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Sisay B, Tamiru A, Subramanian S, Weldon CW, Khamis F, Green KK, Anderson P, Torto B. Pheromonal variation and mating between two mitotypes of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3848. [PMID: 38360933 PMCID: PMC10869808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) exists in two genetically distinct strains, the corn (C) and rice (R) strains. Despite their names, these strains are not associated with host plant preferences but have been shown to vary in pheromone composition and male responses. Recently, S. frugiperda was detected in Africa as an invasive species, but knowledge about variation in strain types, pheromone composition and inter-strain mating of populations of the pest in the continent has not been fully examined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate variations, if any in the pheromone composition of female moths, male moth responses, and mating between C and R mitotypes of S. frugiperda populations in Kenya, as well as their geographic distribution. Strains (mitotypes) of S. frugiperda were identified using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, and their pheromonal composition determined by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Male moth responses to these compounds were evaluated using GC-electroantennographic detection (EAD), electroantennogram (EAG), and wind tunnel assays. Oviposition assays were used to determine whether R and C mitotype moths could mate and produce eggs. The results showed that both the R and C mitotypes were present, and there were no statistically significant differences in their distribution across all sampled locations. Five pheromone compounds including (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc), were detected in the pheromone glands of female moths of both mitotypes, with Z9-14:OAc being the most abundant. The relative percentage composition of Z9-14:OAc was similar in both mitotypes. However, the R mitotype had a 2.7 times higher relative percentage composition of Z7-12:OAc compared to the C mitotype moth, while the C mitotype moth had a 2.4 times higher relative percentage composition of Z11-16:OAc than the R mitotype moth. Male moths of both mitotypes exhibited similar responses to the pheromone compounds, showing the strongest responses to Z9-14:OAc and Z7-12:OAc in electrophysiological and behavioural assays. There was mating between R and C mitotypes with egg production comparable to mating within the same mitotype. Our results revealed that differences between the two S. frugiperda mitotypes are characterized by female moth pheromone composition rather than male moth responses to the pheromones, and that this does not prevent hybridisation between the mitotypes, which may have implications for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Sisay
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 436, Adama, Ethiopia.
| | - Amanuel Tamiru
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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Chepchirchir F, Muriithi BW, Langat J, Ndlela S, Mohamed SA, Khamis F. Economic, health, and environmental burden of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in tomato production in Kenya and Uganda. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:1529-1539. [PMID: 37597612 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of pest infestation on agricultural production cannot be underestimated. There have been several efforts to control these pests, chiefly through the use of synthetic pesticides. However, the continuous use of the chemicals causes pest resistance and resurgence and presents high human and environmental risks. This study examines the economic, health, and environmental impacts of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917), an economically important pest in tomato production, among smallholder farmers in selected counties in Kenya and Uganda. Economic Impact Quotient and gross margin analysis were used on data obtained from a random sample of 316 and 345 tomato growers in Kenya and Uganda, respectively. The results show a significant impact of T. absoluta on tomato production in both countries. On average, the tomato growers earned a gross income of $38,123 and $11,627 in Kenya and Uganda, respectively, with synthetic chemicals for the management of T. absoluta contributing 66-78% of the cost of production. The opportunity cost lost due to forgoing pesticide for management of the pest, and instead replacing it with an integrated pest management package was valued between $8 and $646 in Kenya and $895 in Uganda, respectively, using net present value through the most pessimistic scenario, while benefit-cost ratio was $1 and $5 in Kenya and Uganda, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridah Chepchirchir
- Department of Agricultural and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Wambui Muriithi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jackson Langat
- Department of Agricultural and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Shepard Ndlela
