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White AV, Knecht H, Richards SL. Assessment of barrier treatments impacting Aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) using lambda-cyhalothrin and pyriproxyfen in a suburban neighborhood in Eastern North Carolina, 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:991-1001. [PMID: 36960881 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2194613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are commonly used in barrier treatments but less is known about how mosquitoes are affected by the simultaneous application of an insect growth regulator (i.e., pyriproxyfen) used in barrier treatments. This field study, conducted from May 14 - October 16, 2018, evaluated the effect of lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid adulticide) and pyriproxyfen on the reproduction (measured by fecundity and adult emergence) and abundance of Aedes albopictus. Nine properties were treated with Demand®CS 0.06% + Archer® 0.010% (every 60 days) and three control properties received no treatment (N=12 total properties). No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed between abundance of Ae. albopictus in treatment compared to control groups. However, significant differences were observed in abundance of Ae. albopictus adults between weeks at both control (P = 0.003) and treatment (P < 0.0001) properties. Results from our research show that continued studies are needed to determine the efficacy of barrier treatments for this species. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Avian V White
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, US
| | - Heidi Knecht
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, US
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, US
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Liu Q, Zhang HD, Xing D, Jia N, Du YT, Xie JW, Wang M, Li CX, Zhao T, Jiang YT, Dong YD, Guo XX, Zhou XY, Zhao TY. The predicted potential distribution of Aedes albopictus in China under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP)1-2.6. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107001. [PMID: 37634685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the 100 most invasive species in the world and represents a significant threat to public health. The distribution of Ae. albopictus has been expanding rapidly due to increased international trade, population movement, global warming and accelerated urbanization. Consequently, it is very important to know the potential distribution area of Ae. albopictus in advance for early warning and control of its spread and invasion. We randomly selected 282 distribution sites from 27 provincial-level administrative regions in China, and used the GARP and MaxEnt models to analyze and predict the current and future distribution areas of Ae. albopictus in China. The results showed that the current range of Ae. albopictus in China covers most provinces such as Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces, and the distribution of Ae. albopictus in border provinces such as Tibet, Gansu and Jilin Provinces tend to expand westwards. In addition, the potential distribution area of Ae. albopictus in China will continue to expand westwards due to future climate change under the SSP126 climate scenario. Furthermore, the results of environmental factor filtering showed that temperature and precipitation had a large effect on the distribution probability of Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Nan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu-Tong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jing-Wen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Teng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu-Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yan-De Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Friuli M, Pellegrino R, Lamanna L, Nitti P, Madaghiele M, Demitri C. Materials Engineering to Help Pest Control: A Narrative Overview of Biopolymer-Based Entomopathogenic Fungi Formulations. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:918. [PMID: 37755026 PMCID: PMC10532551 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer-based formulations show great promise in enhancing the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi as bioinsecticides. Chitosan and starch, among other biopolymers, have been utilized to improve spore delivery, persistence, and adherence to target insects. These formulations offer advantages such as target specificity, eco-friendliness, and sustainability. However, challenges related to production costs, stability, and shelf life need to be addressed. Recently, biomimetic lure and kill approaches based on biopolymers offer cost-effective solutions by leveraging natural attractants. Further research is needed to optimize these formulations and overcome challenges. Biopolymer-based formulations have the potential to revolutionize pest control practices, providing environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Friuli
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.P.); (L.L.); (P.N.); (M.M.); (C.D.)
