1
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Fodil S, De Zotti M, Tundo S, Gabbatore L, Vettorazzo I, Luti S, Musetti R, Sella L, Favaron F, Baccelli I. Multiple lysine substitutions in the peptaibol trichogin GA IV enhance the antibiotic activity against plant pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105901. [PMID: 38685232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae are essentially controlled in the field with the use of copper-based products and antibiotics, raising environmental and safety concerns. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from fungi may represent a sustainable alternative to those chemicals. Trichogin GA IV, a non-ribosomal, 11-residue long AMP naturally produced by the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum has the ability to insert into phospholipidic membranes and form water-filled pores, thereby perturbing membrane integrity and permeability. In previous studies, peptide analogs modified at the level of specific residues were designed to be water-soluble and active against plant pathogens. Here, we studied the role of glycine-to-lysine substitutions and of the presence of a C-terminal leucine amide on bioactivity against Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. P. syringae diseases affect a wide range of crops worldwide, including tomato and kiwifruit. Our results show that trichogin GA IV analogs containing two or three Gly-to-Lys substitutions are highly effective in vitro against P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst), displaying minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations in the low micromolar range. The same analogs are also able to inhibit in vitro the kiwifruit pathogen P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3. When sprayed on tomato plants 24 h before Pst inoculation, only tri-lysine containing analogs were able to significantly reduce bacterial titers and symptom development in infected plants. Our results point to a positive correlation between the number of lysine substitutions and the antibacterial activity. This correlation was supported by microscopy analyses performed with mono-, di- and tri-Lys containing analogs that showed a different degree of interaction with Pst cells and ultrastructural changes that culminated in cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Fodil
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Gabbatore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Vettorazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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2
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Pereira-Dias L, Oliveira-Pinto PR, Fernandes JO, Regalado L, Mendes R, Teixeira C, Mariz-Ponte N, Gomes P, Santos C. Peptaibiotics: Harnessing the potential of microbial secondary metabolites for mitigation of plant pathogens. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108223. [PMID: 37536466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural systems are in need of low-cost, safe antibiotics to protect crops from pests and diseases. Peptaibiotics, a family of linear, membrane-active, amphipathic polypeptides, have been shown to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity, and to be inducers of plant resistance against a wide range of phytopathogens. Peptaibiotics belong to the new generation of alternatives to agrochemicals, aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the One Health approach toward ensuring global food security and safety. Despite that, these fungi-derived, non-ribosomal peptides remain surprisingly understudied, especially in agriculture, where only a small number has been tested against a reduced number of phytopathogens. This lack of adoption stems from peptaibiotics' poor water solubility and the difficulty to synthesize and purify them in vitro, which compromises their delivery and inclusion in formulations. In this review, we offer a comprehensive analysis of peptaibiotics' classification, biosynthesis, relevance to plant protection, and mode of action against phytopathogens, along with the techniques enabling researchers to extract, purify, and elucidate their structure, and the databases holding such valuable data. It is also discussed how chemical synthesis and ionic liquids could increase their solubility, how genetic engineering and epigenetics could boost in vitro production, and how omics can reduce screenings' workload through in silico selection of the best candidates. These strategies could turn peptaibiotics into effective, ultra-specific, biodegradable tools for phytopathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Pereira-Dias
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paulo R Oliveira-Pinto
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana O Fernandes
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Regalado
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Mendes
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mariz-Ponte
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Dalla Torre C, Sannio F, Battistella M, Docquier JD, De Zotti M. Peptaibol Analogs Show Potent Antibacterial Activity against Multidrug Resistant Opportunistic Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097997. [PMID: 37175704 PMCID: PMC10178204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New classes of antibacterial drugs are urgently needed to address the global issue of antibiotic resistance. In this context, peptaibols are promising membrane-active peptides since they are not involved in innate immunity and their antimicrobial activity does not involve specific cellular targets, therefore reducing the chance of bacterial resistance development. Trichogin GA IV is a nonhemolytic, natural, short-length peptaibol active against Gram-positive bacteria and resistant to proteolysis. In this work, we report on the antibacterial activity of cationic trichogin analogs. Several peptides appear non-hemolytic and strongly active against many clinically relevant bacterial species, including antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, against which there are only a limited number of antibiotics under development. Our results further highlight how the modification of natural peptides is a valuable strategy for obtaining improved antibacterial agents with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dalla Torre
