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Adak T, Mahanty A, Jena S, Gadratagi BG, Patil N, Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi G, Annamalai M, Golive P, Rath PC. Volatolomics to Decrypt the Monophagous Nature of a Rice Pest, Scirpophaga Incertulas (Walker). J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01498-7. [PMID: 38637418 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, yellow stem borer, YSB) is a monophagous insect pest that causes significant yield loss in rice (Oryza staiva L.). Semiochemical based pest management is being sought as an alternate to chemical pesticides to reduce pesticide footprints. We hypothesized differential release of volatiles from host rice and two companion non-host weeds, Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crus-galli could be responsible for oviposition and biology of YSB and these chemicals could be used for YSB management. Number of eggs laid, and number of larvae hatched were significantly higher in rice plant as compared to weeds. YSB could only form dead hearts in rice plants. YSB significantly preferred host-plant volatiles compared to the non-host plants both in choice and no-choice tests in an Y-tube olfactometer. 2-Hexenal, hexanal, 2,4-hexadienal, benzaldehyde, nonanal, methyl salicylate and decanal were found in the leaf volatolomes of both the host and non-host plants in HS-SPME-GC-MS (Headspace-Solid phase micro extraction-Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer). Pentene-3-one, 2-pentyl furan, 2,4-heptadienal, 2-octenal, 2-octenol and menthol were present only in the non-host plants. Fourteen rice unique compounds were also detected. The built-in PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS-DA (Partial least squares-discriminant analysis) analysis in the MS-DIAL tool showed that the volatiles emitted from TN1 formed a cluster distinct from Echinochloa spp. and 2-octenal was identified as a unique compound. Olfactometer bioassays using synthetic compounds showed that rice unique compounds, like xylene, hexanal served as attractants whereas non-host unique compounds, like 2-pentylfuran, 2-octenal acted as repellent. The results indicate that the rice unique compounds xylene, hexanal along with other volatile compounds could be responsible for higher preference of YSB towards rice plants. Similarly, the non-host unique compounds 2-pentylfuran, 2-octenal could possibly be responsible for lower preference and defence against YSB. These compounds could be utilised for devising traps for YSB monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Adak
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India.
- Division of Crop Protection, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India.
| | - Arabinda Mahanty
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Somanatha Jena
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | | | - Naveenkumar Patil
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | | | | | - Prasanthi Golive
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
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Rajashekhar M, Rajashekar B, Reddy TP, Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara K, Vanisree K, Ramakrishna K, Sunitha V, Shaila O, Sathyanarayana E, Shahanaz, Reddy SS, Shankar A, Jahan A, Kumar PV, Reddy MJM. Evaluation of farmers friendly IPM modules for the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) in maize in the hot semiarid region of India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7118. [PMID: 38532112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a severe threat to global agriculture, with their impact projected to escalate due to climate change and expanding international trade. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a native of the Americas, has rapidly spread across various continents, causing significant damage to several food crops, especially maize. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are vital for sustainable FAW control, combining multiple strategies for sustainable results. Over three consecutive years, 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22, the field demonstrations were conducted in semiarid regions of India, testing a four-component IPM approach viz., pheromone traps, microbial, botanicals and ETL based applications of insecticides against farmers' practices (sole insecticide application). IPM implementation led to substantial reductions in FAW infestation. Furthermore, egg mass and larvae infestations were significantly lower in IPM-adopted villages compared to conventional practices. Pheromone-based monitoring demonstrated a consistent reduction in adult moth populations. The lowest technology gap (10.42), extension gap (8.33) and technology index (12.25) was recorded during 2020-21. The adoption of IPM led to increased maize yields (17.49, 12.62 and 24.87% over control), higher net returns (919, 906.20 and 992.93 USD), and favourable benefit-cost ratios (2.74, 2.39 and 2.33) compared to conventional practices respectively during 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The economic viability of IPM strategies was evident across three consecutive years, confirming their potential for sustainable FAW management in the semiarid region of India. These strategies hold promise for adoption in other parts of the world sharing similar climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandla Rajashekhar
- Entomology Department, Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Banda Rajashekar
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Thalla Prabhakar Reddy
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Kalisetti Vanisree
- Maize Research Centre, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kommagoni Ramakrishna
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vanam Sunitha
- All India Network Project On Vertebrate Pest Management, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ongolu Shaila
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Eetela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural College, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shahanaz
- College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Somireddy Srinivasa Reddy
- Seed Research Technology Centre, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Adhi Shankar
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Afifa Jahan
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palem, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padala Vinod Kumar
- ICAR- RCER, Research Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga, Bihar, 846005, India
| | - Maligi Jagan Mohan Reddy