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Kayesh MEH, Khalil I, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Increasing Dengue Burden and Severe Dengue Risk in Bangladesh: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010032. [PMID: 36668939 PMCID: PMC9866424 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. The geographic range of dengue is expanding, and much like in many other tropical regions of the world, dengue has become a major public health issue in Bangladesh. Until a large epidemic dengue outbreak in 2000, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh since 1964. After 2000, varying intensities of dengue activity were observed each year until 2018. However, in 2019, Bangladesh experienced the largest dengue epidemic in its history, with 101,354 dengue cases and 164 dengue-related deaths. Notably, this outbreak occurred in many regions that were previously considered free of the disease. As of 10 December 2022, a total of 60,078 dengue cases and 266 dengue-related deaths were reported in Bangladesh, with the 2022 outbreak being the second largest since 2000. There is an increased genetic diversity of the dengue virus (DENV) in Bangladesh and all four DENV serotypes are prevalent and co-circulating, which increases the risk for severe dengue owing to the antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Vector control remains the mainstay of dengue outbreak prevention; however, the vector control programs adopted in Bangladesh seem inadequate, requiring improved vector control strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of DENV infection and the risks for a severe dengue outbreak in Bangladesh. Additionally, we discuss different dengue vector control strategies, from which the most suitable and effective measures can be applied in the context of Bangladesh for tackling future dengue epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.E.H.K.); (K.T.-K.); Tel.: +88-025-506-1677 (M.E.H.K.); +81-99-285-3589 (K.T.-K.)
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.E.H.K.); (K.T.-K.); Tel.: +88-025-506-1677 (M.E.H.K.); +81-99-285-3589 (K.T.-K.)
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Piazzoni M, Negri A, Brambilla E, Giussani L, Pitton S, Caccia S, Epis S, Bandi C, Locarno S, Lenardi C. Biodegradable floating hydrogel baits as larvicide delivery systems against mosquitoes. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6443-6452. [PMID: 35983789 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological methods for mosquito larvae control are completely biodegradable and have null or limited effects on nontarget organisms. However, commercially available products have a low residual activity, with the consequent need for multiple applications that inevitably increase costs and the risk of resistance phenomena insurgence. Smart delivery systems made of hydrogels proved their efficacy in increasing the action duration of biolarvicides up to several months, but the lack of an efficient baiting mechanism to strongly attract the target pest remains a problem in practical applications. In this work, we investigated two novel hydrogel-based formulations of completely natural composition for baiting and killing larvae of Aedes albopictus mosquitos. The proposed materials consist of charged crosslinked polysaccharides (chitosan and cellulose) and are specifically manufactured to float in water, simulating organic matter usually present at breeding sites. Within the hydrogels' matrix, yeast colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were embedded as phagostimulants alongside a biolarvicide (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti)). Despite the similar chemical nature and structure, chitosan-based hydrogels exhibited a markedly superior baiting potential compared to those made of cellulose and also succeeded in efficiently killing mosquito larvae just after a few hours from administration. We are confident that the proposed smart delivery hydrogel made of chitosan can be an enabling tool to attract mosquito larvae towards biopesticides of different nature without delocalizing active ingredients away from the breeding site and to simultaneously increase their residual activity, thus holding the potential of minimizing environmental pollution related to pest control and vector-borne disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Piazzoni
- CIMAINA, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Agata Negri
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Brambilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of General and Organic Chemistry "A. Marchesisi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Giussani
- CIMAINA, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Pitton
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Locarno
