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Hebels ER, Bindt F, Walther J, van Geijn M, Weterings J, Hu Q, Colombo C, Liskamp R, Rijcken C, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Orthogonal Covalent Entrapment of Cargo into Biodegradable Polymeric Micelles via Native Chemical Ligation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4385-4396. [PMID: 36044412 PMCID: PMC10565831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles (PMs) are promising platforms for enhanced tissue targeting of entrapped therapeutic agents. Strategies to circumvent premature release of entrapped drugs include cross-linking of the micellar core as well as covalent attachment of the drug cargo. The chemistry employed to obtain cross-linked micelles needs to be mild to also allow entrapment of fragile molecules, such as certain peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, and fluorescent dyes. Native chemical ligation (NCL) is a mild bio-orthogonal reaction between a N-terminal cysteine residue and a thioester that proceeds under physiological conditions. Here, we designed a trifunctional cross-linker containing two cysteine residues for the micelle core-cross-linking reaction and an azide residue for ring-strained alkyne conjugation of fluorescent dyes. We applied this approach to thermosensitive methoxypolyethylene glycol-b-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-lactate (mPEG-b-HPMAmLacn) based block copolymers of a core-cross-linked polymeric micelle (CCPM) system by attaching thioester residues (using ethyl thioglycolate-succinic anhydride, ETSA) for NCL cross-linking with the trifunctional cross-linker under physiological conditions. By use of mild copper-free click chemistry, we coupled fluorescent dyes, Sulfo.Cy5 and BODIPY, to the core via the azide residue present on the cross-linker by triazole ring formation. In addition, we employed a recently developed cycloheptyne strain promoted click reagent (TMTHSI, CliCr) in comparison to the frequently employed cyclooctyne derivative (DBCO), both achieving successful dye entrapment. The size of the resulting CCPMs could be tuned between 50 and 100 nm by varying the molecular weight of the thermosensitive block and ETSA content. In vitro cell experiments showed successful internalization of the dye entrapped CCPMs, which did not affect cell viability up to a polymer concentration of 2 mg/mL in PC3 cells. These fluorescent dye entrapped CCPMs can be applied in diagnostic imaging and the chemistry developed in this study serves as a steppingstone toward covalently entrapped fragile drug compounds with tunable release in CCPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R. Hebels
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Bindt
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Walther
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Qizhi Hu
- Cristal
Therapeutics, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Liskamp
- Cristal
Therapeutics, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim E. Hennink
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Takemura H, Orimoto G, Kobayashi A, Hosoya T, Yoshida S. Modular synthesis of triazoles from 2-azidoacrylamides having a nucleophilic amino group. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6007-6011. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Assembling methods using 2-azidoacrylamides having a nucleophilic amino group are disclosed. Divergent transformations of the amine-type trivalent platform were accomplished with a wide variety of electrophiles to provide a broad...
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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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Meuleman TJ, Cowton VM, Patel AH, Liskamp RMJ. Design and Synthesis of HCV-E2 Glycoprotein Epitope Mimics in Molecular Construction of Potential Synthetic Vaccines. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020326. [PMID: 33672697 PMCID: PMC7924389 DOI: 10.3390/v13020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus remains a global threat, despite the availability of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs. With thousands of new infections annually, the need for a prophylactic vaccine is evident. However, traditional vaccine design has been unable to provide effective vaccines so far. Therefore, alternative strategies need to be investigated. In this work, a chemistry-based approach is explored towards fully synthetic peptide-based vaccines using epitope mimicry, by focusing on highly effective and conserved amino acid sequences in HCV, which, upon antibody binding, inhibit its bio-activity. Continuous and discontinuous epitope mimics were both chemically synthesized based on the HCV-E2 glycoprotein while using designed fully synthetic cyclic peptides. These cyclic epitope mimics were assembled on an orthogonally protected scaffold. The scaffolded epitope mimics have been assessed in immunization experiments to investigate the elicitation of anti-HCV-E2 glycoprotein antibodies. The neutralizing potential of the elicited antibodies was investigated, representing a first step in employing chemically synthesized epitope mimics as a novel strategy towards vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorus J. Meuleman
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
- Enzytag, Daelderweg, 9 6361 HK Nuth, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa M. Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.H.P.); (R.M.J.L.)