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kenya E, Kinyanjui G, Kipnyargis A, Kinyua F, Mwangi M, Khamis F, Mwirichia R. Amplicon-based assessment of bacterial diversity and community structure in three tropical forest soils in Kenya. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11577. [PMID: 36411924 PMCID: PMC9674510 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest soils provide a multitude of habitats for diverse communities of bacteria. In this study, we selected three tropical forests in Kenya to determine the diversity and community structure of soil bacteria inhabiting these regions. Kakamega and Irangi are rainforests, whereas Gazi Bay harbors mangrove forests. The three natural forests occupy different altitudinal zones and differ in their environmental characteristics. Soil samples were collected from a total of 12 sites and soil physicochemical parameters for each sampling site were analyzed. We used an amplicon-based Illumina high-throughput sequencing approach. Total community DNA was extracted from individual samples using the phenol-chloroform method. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene segment spanning the V4 region was amplified using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Diversity indices, rarefaction curves, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analyses were performed in R software. A total of 13,410 OTUs were observed at 97% sequence similarity. Bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria in both rainforest and mangrove sampling sites. Alpha diversity indices and species richness were higher in Kakamega and Irangi rainforests compared to mangroves in Gazi Bay. The composition of bacterial communities within and between the three forests was also significantly differentiated (R = 0.559, p = 0.007). Clustering in both PCA and NMDS plots showed that each sampling site had a distinct bacterial community profile. The NMDS analysis also indicated that soil EC, sodium, sulfur, magnesium, boron, and manganese contributed significantly to the observed variation in the bacterial community structure. Overall, this study demonstrated the presence of diverse taxa and heterogeneous community structures of soil bacteria inhabiting three tropical forests of Kenya. Our results also indicated that variation in soil chemical parameters was the major driver of the observed bacterial diversity and community structure in these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eucharia Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Grace Kinyanjui
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Alex Kipnyargis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Franklin Kinyua
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - Mary Mwangi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P. O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Romano Mwirichia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
- Corresponding author.
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Mutua JM, Mutyambai DM, Asudi GO, Khamis F, Niassy S, Jalloh AA, Salifu D, Magara HJO, Calatayud PA, Subramanian S. Competitive Plant-Mediated and Intraguild Predation Interactions of the Invasive Spodoptera frugiperda and Resident Stemborers Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus in Maize Cropping Systems in Kenya. Insects 2022; 13:insects13090790. [PMID: 36135491 PMCID: PMC9504508 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Following its recent invasion of African countries, fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), now co-exists with resident stemborers such as Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) causing severe damage to maize crops. Due to niche overlap, interspecific interactions occur among the three species, but the mechanisms and degree remain unclear. In this study, we assessed plant-mediated intraspecific and interspecific interactions, predation in laboratory and semi-field settings, and larval field occurrence of S. frugiperda and the two stemborer species. Larval feeding assays to evaluate competitive plant-mediated interactions demonstrated that initial S. frugiperda feeding negatively affected subsequent stemborer larval feeding and survival, suggesting induction of herbivore-induced mechanisms by S. frugiperda, which deters establishment and survival of competing species. Predation assays showed that, at different developmental larval stages, second−sixth instars of S. frugiperda preyed on larvae of both B. fusca and C. partellus. Predation rates of S. frugiperda on stemborers was significantly higher than cannibalism of S. frugiperda and its conspecifics (p < 0.001). Cannibalism of S. frugiperda in the presence of stemborers was significantly lower than in the presence of conspecifics (p = 0.04). Field surveys showed a significantly higher number of S. frugiperda larvae than stemborers across three altitudinally different agroecological zones (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study showed that the invasive S. frugiperda exhibited a clear competitive advantage over resident stemborers within maize cropping systems in Kenya. Our findings reveal some of the possible mechanisms employed by S. frugiperda to outcompete resident stemborers and provide crucial information for developing pest management strategies for these lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnstone Mutiso Mutua
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | | | - George Ochieng’ Asudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Abdul A. Jalloh
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Henlay J. O. Magara
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Paul-André Calatayud
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
- CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Paris, France
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