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- CIMAINA, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Modak MP, Saha D. First report of F1534C kdr mutation in deltamethrin resistant Aedes albopictus from northern part of West Bengal, India. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13653. [PMID: 35953498 PMCID: PMC9372028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne disease with an estimated 100–400 million cases each year. Control of Dengue vectors largely depends upon synthetic pyrethroids. Development of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes however, poses severe threat to insecticide-based vector management programme. Mutations in the Voltage Gated Sodium Channel gene (vgsc) serve as the primary machinery behind this resistance development. In Aedes albopictus, at least four such kdr (knock down resistance) mutations had already been documented. Here, we describe the occurrence of F1534C kdr mutation in wild population of Ae. albopictus from northern part of West Bengal, India including a novel T1520I mutation. Four populations of Ae. albopictus from the studied region were found resistant against DDT and synthetic pyrethroids, among them only one population possessed F1534C kdr mutation. A total of 200 successful amplification followed by partial sequencing of vgsc gene further revealed the presence of F1534C kdr mutation in both phenotypically susceptible and resistant mosquito specimen. Studied populations were found 81% homozygote susceptible (1534F/F), 12.5% heterozygote (1534F/C) and 6% homozygote resistant (1534C/C) for F1534C kdr mutation. The findings of the current study will help to uncover the mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance and hence to reduce errors in vector control measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Pratim Modak
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Dhiraj Saha
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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Densovirus Oil Suspension Significantly Improves the Efficacy and Duration of Larvicidal Activity against Aedes albopictus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030475. [PMID: 35336882 PMCID: PMC8954509 DOI: 10.3390/v14030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is the sole vector for various mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Ecofriendly biological agents are required to reduce the spread of these mosquito-borne infections. Mosquito densoviruses (MDVs) are entomopathogenic mosquito-specific viruses, which can reduce the capacity of isolated vectors and decrease mosquito-borne viral disease transmission. However, their variable pathogenicity restricts their commercial use. In the present study, we developed a series of novel larvicide oil suspensions (denoted Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) oil, Ae. albopictus densovirus (AalDV-5) oil, and a mixture of AalDV-5+Bti oil), which were tested against Ae. albopictus larvae under experimental semi-field and open-field conditions. The effect of AalDV-5 on non-target species was also evaluated. The combined effect of AalDV-5+Bti was greater than that of individual toxins and was longer lasting and more persistent compared with the laboratory AalDV-5 virus strain. The virus was quantified on a weekly basis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and was persistently detected in rearing water as well as in dead larvae. Wildtype densovirus is not pathogenic to non-target organisms. The present findings confirm the improved effect of a mixed microbial suspension (AalDV-5+Bti oil) larvicide against Ae. albopictus. The development and testing of these products will enable better control of the vector mosquitoes.
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Guo X, Zhou S, Wu J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li Z, Chen XG, Zhou X. An Experimental Evaluation of Toxicity Effects of Sodium Chloride on Oviposition, Hatching and Larval Development of Aedes albopictus. Pathogens 2022; 11:262. [PMID: 35215204 PMCID: PMC8878149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus, one of the most important mosquito-borne viruses, has shown a sharp upward trend, spreading around the world in recent years. Control of vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus remains crucial for blocking dengue transmission. The lethal ovitrap (LO) is one of the cost-effective traps based on the classic "lure and kill" strategy, and finding a proper long-lasting effective toxin is key to achieving the desired effect. The concentration of inorganic salts of habitat environment plays a strong role in affecting oviposition, hatching, and development of mosquitoes, but the potential insecticide activity of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in habitat water as well as LO still lacks research. In this study, we carried out laboratory experiments to systematically explore the effects of different concentrations of NaCl solutions on oviposition, egg hatching, and larval development of Ae. albopictus. Consequently, Ae. albopictus was found to prefer freshwater to lay eggs; whereas 48.8 ± 2.6% eggs were laid in freshwater and 20% in ≥1.0% brackish water, few eggs were laid in 3.0% NaCl solution. Compared with egg hatching, larval development of Ae. albopictus presented a higher sensibility to NaCl concentration. The mortality of the 3rd-4th larvae in 1.0% NaCl solution was 83.8 ± 8.7%, while in 3.0% it reached 100%. Considering the cumulative effect of NaCl, when NaCl concentration was ≥1.0%, no eggs could successfully develop into adults. These data suggested that NaCl solutions with a concentration ≥1.0% can be used as an effective cheap insecticide for Ae. albopictus in subtropical inland aquatic habitats, and also as the "kill" toxin in LOs. Meanwhile, the concentration range from 0 to 2.0% of NaCl solution has the potential to be used as the "lure" in LOs. The technological processes of how to use NaCl as insecticide or in LOs still needs further in-depth exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Guo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Siyun Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.G.); (S.Z.); (J.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (X.-G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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