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mattia Battistella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-UR InBioS, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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4
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Anticancer and Targeting Activity of Phytopharmaceutical Structural Analogs of a Natural Peptide from Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Related Peptide-Decorated Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065537. [PMID: 36982610 PMCID: PMC10057332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the large field of bioactive peptides, peptaibols represent a unique class of compounds. They are membrane-active peptides, produced by fungi of the genus Trichoderma and known to elicit plant defenses. Among the short-length peptaibols, trichogin GA IV is nonhemolytic, proteolysis-resistant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic. Several trichogin analogs are endowed with potent activity against phytopathogens, thus representing a sustainable alternative to copper for plant protection. In this work, we tested the activity of trichogin analogs against a breast cancer cell line and a normal cell line of the same derivation. Lys-containing trichogins showed an IC50 below 12 µM, a peptide concentration not significantly affecting the viability of normal cells. Two analogs were found to be membrane-active but noncytotoxic. They were anchored to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and further investigated for their ability to act as targeting agents. GNP uptake by cancer cells increased with peptide decoration, while it decreased in the corresponding normal epithelial cells. This work highlights the promising biological properties of peptaibol analogs in the field of cancer therapy either as cytotoxic molecules or as active targeting agents in drug delivery.
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5
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Morbiato L, Haneen DSA, Formaggio F, De Zotti M. Total synthesis of the natural, medium-length, peptaibol pentadecaibin and study of the chemical features responsible for its membrane activity. J Pept Sci 2023:e3479. [PMID: 36652104 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptaibols are naturally occurring, antimicrobial peptides endowed with well-defined helical conformations and resistance to proteolysis. Both features stem from the presence in their sequence of several, Cα -tetrasubstituted, α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues. Peptaibols interact with biological membranes, usually causing their leakage. All of the peptaibol-membrane interaction mechanisms proposed so far begin with peptide aggregation or accumulation. The long-length alamethicin, the most studied peptaibol, acts by forming pores in the membranes. Conversely, the carpet mechanism has been claimed for short-length peptaibols, such as trichogin. The mechanism of medium-length peptaibols is far less studied, and this is partly due to the difficulties of their synthesis. They are believed to perturb membrane permeability in different ways, depending on the membrane properties. The present work focuses on pentadecaibin, a recently discovered, medium-length peptaibol. In contrast to the majority of its family members, its sequence does not comprise hydroxyprolines or prolines, and its helix is not kinked. A reliable and effective synthesis procedure is described that allowed us to produce also two shorter analogs. By a combination of techniques, we were able to establish a 3D-structure-activity relationship. In particular, the membrane activity of pentadecaibin heavily depends on the presence of three consecutive Aib residues that are responsible for the clear, albeit modest, amphiphilic character of its helix. The shortest analog, devoid of two of these three Aib residues, preserves a well-defined helical conformation, but not its amphipathicity, and loses almost completely the ability to cause membrane leakage. We conclude that pentadecaibin amphiphilicity is probably needed for the peptide ability to perturb model membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morbiato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - David S A Haneen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Abbassia, 11566, Egypt
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Padova Unit, CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Padova Unit, CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Kubitzky S, Venanzi M, Biondi B, Lettieri R, De Zotti M, Gatto E. A pH-Induced Reversible Conformational Switch Able to Control the Photocurrent Efficiency in a Peptide Supramolecular System. Chemistry 2021; 27:2810-2817. [PMID: 33107646 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
External stimuli are potent tools that Nature uses to control protein function and activity. For instance, during viral entry and exit, pH variations are known to trigger large protein conformational changes. In Nature, also the electron transfer (ET) properties of ET proteins are influenced by pH-induced conformational changes. In this work, a pH-controlled, reversible 310 -helix to α-helix conversion (from acidic to highly basic pH values and vice versa) of a peptide supramolecular system built on a gold surface is described. The effect of pH on the ability of the peptide SAM to generate a photocurrent was investigated, with particular focus on the effect of the pH-induced conformational change on photocurrent efficiency. The films were characterized by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques, and were found to be very stable over time, also in contact with a solution. They were also able to generate current under illumination, with an efficiency that is the highest recorded so far with biomolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kubitzky
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, 15745, Germany