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht UMC, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cristal Therapeutics, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.H.P.); (R.M.J.L.)
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5
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Yoshida S, Sakata Y, Misawa Y, Morita T, Kuribara T, Ito H, Koike Y, Kii I, Hosoya T. Assembly of four modules onto a tetraazide platform by consecutive 1,2,3-triazole formations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:899-902. [PMID: 33367381 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Efficient consecutive 1,2,3-triazole formations using multiazide platforms are disclosed. On the basis of unique clickability of the 1-adamantyl azido group, a four-step synthesis of tetrakis(triazole)s was achieved from a tetraazide platform molecule. This method was applied to a convergent synthesis of tetrafunctionalized probes in a modular synthetic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yuki Sakata
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Misawa
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Takamoto Morita
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kuribara
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Harumi Ito
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan. and Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuka Koike
- Common Facilities Unit, Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Isao Kii
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, Imaging Platform and Innovation Group, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan and Common Facilities Unit, Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science and Technology Hub, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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6
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Takemura H, Goto S, Hosoya T, Yoshida S. 2-Azidoacrylamides as compact platforms for efficient modular synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15541-15544. [PMID: 33241832 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methods to assemble modules with compact platform molecules by triazole formations and Michael reactions are disclosed. The good electrophilicity of 2-triazolylacrylamides realized Michael additions using various nucleophiles. An iterative synthesis of a tetrakis(triazole) was accomplished by orthogonal triazole formations and Michael reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinano Takemura
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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7
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Terashima N, Sakata Y, Meguro T, Hosoya T, Yoshida S. Triazole formation of phosphinyl alkynes with azides through transient protection of phosphine by copper. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14003-14006. [PMID: 33094760 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient preparation method of functionalized phosphines by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) through the transient protection of phosphine from the Staudinger reaction is disclosed. Diverse phosphines were prepared from phosphinyl alkynes and azides by the click reaction at the ethynyl group without damaging the phosphinyl group. Double- and triple-click assemblies of azides were accomplished by triazole formations and robust azaylide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Terashima
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yuki Sakata
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Meguro
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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8
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Shin J, Jung H, Lim Y. Competitive CuAAC Reaction between Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Alkynes with Azides in Water. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Ah Shin
- The 4th R&D Institute-6 Agency for Defense Development Daejeon 34186 Korea
| | - Haeji Jung
- The 4th R&D Institute-6 Agency for Defense Development Daejeon 34186 Korea
| | - Yeong‐Gweon Lim
- The 4th R&D Institute-6 Agency for Defense Development Daejeon 34186 Korea
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9
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Chu JCH, Yang C, Fong WP, Wong CTT, Ng DKP. Facile one-pot synthesis of cyclic peptide-conjugated photosensitisers for targeted photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11941-11944. [PMID: 32931540 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthetic strategy for in situ cyclisation of peptides and conjugation with functional boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) has been developed. Linear peptides with up to 16 amino acid residues can be cyclised effectively and the resulting conjugates can be isolated in higher than 20% yield. One of the conjugates having a cyclic RGD moiety has been studied both in vitro and in vivo. It exhibits high and selective affinity towards the αvβ3-positive cell lines and induces high photocytotoxicity. The conjugate can also selectively localise in and effectively inhibit the growth of αvβ3-overexpressed tumour in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky C H Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Yoshida S. Sequential conjugation methods based on triazole formation and related reactions using azides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1550-1562. [PMID: 32016260 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent remarkable progress in azide chemistry has realized sequential conjugation methods with selective 1,2,3-triazole formation. On the basis of the diverse reactivities of azides and azidophiles, including terminal alkynes and cyclooctynes, various selective reactions to furnish triazoles and a wide range of platform molecules, such as diynes, diazides, triynes, and triazides, have been developed so far for bis- and tris(triazole) syntheses. This review highlights recent transformations involving selective triazole formation, allowing the efficient preparation of unsymmetric bis- and tris(triazole)s using diverse platform molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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11