- Extension Education Institute (Southern Region), Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Mutua BK, Dubois T, Akutse KS, Muli B, Karanja EN, Mutyambai DM. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) to Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Volatiles, a Potential push Plant for Vegetable push-pull Cropping System. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01485-y. [PMID: 38470529 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) is a major pest of kale (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala), an important vegetable that is grown worldwide due to its high nutritional and economic value. Brevicoryne brassicae poses a great challenge to B. oleraceae var. acephala production, causing significant direct and indirect yield losses. Farmers overly rely on synthetic insecticides to manage the pest with limited success owing to its high reproductive behavior and development of resistance. This necessitates a search for sustainable alternatives to mitigate these challenges. This study assessed behavioral responses of B. brassicae to odors from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and B. oleraceae var. acephala headspace volatiles in a Perspex four-arm olfactometer. We identified and quantified volatiles emitted by each of the two plants and those eliciting antennal response using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-electroantennograhic detection(GC-EAD), respectively. Our findings revealed that B. brassicae spent more time in the arms of the olfactometer that contained B. oleraceae var. acephala volatiles compared to the arm that held R. officinalis volatiles. Additionally, B. brassicae spent more time in the olfactometer arms with B. oleracea var. acephala compared to the arms holding B. oleracea var. acephala and R. officinalis enclosed together and clean air. GC-MS analysis revealed diverse and higher quantities of volatile compounds in R. officinalis compared to B. oleraceae var. acephala. GC-EAD analysis showed that antennae of B. brassicae detected Linalool, α-Terpineol, Verbenone, Geraniol, Camphor, and Borneol from the volatiles of R. officinalis, and Sabinene, γ-Terpinene, and β-Caryophyllene from B. oleraceae var. acephala volatiles. Our findings demonstrate the potential of R. officinalis as a repellent plant against B. brassicae and could be utilized as a 'push' plant in an intercropping strategy against this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bretor Katuku Mutua
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, P.O Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Thomas Dubois
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Muli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, P.O Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Edward Nderitu Karanja
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Munyao Mutyambai
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern, Kenya University, P.O Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya.
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Mlambo S, Mubayiwa M, Tarusikirwa VL, Machekano H, Mvumi BM, Nyamukondiwa C. The Fall Armyworm and Larger Grain Borer Pest Invasions in Africa: Drivers, Impacts and Implications for Food Systems. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:160. [PMID: 38534430 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major biosecurity threat affecting globalisation and the international trade of agricultural products and natural ecosystems. In recent decades, for example, field crop and postharvest grain insect pests have independently accounted for a significant decline in food quantity and quality. Nevertheless, how their interaction and cumulative effects along the ever-evolving field production to postharvest continuum contribute towards food insecurity remain scant in the literature. To address this within the context of Africa, we focus on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), two of the most important field and postharvest IAS, respectively, that have invaded Africa. Both insect pests have shown high invasion success, managing to establish themselves in >50% of the African continent within a decade post-introduction. The successive and summative nature of field and postharvest damage by invasive insect pests on the same crop along its value chain results in exacerbated food losses. This systematic review assesses the drivers, impacts and management of the fall armyworm and larger grain borer and their effects on food systems in Africa. Interrogating these issues is important in early warning systems, holistic management of IAS, maintenance of integral food systems in Africa and the development of effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw Mlambo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye 10071, Botswana
| | - Macdonald Mubayiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye 10071, Botswana
| | - Vimbai L Tarusikirwa
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Brighton M Mvumi
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye 10071, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Sisay B, Tamiru A, Subramanian S, Weldon CW, Khamis F, Green KK, Anderson P, Torto B. Pheromonal variation and mating between two mitotypes of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3848. [PMID: 38360933 PMCID: PMC10869808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) exists in two genetically distinct strains, the corn (C) and rice (R) strains. Despite their names, these strains are not associated with host plant preferences but have been shown to vary in pheromone composition and male responses. Recently, S. frugiperda was detected in Africa as an invasive species, but knowledge about variation in strain types, pheromone composition and inter-strain mating of populations of the pest in the continent has not been fully examined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate variations, if any in the pheromone composition of female moths, male moth responses, and mating between C and R mitotypes of S. frugiperda populations in Kenya, as well as their geographic distribution. Strains (mitotypes) of S. frugiperda were identified using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, and their pheromonal composition determined by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Male moth responses to these compounds were evaluated using GC-electroantennographic detection (EAD), electroantennogram (EAG), and wind tunnel assays. Oviposition assays were used to determine whether R and C mitotype moths could mate and produce eggs. The results showed that both the R and C mitotypes were present, and there were no statistically significant differences in their distribution across all sampled locations. Five pheromone compounds including (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc), were detected in the pheromone glands of female moths of both mitotypes, with Z9-14:OAc being the most abundant. The relative percentage composition of Z9-14:OAc was similar in both mitotypes. However, the R mitotype had a 2.7 times higher relative percentage composition of Z7-12:OAc compared to the C mitotype moth, while the C mitotype moth had a 2.4 times higher relative percentage composition of Z11-16:OAc than the R mitotype moth. Male moths of both mitotypes exhibited similar responses to the pheromone compounds, showing the strongest responses to Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc in electrophysiological and behavioural assays. There was mating between R and C mitotypes with egg production comparable to mating within the same mitotype. Our results revealed that differences between the two S. frugiperda mitotypes are characterized by female moth pheromone composition rather than male moth responses to the pheromones, and that this does not prevent hybridisation between the mitotypes, which may have implications for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Sisay
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 436, Adama, Ethiopia.
| | - Amanuel Tamiru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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