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Al Mahyijari N, Badahdah A, Khamis F. The psychological impacts of COVID-19: a study of frontline physicians and nurses in the Arab world. Ir J Psychol Med 2021; 38:186-191. [PMID: 33109291 PMCID: PMC7683819 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic is wreaking havoc on healthcare systems and causing serious economic, social, and psychological anguish around the globe. Healthcare workers (HCWs) who diagnose and care for COVID-19 patients have been shown to suffer burnout, stress, and anxiety. METHODS In this study, we collected data from 150 frontline HCWs who had close contact with COVID-19 patients at several health facilities in the Sultanate of Oman. The participants completed an online survey that included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. RESULTS The study found that a substantial number of healthcare professionals experienced relatively high levels of stress and anxiety, as well as suboptimal levels of well-being. Perceived stress and anxiety were significant predictors of HCWs' well-being. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the increasing literature indicating harmful effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Al Mahyijari
- The Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1331 PC111, Muscat, Oman
| | - A. Badahdah
- Department of Sociology and Rural Studies, South Dakota State University, Hansen Hall 004, Brookings, SD57007-2201, USA
| | - F. Khamis
- The Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1331 PC111, Muscat, Oman
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Drosopoulou E, Damaskou A, Markou A, Ekesi S, Khamis F, Manrakhan A, Augustinos AA, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K. Τhe complete mitochondrial genomes of Ceratitis rosa and Ceratitis quilicii, members of the Ceratitis FAR species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1039-1041. [PMID: 33796731 PMCID: PMC7995897 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1899073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ceratitis FAR is an African species complex comprising insect pests of great economic interest and obscure species limits. Here, we report the mitochondrial genomes of two members of the FAR complex, namely Ceratitis rosa and the recently characterized Ceratitis quilicii. A phylogenetic analysis based on PCGs of available Tephritidae mitogenomes is presented. The current mitochondrial sequences from the FAR complex could contribute toward the resolution of phylogenetic relationships and species limits within this taxonomically challenging group, which is also an important issue for the development of environment-friendly and species-specific control methods, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Drosopoulou
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristi Damaskou
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Markou
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Antonios A Augustinos
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - George Tsiamis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Ajene IJ, Khamis F, Ballo S, Pietersen G, van Asch B, Seid N, Azerefegne F, Ekesi S, Mohamed S. Detection of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Ethiopia: A New Haplotype and its Implication to the Proliferation of Huanglongbing. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1640-1647. [PMID: 32533151 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, also known as the Asian citrus psyllid, is a pest of citrus known for its transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus), the causal bacterium of Huanglongbing. The African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) has been the putative vector of Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (Ca. L. africanus) which causes the African citrus greening disease, until the recent detection of D. citri on the continent. Following reports of D. citri in Kenya and Tanzania, we surveyed citrus plants to establish the presence/absence of D. citri in Ethiopia in citrus-growing regions ranging from 900 to 2,460 m above sea level (masl). Diaphorina citri adults were detected in five of the surveyed sites in Ethiopia. Adult insects encountered were collected using an aspirator and stored in 97% ethanol. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt COI) gene of the collected insects was amplified using LepF1/LepR1 primers, and sequences obtained showed low variation, which fell within the acceptable range of species. BLAST was used to query the sequences obtained, and all the sequences linked to D. citri accessions that are available in GenBank. The analysis of the sequences revealed a new haplotype of the species that differs from haplotypes previously reported. Phylogenetic relationships of our samples and other D. citri reference sequences was inferred using the Maximum-likelihood method. Monophyly was observed between the samples and the publicly available sequences from global accessions. This is the first report of the presence of D. citri in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inusa J Ajene
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Genetics, JC Smuts Building, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shifa Ballo
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Department of Genetics, JC Smuts Building, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Barbara van Asch
- Department of Genetics, JC Smuts Building, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nurhussen Seid
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira Mohamed
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Gichuhi J, Khamis F, Van den Berg J, Mohamed S, Ekesi S, Herren JK. Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:321. [PMID: 33087056 PMCID: PMC7579797 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Results We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with Providencia alcalifaciens. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome. Conclusions These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12866-020-02015-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gichuhi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Samira Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremy K Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.