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Meguro T, Sakata Y, Morita T, Hosoya T, Yoshida S. Facile assembly of three cycloalkyne-modules onto a platform compound bearing thiophene S,S-dioxide moiety and two azido groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4720-4723. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method to assemble three cycloalkyne-modules onto a platform bearing a thiophene S,S-dioxide moiety and two azido groups has been developed. The sequential reactions without catalysis or additives enabled the facile preparation of trifunctional molecules by a simple procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Meguro
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai
- Chiyoda-ku
- Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Yuki Sakata
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai
- Chiyoda-ku
- Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Takamoto Morita
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai
- Chiyoda-ku
- Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai
- Chiyoda-ku
- Tokyo 101-0062
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
- 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai
- Chiyoda-ku
- Tokyo 101-0062
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12
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Meuleman TJ, Cowton VM, Patel AH, Liskamp RM. Improving the aqueous solubility of HCV-E2 glycoprotein epitope mimics by cyclization using POLAR hinges. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3222. [PMID: 31984607 PMCID: PMC7050536 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this research we describe the improvement of the water-solubility of cyclic epitope mimics based on the HCV E2 glycoprotein by incorporation of suitable polar hinges. The poor solubility of epitope mimics based on peptide sequences in the envelope (E2) protein hampered their synthesis and purification and made it very difficult to prepare the molecular constructs for evaluation of their bioactivity. Since changes in the amino acid composition are hardly possible in these epitope mimics in order to increase water-solubility, a polar cyclization hinge may offer a remedy leading to a significant increase of polarity and therefore water solubility. These polar hinges were applied in the synthesis of better water-soluble HCV-E2 epitopes. An azide functionality in the polar hinges allowed attachment of a tetraethylene glycol linker by Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cyclo-addition (CuAAC) for a convenient conjugation to ELISA plates in order to evaluate the bio-activity of the epitope mimics. The immunoassays showed that the use of more polar cyclization hinges still supported anti-HCV antibody recognition and did not negatively influence their binding. This significantly increased solubility induced by polar hinges should therefore allow for the molecular construction and ultimate evaluation of synthetic vaccine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorus J. Meuleman
- School of Chemistry, University of GlasgowJoseph Black Building, University AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Vanessa M. Cowton
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGarscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGarscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Rob M.J. Liskamp
- School of Chemistry, University of GlasgowJoseph Black Building, University AvenueGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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13
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Beard R, Gaboriau DCA, Gee AD, Tate EW. Chemical biology tools for probing transcytosis at the blood-brain barrier. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10772-10778. [PMID: 32055384 PMCID: PMC7006505 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A BBB vehicle library is validated, establishing a SAR for uptake. Merging AMT/RMT motifs chemoselectively increased permeability.
Absorptive- and receptor-mediated transcytosis (AMT/RMT) are widely studied strategies to deliver therapeutics across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, an improved understanding of the mechanism surrounding trafficking is required that could promote delivery. Accordingly, we designed a flexible platform that merged AMT and RMT motifs on a single scaffold to probe various parameters (ligand, affinity, valency, position) in a screening campaign. During this process we adapted an in vitro BBB model to reliably rank transcytosis of the vehicle library. Our results demonstrate heightened uptake and trafficking for the shuttles, with a structure–activity relationship for transcytosis emerging. Notably, due to their small size, the majority of shuttles demonstrated increased permeation compared to transferrin, with the highest performing shuttle affording a 4.9-fold increase. Consequently, we have identified novel peptide conjugates that have the capacity to act as promising brain shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Beard
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Wood Lane , London , W12 0BZ , UK . ;
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy , Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Antony D Gee
- Division of Imaging Sciences , King's College London , St Thomas' Hospital , SE1 7EH , UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , Wood Lane , London , W12 0BZ , UK . ; .,Francis Crick Institute , 1 Midland Road , London NW1 1AT , UK
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14
