect contacts resulting from baiting (a typical method of attracting wild pigs or game species to a site to enhance recreational hunting) increased the risk of disease establishment by ~33% relative to direct contact. Low-intensity population reduction (<5.9% of the population) had no detectable impact on contact structure but reduced predicted ASF establishment risk relative to no population reduction. We demonstrate an approach for understanding the relative role of spatial, social and individual-level characteristics in shaping contact networks and predicting their effects on disease establishment risk, thus providing insight for optimizing disease control in spatially and socially structured wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Yang
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Peter Schlichting
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Bethany Wight
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Wesley M Anderson
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Chinn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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McRae JE, Schlichting PE, Snow NP, Davis AJ, VerCauteren KC, Kilgo JC, Keiter DA, Beasley JC, Pepin KM. Factors Affecting Bait Site Visitation: Area of Influence of Baits. WILDLIFE SOC B 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn E. McRae
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 Laporte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Peter E. Schlichting
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia P.O. Drawer E Aiken SC 29802 USA
| | - Nathan P. Snow
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 Laporte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Amy J. Davis
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 Laporte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 Laporte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - John C. Kilgo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Forest Service Southern Research Station P.O. Box 700 New Ellenton SC 29809 USA
| | - David A. Keiter
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia P.O. Drawer E Aiken SC 29802 USA
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia P.O. Drawer E Aiken SC 29802 USA
| | - Kim M. Pepin
- U.S. Department of Agriculture—Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 Laporte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
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Sanders HN, Hewitt DG, Perotto-Baldivieso HL, VerCauteren KC, Snow NP. Invasive Wild Pigs as Primary Nest Predators for Wild Turkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2625. [PMID: 32060348 PMCID: PMC7021696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depredation of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) nests is a leading cause of reduced recruitment for the recovering and iconic game species. Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are known to depredate nests, and have been expanding throughout the distributed range of wild turkeys in North America. We sought to gain better insight on the magnitude of wild pigs depredating wild turkey nests. We constructed simulated wild turkey nests throughout the home ranges of 20 GPS-collared wild pigs to evaluate nest depredation relative to three periods within the nesting season (i.e., early, peak, and late) and two nest densities (moderate = 12.5-25 nests/km2, high = 25-50 nests/km2) in south-central Texas, USA during March–June 2016. Overall, the estimated probability of nest depredation by wild pigs was 0.3, equivalent to native species of nest predators in the study area (e.g., gray fox [Urocyon cinereoargenteus], raccoon [Procyon lotor], and coyote [Canis latrans]). Female wild pigs exhibited a constant rate of depredation regardless of nesting period or density of nests. However, male wild pigs increased their rate of depredation in areas with higher nest densities. Management efforts should remove wild pigs to reduce nest failure in wild turkey populations especially where recruitment is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Sanders
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University Kingsville, 700 University Boulevard, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - David G Hewitt
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University Kingsville, 700 University Boulevard, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Humberto L Perotto-Baldivieso
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University Kingsville, 700 University Boulevard, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Nathan P Snow
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
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Sanders HN, Hewitt DG, Perotto‐Baldivieso HL, Vercauteren KC, Snow NP. Opportunistic Predation of Wild Turkey Nests by Wild Pigs. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather N. Sanders
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Texas A&M University 700 University Boulevard Kingsville TX 78363 USA
| | - David G. Hewitt
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute Texas A&M University 700 University Boulevard Kingsville TX 78363 USA
| | | | - Kurt C. Vercauteren
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Nathan P. Snow
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
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Anette B, Anette B, Theodora CV, Klaus D, Daniel D, Vittorio G, Georgina H, Daniela K, Annick L, Aleksandra M, Simon M, Edvins O, Sasa O, Helen R, Mihaela S, Karl S, Hans‐Hermann T, Grigaliuniene V, Arvo V, Richard W, Grzegorz W, José AC, Sofie D, Andrey G, Corina I, Alexandra P, González VLC, Christian GS. Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union (November 2018 to October 2019). EFSA J 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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