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Lettieri
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gatto
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
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7
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Toniolo C, Moretto A, Formaggio F, Broxterman QB, Crisma M. From Amherst (Massachusetts, USA) to Padua (Italy) and back again: Louis A. Carpino's scientifically productive journey. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Toniolo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Padua Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padua UnitCNR Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Padua Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padua UnitCNR Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Padua Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padua UnitCNR Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
| | | | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padua UnitCNR Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua Italy
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8
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Salnikov ES, De Zotti M, Bobone S, Mazzuca C, Raya J, Siano AS, Peggion C, Toniolo C, Stella L, Bechinger B. Trichogin GA IV Alignment and Oligomerization in Phospholipid Bilayers. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2141-2150. [PMID: 31125169 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichogin GA IV is a short peptaibol with antimicrobial activity. This uncharged, but amphipathic, sequence is aligned at the membrane interface and undergoes a transition to an aggregated state that inserts more deeply into the membrane, an assembly that predominates at a peptide-to-lipid ratio (P/L) of 1:20. In this work, the natural trichogin sequence was prepared and reconstituted into oriented lipid bilayers. The 15 N NMR chemical shift is indicative of a well-defined alignment of the peptide parallel to the membrane surface at P/Ls of 1:120 and 1:20. When the P/L is increased to 1:8, an additional peptide topology is observed that is indicative of a heterogeneous orientation, with helix alignments ranging from around the magic angle to perfectly in-plane. The topological preference of the trichogin helix for an orientation parallel to the membrane surface was confirmed by attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, 19 F CODEX experiments were performed on a trichogin sequence with 19 F-Phe at position 10. The CODEX decay is in agreement with a tetrameric complex, in which the 19 F sites are about 9-9.5 Å apart. Thus, a model emerges in which the monomeric peptide aligns along the membrane surface. When the peptide concentration increases, first dimeric and then tetrameric assemblies form, made up from helices oriented predominantly parallel to the membrane surface. The formation of these aggregates correlates with the release of vesicle contents including relatively large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy S Salnikov
- Institut de Chimie, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR', Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Jesus Raya
- Institut de Chimie, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alvaro S Siano
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Ruta Nacional N° 168, Km 472, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Cristina Peggion
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR', Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR', Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Institut de Chimie, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7177, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Gatto E, Kubitzky S, Schriever M, Cesaroni S, Mazzuca C, Marafon G, Venanzi M, De Zotti M. Building Supramolecular DNA‐Inspired Nanowires on Gold Surfaces: From 2D to 3D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gatto
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Sascha Kubitzky
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTechnische Hochschule Wildau 15745 Wildau Germany
| | - Marc Schriever
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTechnische Hochschule Wildau 15745 Wildau Germany
| | - Simona Cesaroni
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Giulia Marafon
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova 35131 Padova Italy
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10
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Gatto E, Kubitzky S, Schriever M, Cesaroni S, Mazzuca C, Marafon G, Venanzi M, De Zotti M. Building Supramolecular DNA-Inspired Nanowires on Gold Surfaces: From 2D to 3D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7308-7312. [PMID: 30908767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Three building blocks have been designed to chemically link to a gold surface and vertically self-assemble through thymine-adenine hydrogen bonds. Starting from these building blocks, two different films were engineered on gold surface. Film 1 consists of adenine linked to lipoic acid (Lipo-A) to covalently bind to the gold surface, and ZnTPP linked to a thymine (T-ZnTPP). Film 2 has an additional noncovalently linked layer: a helical undecapeptide analogue of the trichogin GA IV peptide, in which four glycines were replaced by four lysines to favor a helical conformation and reduce flexibility and the two extremities were functionalized with thymine and adenine to enable Lipo-A and T-ZnTPP binding, respectively. These films were characterized by electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques, and were very stable over time and when in contact with solution. Under illumination, they could generate current with higher efficiency than similar previously described systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gatto
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Sascha Kubitzky
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Wildau, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Marc Schriever
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Wildau, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Simona Cesaroni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marafon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