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Gichuhi J, Sevgan S, Khamis F, Van den Berg J, du Plessis H, Ekesi S, Herren JK. Diversity of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and their gut bacterial community in Kenya. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8701. [PMID: 32185109 PMCID: PMC7060952 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous pest that causes widespread damage particularly to maize and sorghum in Africa. The microbiome associated with S. frugiperda could play a role in the insects' success and adaptability. However, bacterial communities in S. frugiperda remain poorly studied. METHODS We investigated the composition, abundance and diversity of microbiomes associated with larval and adult specimens of S. frugiperda collected from four maize growing regions in Kenya through high throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The population structure of S. frugiperda in Kenya was assessed through amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. RESULTS We identified Proteobacteria and Firmicutes as the most dominant bacterial phyla and lesser proportions of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. We also observed differences in bacterial microbiome diversity between larvae and adults that are a likely indication that some prominent larval bacterial groups are lost during metamorphosis. However, several bacterial groups were found in both adults and larvae suggesting that they are transmitted across developmental stages. Reads corresponding to several known entomopathogenic bacterial clades as well as the fungal entomopathogen, Metarhizium rileyi, were observed. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of the S. frugiperda population in Kenya indicated the presence of both "Rice" and "Corn" strains, with a higher prevalence of the "Rice" strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gichuhi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremy K. Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Henry Wellcome Building, Glasgow, UK
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Ajene IJ, Khamis F, van Asch B, Pietersen G, Rasowo BA, Ekesi S, Mohammed S. Habitat suitability and distribution potential of Liberibacter species (
“Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus
”
and
“Candidatus
Liberibacter africanus
”
) associated with citrus greening disease. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inusa Jacob Ajene
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Genetics Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
- Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Agriculture Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi Kenya
| | - Barbara van Asch
- Department of Genetics Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Department of Genetics Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | | | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi Kenya
| | - Samira Mohammed
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi Kenya
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11
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Kpongbe H, Van Den Berg J, Khamis F, Tamò M, Torto B. Isopentyl Butanoate: Aggregation Pheromone of the Brown Spiny Bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera: Coreidae), and Kairomone for the Egg Parasitoid Gryon sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:570-578. [PMID: 31209625 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brown spiny bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is a key pest of leguminous crops in many countries in Africa, causing significant yield losses especially in cowpea, pigeon pea and common beans. Although C. tomentosicollis uses olfaction to aggregate, little is known about the identity of the aggregation pheromone. This study aimed to identify the aggregation pheromone of C. tomentosicollis and to test its potential role in the behavior of its egg parasitoid, Gryon sp. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, only male volatiles strongly attracted both sexes of C. tomentosicollis. Coupled gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) and GC/mass spectrometry were used to identify antennally-active compounds from male volatiles. Antennae of both sexes detected identical components including a male-specific component, identified as isopentyl butanoate, which was also detected by antenna of the egg parasitoid. In olfactometer bioassays, both sexes of C. tomentosicollis and the egg parasitoid responded to isopentyl butanoate. These results suggest that isopentyl butanoate serves as an aggregation pheromone for both sexes of C. tomentosicollis and a useful kairomone to attract the parasitoid in the management of C. tomentosicollis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Kpongbe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,IPM-Program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johnnie Van Den Berg
- IPM-Program, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Mkiga A, Mohamed S, du Plessis H, Khamis F, Ekesi S. Field and Laboratory Performance of False Codling Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Troticidae) on Orange and Selected Vegetables. Insects 2019; 10:insects10030063. [PMID: 30823473 PMCID: PMC6468387 DOI: 10.3390/insects10030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta is a key pest of citrus orange and other plants causing fruit loss through larval feeding. Although this pest is native to sub-Saharan Africa little is known on its performance on orange and vegetables in Kenya and Tanzania. Our objective was to assess the incidence, oviposition preference and offspring performance of FCM on orange and vegetables, namely, okra, African eggplant, chili and sweet peppers. A higher percentage of orange with FCM damage symptoms was recorded from the ground than from the tree sampled fruit. However, FCM larval incidence was higher for the latter (tree sampled fruit). The highest FCM larval incidence amongst the vegetables was recorded on African eggplant (12%) while the lowest was on okra (3%). Orange was the most while African eggplant was the least preferred for oviposition by FCM. Among the vegetables tested, strong oviposition preference was found for sweet pepper; however, larval survival was lowest (62%) on this crop. Highest larval survival (77%) was recorded on orange. Most demographic parameters (i.e., intrinsic rate of increase, doubling time) were comparable among the studied host plants. The results are discussed in line of FCM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mkiga
- Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Samira Mohamed
- Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
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Odanga JJ, Mohamed S, Mwalusepo S, Olubayo F, Nyankanga R, Khamis F, Rwomushana I, Johansson T, Ekesi S. Spatial Distribution of Bactrocera dorsalis and Thaumatotibia leucotreta in Smallholder Avocado Orchards along Altitudinal Gradient of Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro. Insects 2018; 9:insects9020071. [PMID: 29921826 PMCID: PMC6023484 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana) fruits are an important source of income and a nutritious food for small-scale growers and other stakeholders involved in farming along the Afrotropical highlands of Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. Avocado fruits are infested by several insect pests, namely the Asian invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). However, there is inadequate information on the distribution patterns of these pests in small-scale avocado cropping systems in the East African highlands. This study was initiated to generate a spatial distribution map of B. dorsalis and T. leucotreta in avocado orchards at Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. The two pests were monitored by using their respective parapheromone lures for two years between August 2012 and July 2014. Fruit damage was assessed by computing the proportion of infested fruits for B. dorsalis, whereas the damage score was used for T. leucotreta. Our results indicated that the mean number of B. dorsalis per trap per day differed significantly across elevation, being highest in lowland zone for both Taita Hills (15.90) and Mount Kilimanjaro (24.45). Similarly, the percentage infestation of ground collected fruits by B. dorsalis varied with altitude, being lowest at highlands above 1500 m.a.s.l. (0.66% and 0.83% for Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro, respectively). Conversely, the mean number of T. leucotreta did not vary with altitude in either study area. However, the damage score for T. leucotreta infestation was significantly lower in the highlands of both transects (7.0% and11.1% for Taita Hills and Mount Kilimanjaro, respectively). These findings describe spatial trends that are important in formulating strategies aimed at suppressing the populations of B. dorsalis and T. leucotreta in East African avocado cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Odanga
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Invertebrate Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Samira Mohamed
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sizah Mwalusepo
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of General Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Florence Olubayo
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Richard Nyankanga
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Kenya, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ivan Rwomushana
- CABI-Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Africa Regional Centre, P.O. Box 633-000621, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Tino Johansson
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- ICIPE-International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Al Salmi I, Metry AM, Al Ismaili F, Hola A, Al Riyami M, Khamis F, Al-Abri S. Transplant tourism and invasive fungal infection. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 69:120-129. [PMID: 29428409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deceased and live-related renal transplants (RTXs) are approved procedures that are performed widely throughout the world. In certain regions, commercial RTX has become popular, driven by financial greed. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive study was performed at the Royal Hospital from 2013 to 2015. Data were collected from the national kidney transplant registry of Oman. All transplant cases retrieved were divided into two groups: live-related RTX performed in Oman and commercial-unrelated RTX performed abroad. These groups were then divided again into those with and without evidence of fungal infection, either in the wound or renal graft. RESULTS A total of 198 RTX patients were identified, of whom 162 (81.8%) had undergone a commercial RTX that was done abroad. Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) were diagnosed in 8% of patients who had undergone a commercial RTX; of these patients, 76.9% underwent a nephrectomy and 23.1% continued with a functioning graft. None of the patients with RTXs performed at the Royal Hospital contracted an IFI. The most common fungal isolates were Aspergillus species (including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, and Aspergillus nigricans), followed by Zygomycetes. However, there was no evidence of fungal infection including Aspergillus outside the graft site. Computed tomography (CT) findings showed infarction of the graft, renal artery thrombosis, aneurysmal dilatation of the external iliac artery, fungal ball, or just the presence of a perigraft collection. Of the total patients with IFIs, 23.1% died due to septic shock and 53.8% were alive and on hemodialysis. The remaining 23.1% who did not undergo nephrectomy demonstrated acceptable graft function. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest single-center study on commercial RTX reporting the highest number of patients with IFI acquired over a relatively short period of time. Aspergillus spp were the main culprit fungi, with no Candida spp being isolated. A high index of suspicion might be the most reasonable means to reduce the possible very poor outcomes. Improving legal transplant programs and strengthening the associated laws could prevent commercial transplant tourism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Al Salmi