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Longin O, Hezwani M, van de Langemheen H, Liskamp RMJ. Synthetic antibody protein mimics of infliximab by molecular scaffolding on novel CycloTriVeratrilene (CTV) derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5254-5274. [PMID: 29892733 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Syntheses of novel semi-orthogonally protected CycloTriVeratrilene (CTV) analogues with enhanced water solubility, that is 3 and 4, derived from the previously described CTV scaffold derivative 2 are described here. These scaffolds 2-4 enabled a sequential introduction of three different complementarity determining region (CDR) mimics via Cu(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition towards medium-sized protein mimics denoted as "synthetic antibodies". The highly optimised sequential introduction enabled selective attachment of three different CDR mimics in a one-pot fashion. This approach of obtaining synthetic antibodies, demonstrated by the synthesis of paratope mimics of monoclonal antibody infliximab (Remicade®), provided a facile access to a range of (highly) pre-organised molecules bearing three different (cyclic) peptide segments and may find a wide range of applications in the field of protein-protein interaction disruptors as well as in the development of synthetic vaccines or lectin mimics. The prepared synthetic antibodies were tested for their affinity towards tumour necrosis factor alpha using surface plasmon resonance and synthetic antibodies with micromolar affinities were uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Longin
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Agramunt J, Saltor L, Pedroso E, Grandas A. Compatibility between the cysteine-cyclopentenedione reaction and the copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9185-9190. [PMID: 30457146 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02451k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine-cyclopentenedione reaction can be combined with the copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition provided that the former is carried out first. If not, the azide and the cyclopentenedione undergo a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, which furnishes triazole-containing compounds and products resulting from nitrogen loss. Both of these products were fully characterized. Attempts to obtain either of them as the main compound or to drive the reaction nearly to completion were unsuccessful, which points to the azide-cyclopentenedione reaction as not being useful for bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Agramunt
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (secció de Química Orgànica) and IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Beard R, Stucki A, Schmitt M, Py G, Grundschober C, Gee AD, Tate EW. Building bridges for highly selective, potent and stable oxytocin and vasopressin analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3039-3045. [PMID: 29602673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is an exciting potential therapeutic agent, but it is highly sensitive to modification and suffers extensive degradation at elevated temperature and in vivo. Here we report studies towards OT analogs with favorable selectivity, affinity and potency towards the oxytocin receptor (OTR), in addition to improving stability of the peptide by bridging the disulfide region with substituted dibromo-xylene analogs. We found a sensitive structure-activity relationship in which meta-cyclized analogs (dOTmeta) gave highest affinity (50 nM Ki), selectivity (34-fold), and agonist potency (34 nM EC50, 87-fold selectivity) towards OTR. Surprisingly, ortho-cyclized analogs demonstrated OTR and vasopressin V1a receptor subtype affinity (220 nM and 69 nM, respectively) and pharmacological activity (294 nM and 35 nM, respectively). V1a binding and selectivity for ortho-cyclized peptides could be improved 6-fold by substituting a neutral residue at position 8 with a basic amino acid, providing potent antagonists (14 nM IC50) that displayed no activation of the OTR. Furthermore, xylene-bridged analogs demonstrated increased stability compared to OT at elevated temperature, demonstrating promising therapeutic potential for these analogs which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Beard
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andy Stucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Schmitt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle Py
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Grundschober
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antony D Gee
- Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, SE1 7EH London, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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17
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Meuleman TJ, Dunlop JI, Owsianka AM, van de Langemheen H, Patel AH, Liskamp RMJ. Immobilization by Surface Conjugation of Cyclic Peptides for Effective Mimicry of the HCV-Envelope E2 Protein as a Strategy toward Synthetic Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1091-1101. [PMID: 29382188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mimicry of the binding interface of antibody-antigen interactions using peptide-based modulators (i.e., epitope mimics) has promising applications for vaccine design. These epitope mimics can be synthesized in a streamlined and straightforward fashion, thereby allowing for high-throughput analysis. The design of epitope mimics is highly influenced by their spatial configuration and structural conformation. It is widely assumed that for proper mimicry sufficient conformational constraints have to be implemented. This paper describes the synthesis of bromide derivatives functionalized with a flexible TEG linker equipped with a thiol-moiety that could be used to support cyclic or linear