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11
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Messina GML, Di Napoli B, De Zotti M, Mazzuca C, Formaggio F, Palleschi A, Marletta G. Molecular Sponge: pH-Driven Reversible Squeezing of Stimuli-Sensitive Peptide Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4813-4824. [PMID: 30864802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic change of structure, thickness, and density, with pH switching from acidic (pH = 3) to basic (pH = 11) condition, has been revealed for chemisorbed monolayers of the peptide Lipo-Aib-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Ile-Lol, a trichogin GA IV-analogue carrying Lys residues instead of Gly ones at positions 2, 5, 6, and 9, while a homologous peptide not containing Lys residues does not show any response to pH changes. Experimental and theoretical results, obtained by means of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, surface plasmon resonance, nanoplasmonic sensing technique, Fourier transform infrared-reflection attenuated spectroscopy and dynamic force spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations provide detailed information on the overall monolayer structure changes with pH, including the analysis of the intra- and interchain peptide dynamics, the structure of the peptide layer/water/solid interface, as well as the position and role of solvation and nonsolvation water. The observed stimuli-responsive behavior of L1 peptide monolayers is accounted in terms of the occurrence of a pH-induced wetting/dewetting process, due to the pH-induced switching of the hydrophilic character of charged lysine groups to hydrophobic one of the same uncharged groups, along the peptide chain. This behavior in turn promotes the collective change of the aggregation state of the peptide chains. The present results may pave the way to critically reexamine the mechanism of stimuli-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M L Messina
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - Benedetta Di Napoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- CB Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- CB Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry , University of Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - Giovanni Marletta
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
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12
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Di Costanzo L, Dutta S, Burley SK. Amino acid modifications for conformationally constraining naturally occurring and engineered peptide backbones: Insights from the Protein Data Bank. Biopolymers 2018; 109:e23230. [PMID: 30368772 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts invested in understanding the rules of protein folding are now being applied, with good effect, in de novo design of proteins/peptides. For proteins containing standard α-amino acids alone, knowledge derived from experimentally determined three-dimensional (3D) structures of proteins and biologically active peptides are available from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), and the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). These help predict and design protein structures, with reasonable confidence. However, our knowledge of 3D structures of biomolecules containing backbone modified amino acids is still evolving. A major challenge in de novo protein/peptide design concerns the engineering of conformationally constrained molecules with specific structural elements and chemical groups appropriately positioned for biological activity. This review explores four classes of amino acid modifications that constrain protein/peptide backbone structure. Systematic analysis of peptidic molecule structures (eg, bioactive peptides, inhibitors, antibiotics, and designed molecules), containing these backbone-modified amino acids, found in the PDB and CSD are discussed. The review aims to provide structure-function insights that will guide future design of proteins/peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Costanzo
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Shuchismita Dutta
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A.,Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Stephen K Burley
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A.,Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A.,RCSB Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
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13
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Gatto E, Palleschi ME, Zangrilli B, De Zotti M, Di Napoli B, Palleschi A, Mazzuca C, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Venanzi M. The several facets of Trichogin GA IV: High affinity Tb(III) binding properties. A spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulation study. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gatto
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
| | - Maria Elena Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
| | - Beatrice Zangrilli
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of ChemistryUniversity of PadovaPadova35131 Italy
| | - Benedetta Di Napoli
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of ChemistryUniversity of PadovaPadova35131 Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of ChemistryUniversity of PadovaPadova35131 Italy
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”Rome00133 Italy
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14