- The Renal Medicine Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - A M Metry
- The Renal Medicine Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - F Al Ismaili
- The Renal Medicine Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - A Hola
- The Renal Medicine Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - M Al Riyami
- Department of Pathology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - F Khamis
- Infectious Disease Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
| | - S Al-Abri
- Infectious Disease Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
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Roberts R, Cook G, Grout TG, Khamis F, Rwomushana I, Nderitu PW, Seguni Z, Materu CL, Steyn C, Pietersen G, Ekesi S, le Roux HF. Resolution of the Identity of 'Candidatus Liberibacter' Species From Huanglongbing-Affected Citrus in East Africa. Plant Dis 2017; 101:1481-1488. [PMID: 30678595 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-16-1655-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterium associated with citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), was reported from Uganda and tentatively from Tanzania, posing a threat to citriculture in Africa. Two surveys of citrus expressing typical HLB symptoms were conducted in Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania to verify reports of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and to assess the overall threat of HLB to eastern and southern African citrus production. Samples were analyzed for the presence of 'Candidatus Liberibacter' species by real-time PCR and partial sequencing of three housekeeping genes, 16S rDNA, rplJ, and omp. 'Ca. L. africanus', the bacterium historically associated with HLB symptoms in Africa, was detected in several samples. However, samples positive in real-time PCR for 'Ca. L. asiaticus' were shown not to contain 'Ca. L. asiaticus' by sequencing. Sequences obtained from these samples were analogous to 'Ca. L. africanus subsp. clausenae', identified from an indigenous Rutaceae species in South Africa, and not to 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Results indicate a nontarget amplification of the real-time assay and suggest that previous reports of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' from Uganda and Tanzania may be mis-identifications of 'Ca. L. africanus subsp. clausenae'. This subspecies was additionally detected in individual Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae specimens recovered from collection sites. This is the first report of 'Ca. L. africanus subsp. clausenae' infecting citrus and being associated with HLB symptoms in this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronel Roberts
- Plant Microbiology Division, Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Glynnis Cook
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Tim G Grout
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Fathiya Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ivan Rwomushana
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Zuberi Seguni
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Chanel Steyn
- Citrus Research International, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Plant Microbiology Division, Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Sadek AM, Khamis F, Polymeris GS, Carinou E, Kitis G. Similarities and differences between two different types of the thermoluminescence dosimeters belonging to the LiF family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.201600220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Khamis F, Karam N, Guglielmino CR, Ekesi S, Masiga D, DE Meyer M, Kenya EU, Malacrida AR. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the newly discovered invasive fruit fly pest in Africa, Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae). Mol Ecol Resour 2008; 8:1509-11. [PMID: 21586091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the recently discovered fruit fly pest, Bactrocera invadens. The polymorphism of these loci was tested in individual flies from two natural populations (Sri Lanka and Democratic Republic of Congo). Allele number per locus ranged from three to 15 and eight loci displayed a polymorphic information content greater than 0.5. These microsatellite loci provide useful markers for studies of population dynamics and invasion history of this pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Entomology Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
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Abstract
Jordan has a population of about three million without a government family planning program. In this study, carried out in two medical centers in Amman, Jordan, over a period of two years, 600 copper intrauterine devices were inserted, with a failure rate of 2.8%.
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Niazi AD, Al-Issa TB, Khamis F. Studies on the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iraq. Bull Endem Dis (Baghdad) 1976; 17:127-41. [PMID: 198048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Niazi AD, Al-Shahwani YM, Al-Rawi FA, Al-Najar L, Abdul Amir AS, Khamis F. Urinary survey of micro-organisms and its relation to infestation with urinary Schistosoma haematobium. Bull Endem Dis (Baghdad) 1976; 17:81-107. [PMID: 1030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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