peptides. The cyclic and linear epitope mimics were covalently conjugated via the free thiol-moiety on maleimide-activated plate surfaces. The resulting covalent, uniform, and oriented coated surface of cyclic or linear epitope mimics were subjected to an ELISA to investigate the effect of peptide cyclization with respect to mimicry of an antigen-antibody interaction of the HCV E2 glycoprotein. To the best of our knowledge, the benefit of cyclized peptides over linear peptides has been clearly demonstrated here for the first time. Cyclic epitope mimics, and not the linear epitope mimics, demonstrated specificity toward their monoclonal antibodies HC84.1 and V3.2, respectively. The described strategy for the construction of epitope mimics shows potential for high-throughput screening of key binding residues by simply changing the amino acid sequences within synthetic peptides. In this way, leucine-438 has been identified as a key binding residue for binding monoclonal antibody V3.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorus J Meuleman
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - James I Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Garscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road , Glasgow G61 1QH , United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Owsianka
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Garscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road , Glasgow G61 1QH , United Kingdom
| | - Helmus van de Langemheen
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research , Garscube Campus, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road , Glasgow G61 1QH , United Kingdom
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph Black Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
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18
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An orthogonally protected CycloTriVeratrylene (CTV) as a highly pre-organized molecular scaffold for subsequent ligation of different cyclic peptides towards protein mimics. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5008-5015. [PMID: 28583807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a semi-orthogonally protected CycloTriVeratrilene (CTV) scaffold derivative as well as the sequential introduction of three different peptide loops onto this molecular scaffold via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition towards a medium-sized protein mimic is described. This approach for the construction of medium-sized protein mimics is illustrated by the synthesis of a paratope mimic of the monoclonal antibody Infliximab (Remicade®) and provides access to a range of highly pre-organized molecular constructs bearing three different peptide segments. This approach may find wide applications for development of protein-protein interaction disruptors as well as synthetic vaccines.
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19
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Anderson JM, Shcherbakov AA, Kier BL, Kellock J, Shu I, Byrne AL, Eidenschink LA, Andersen NH. Optimization of a β-sheet-cap for long loop closure. Biopolymers 2017; 107. [PMID: 27701729 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein loops make up a large portion of the secondary structure in nature. But very little is known concerning loop closure dynamics and the effects of loop composition on fold stability. We have designed a small system with stable β-sheet structures, including features that allow us to probe these questions. Using paired Trp residues that form aromatic clusters on folding, we are able to stabilize two β-strands connected by varying loop lengths and composition (an example sequence: RWITVTI - loop - KKIRVWE). Using NMR and CD, both fold stability and folding dynamics can be investigated for these systems. With the 16 residue loop peptide (sequence: RWITVTI-(GGGGKK)2 GGGG-KKIRVWE) remaining folded (ΔGU = 1.6 kJ/mol at 295K). To increase stability and extend the series to longer loops, we added an additional Trp/Trp pair in the loop flanking position. With this addition to the strands, the 16 residue loop (sequence: RWITVRIW-(GGGGKK)2 GGGG-WKTIRVWE) supports a remarkably stable β-sheet (ΔGU = 6.3 kJ/mol at 295 K, Tm = ∼55°C). Given the abundance of loops in binding motifs and between secondary structures, these constructs can be powerful tools for peptide chemists to study loop effects; with the Trp/Trp pair providing spectroscopic probes for assessing both stability and dynamics by NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Brandon L Kier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jackson Kellock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Irene Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aimee L Byrne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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van de Langemheen H, Korotkovs V, Bijl J, Wilson C, Kale SS, Heinis C, Liskamp RMJ. Polar Hinges as Functionalized Conformational Constraints in (Bi)cyclic Peptides. Chembiochem 2017; 18:387-395. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmus van de Langemheen
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Joseph Black Building University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Valerijs Korotkovs
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Joseph Black Building University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Joachim Bijl
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Joseph Black Building University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Claire Wilson
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Joseph Black Building University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Sangram S. Kale
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Joseph Black Building University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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21