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Biondi B, Peggion C, De Zotti M, Pignaffo C, Dalzini A, Bortolus M, Oancea S, Hilma G, Bortolotti A, Stella L, Pedersen JZ, Syryamina VN, Tsvetkov YD, Dzuba SA, Toniolo C, Formaggio F. Conformational properties, membrane interaction, and antibacterial activity of the peptaibiotic chalciporin A: Multitechnique spectroscopic and biophysical investigations on the natural compound and labeled analogs. Biopolymers 2017; 110. [PMID: 29127716 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this work, an extensive set of spectroscopic and biophysical techniques (including FT-IR absorption, CD, 2D-NMR, fluorescence, and CW/PELDOR EPR) was used to study the conformational preferences, membrane interaction, and bioactivity properties of the naturally occurring synthetic 14-mer peptaibiotic chalciporin A, characterized by a relatively low (≈20%), uncommon proportion of the strongly helicogenic Aib residue. In addition to the unlabeled peptide, we gained in-depth information from the study of two labeled analogs, characterized by one or two residues of the helicogenic, nitroxyl radical-containing TOAC. All three compounds were prepared using the SPPS methodology, which was carefully modified in the course of the syntheses of TOAC-labeled analogs in view of the poorly reactive α-amino function of this very bulky residue and the specific requirements of its free-radical side chain. Despite its potentially high flexibility, our results point to a predominant, partly amphiphilic, α-helical conformation for this peptaibiotic. Therefore, not surprisingly, we found an effective membrane affinity and a remarkable penetration propensity. However, chalciporin A exhibits a selectivity in its antibacterial activity not in agreement with that typical of the other members of this peptide class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular, Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Chiara Pignaffo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Annalisa Dalzini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Simona Oancea
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Food Engineering, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550012, Romania
| | - Geta Hilma
- Department of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Sibiu, 550012, Romania
| | - Annalisa Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Jens Z Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Victoria N Syryamina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri D Tsvetkov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei A Dzuba
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Institute of Biomolecular, Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Institute of Biomolecular, Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
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15
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Degenkolb T, Götze L, von Döhren H, Vilcinskas A, Brückner H. Sequences of stilboflavin C: towards the peptaibiome of the filamentous fungus Stilbella (= Trichoderma) flavipes. J Pept Sci 2017; 22:517-24. [PMID: 27443977 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi of the genus Stilbella are recognized as an abundant source of naturally occurring α-aminoisobutyric acid-containing peptides. The culture broth of Stilbella (Trichoderma) flavipes CBS 146.81 yielded a mixture of peptides named stilboflavins (SF), and these were isolated and separated by preparative TLC into groups named SF-A, SF-B, and SF-C. Although all three of these groups resolved as single spots on thin-layer chromatograms, HPLC analysis revealed that each of the groups represents very microheterogeneous mixtures of closely related peptides. Here, we report on the sequence analysis of SF-C peptides, formerly isolated by preparative TLC. HPLC coupled to QqTOF-ESI-HRMS provided the sequences of 10 16-residue peptides and five 19-residue peptides, all of which were N-terminally acetylated. In contrast to the previously described SF-A and SF-B peptaibols, SF-C peptaibols contain Ser-Alaol or Ser-Leuol, which are rarely found as C-termini, and repetitive Leu-Aib-Gly sequences, which have not been detected in peptaibols before. Taking the previously determined sequences of SF-A and SF-B into account, the entirety of peptides produced by S. flavipes (the 'peptaibiome') approaches or exceeds 100 non-ribosomally biosynthesized peptaibiotics. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Degenkolb
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Interdisciplinary Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz Götze
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans von Döhren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology OE 2, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Franklinstrasse 29, 10587, Berlin, Germany.,Schillerstrasse 34, 10627, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Interdisciplinary Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans Brückner
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Interdisciplinary Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Bortolus M, Dalzini A, Maniero AL, Panighel G, Siano A, Toniolo C, De Zotti M, Formaggio F. Insights into peptide-membrane interactions of newly synthesized, nitroxide-containing analogs of the peptaibiotic trichogin GAIV using EPR. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Annalisa Dalzini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Panighel
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Alvaro Siano
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL); 3000 Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
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17
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Dalzini A, Bergamini C, Biondi B, De Zotti M, Panighel G, Fato R, Peggion C, Bortolus M, Maniero AL. The rational search for selective anticancer derivatives of the peptide Trichogin GA IV: a multi-technique biophysical approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24000. [PMID: 27039838 PMCID: PMC4819177 DOI: 10.1038/srep24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptaibols are peculiar peptides produced by fungi as weapons against other microorganisms. Previous studies showed that peptaibols are promising peptide-based drugs because they act against cell membranes rather than a specific target, thus lowering the possibility of the onset of multi-drug resistance, and they possess non-coded α-amino acid residues that confer proteolytic resistance. Trichogin GA IV (TG) is a short peptaibol displaying antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. In the present work, we studied thirteen TG analogues, adopting a multidisciplinary