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Fabre B, Pícha J, Vaněk V, Selicharová I, Chrudinová M, Collinsová M, Žáková L, Buděšínský M, Jiráček J. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Library of Trifunctional Scaffold-Derived Compounds as Modulators of the Insulin Receptor. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:710-722. [PMID: 27936668 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We designed a combinatorial library of trifunctional scaffold-derived compounds, which were derivatized with 30 different in-house-made azides. The compounds were proposed to mimic insulin receptor (IR)-binding epitopes in the insulin molecule and bind to and activate this receptor. This work has enabled us to test our synthetic and biological methodology and to prove its robustness and reliability for the solid-phase synthesis and testing of combinatorial libraries of the trifunctional scaffold-derived compounds. Our effort resulted in the discovery of two compounds, which were able to weakly induce the autophosphorylation of IR and weakly bind to this receptor at a 0.1 mM concentration. Despite these modest biological results, which well document the well-known difficulty in modulating protein-protein interactions, this study represents a unique example of targeting the IR with a set of nonpeptide compounds that were specifically designed and synthesized for this purpose. We believe that this work can open new perspectives for the development of next-generation insulin mimetics based on the scaffold structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fabre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Vaněk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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22
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Werkhoven PR, Elwakiel M, Meuleman TJ, Quarles van Ufford HC, Kruijtzer JAW, Liskamp RMJ. Molecular construction of HIV-gp120 discontinuous epitope mimics by assembly of cyclic peptides on an orthogonal alkyne functionalized TAC-scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:701-710. [PMID: 26552661 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mimics of discontinuous epitopes of for example bacterial or viral proteins may have considerable potential for the development of synthetic vaccines, especially if conserved epitopes can be mimicked. However, due to the structural complexity and size of discontinuous epitopes molecular construction of these mimics remains challeging. We present here a convergent route for the assembly of discontinuous epitope mimics by successive azide alkyne cycloaddition on an orthogonal alkyne functionalized scaffold. Here the synthesis of mimics of the HIV gp120 discontinuous epitope that interacts with the CD4 receptor is described. The resulting protein mimics are capable of inhibition of the gp120-CD4 interaction. The route is convergent, robust and should be applicable to other discontinuous epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Werkhoven
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Gori A, Peri C, Quilici G, Nithichanon A, Gaudesi D, Longhi R, Gourlay L, Bolognesi M, Lertmemongkolchai G, Musco G, Colombo G. Flexible vs Rigid Epitope Conformations for Diagnostic- and Vaccine-Oriented Applications: Novel Insights from the Burkholderia pseudomallei BPSL2765 Pal3 Epitope. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:221-30. [PMID: 27623032 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptides seldom retain stable conformations if separated from their native protein structure. In an immunological context, this potentially affects the development of selective peptide-based bioprobes and, from a vaccine perspective, poses inherent limits in the elicitation of cross-reactive antibodies by candidate epitopes. Here, a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole-mediated stapling strategy was used to stabilize the native α-helical fold of the Pal3 peptidic epitope from the protein antigen PalBp (BPSL2765) from Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis. Whereas Pal3 shows no propensity to fold outside its native protein context, the engineered peptide (Pal3H) forms a stable α-helix, as assessed by MD, NMR, and CD structural analyses. Importantly, Pal3H shows an enhanced ability to discriminate between melioidosis patient subclasses in immune sera reactivity tests, demonstrating the potential of the stapled peptide for diagnostic purposes. With regard to antibody elicitation and related bactericidal activities, the linear peptide is shown to elicit a higher response. On these bases, we critically discuss the implications of epitope structure engineering for diagnostic- and vaccine-oriented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Peri
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Quilici
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory,
Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Arnone Nithichanon
- Center for Research and Development of
Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical
Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Davide Gaudesi
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory,
Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Louise Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
- CNR-IBF and Cimaina,
c/o Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Center for Research and Development of
Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical
Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory,
Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
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24
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Vaněk V, Pícha J, Fabre B, Buděšínský M, Lepšík M, Jiráček J. The Development of a Versatile Trifunctional Scaffold for Biological Applications. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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