approach. We showed that the cytotoxicity is tuneable by single amino-acids substitutions. Many analogues maintain the same level of non-selective cytotoxicity of TG and three analogues are completely non-toxic. Two promising lead compounds, characterized by the introduction of a positively charged unnatural amino-acid in the hydrophobic face of the helix, selectively kill T67 cancer cells without affecting healthy cells. To explain the determinants of the cytotoxicity, we investigated the structural parameters of the peptides, their cell-binding properties, cell localization, and dynamics in the membrane, as well as the cell membrane composition. We show that, while cytotoxicity is governed by the fine balance between the amphipathicity and hydrophobicity, the selectivity depends also on the expression of negatively charged phospholipids on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Dalzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Panighel
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Romana Fato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Maniero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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18
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Milov AD, Tsvetkov YD, Raap J, De Zotti M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Review conformation, self-aggregation, and membrane interaction of peptaibols as studied by pulsed electron double resonance spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2016; 106:6-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Milov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Yuri D. Tsvetkov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Jan Raap
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University; 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | | | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
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19
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Bobone S, De Zotti M, Bortolotti A, Biondi B, Ballano G, Palleschi A, Toniolo C, Formaggio F, Stella L. The fluorescence and infrared absorption probepara-cyanophenylalanine: Effect of labeling on the behavior of different membrane-interacting peptides. Biopolymers 2015; 104:521-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Annalisa Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Gema Ballano
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies; University of Rome Tor Vergata; 00133 Rome Italy
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20
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De Zotti M, Ballano G, Jost M, Salnikov ES, Bechinger B, Oancea S, Crisma M, Toniolo C, Formaggio F. Solution synthesis, conformational analysis, and antimicrobial activity of three alamethicin F50/5 analogs bearing a trifluoroacetyl label. Chem Biodivers 2015; 11:1163-91. [PMID: 25146762 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We prepared, by solution-phase methods, and fully characterized three analogs of the membrane-active peptaibiotic alamethicin F50/5, bearing a single trifluoroacetyl (Tfa) label at the N-terminus, at position 9 (central region) or at position 19 (C-terminus), and with the three Gln at positions 7, 18, and 19 replaced by Glu(OMe) residues. To add the Tfa label at position 9 or 19, a γ-trifluoroacetylated α,γ-diaminobutyric acid (Dab) residue was incorporated as a replacement for the original Val(9) or Glu(OMe)(19) amino acid. We performed a detailed conformational analysis of the three analogs (using FT-IR absorption, CD, 2D-NMR, and X-ray diffraction), which clearly showed that Tfa labeling does not introduce any dramatic backbone modification in the predominantly α-helical structure of the parent peptaibiotic. The results of an initial solid-state (19)F-NMR study on one of the analogs favor the conclusion that the Tfa group is a very promising reporter for the analysis of peptaibioticmembrane interactions. Finally, we found that the antimicrobial activities of the three newly synthesized analogs depend on the position of the Tfa label in the peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, I-35131 Padova.
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21
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De Zotti M, Bobone S, Bortolotti A, Longo E, Biondi B, Peggion C, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Dalla Bona A, Kaptein B, Stella L. 4-Cyano-α-methyl-l-phenylalanine as a Spectroscopic Marker for the Investigation of PeptaibioticMembrane Interactions. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:513-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Iftemi S, De Zotti M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Stella L, Luchian T. Electrophysiology investigation of Trichogin GA IV activity in planar lipid membranes reveals ion channels of well-defined size. Chem Biodivers 2015; 11:1069-77. [PMID: 25044592 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trichogin GA IV, an antimicrobial peptaibol, exerts its function by augmenting membrane permeability, but the molecular aspects of its pore-forming mechanism are still debated. Several lines of evidence indicate a 'barrel-stave' channel structure, similar to that of alamethicin, but the length of a trichogin helix is too short to span a normal bilayer. Herein, we present electrophysiology measurements in planar bilayers, showing that trichogin does form channels of a well-defined size (R=4.2⋅10(9) Ω; corresponding at least to a trimeric aggregate) that span the membrane and allow ion diffusion, but do not exhibit voltage-dependent rectification, unlike those of alamethicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorana Iftemi
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics and Medical Physics, Alexandru I. Cuza University, 11, Blvd. Carol I, RO-700506 Iasi (phone: +40-232-201191)
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23
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The peculiar N- and (-termini of trichogin GA IV are needed for membrane interaction and human cell death induction at doses lacking antibiotic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:134-44. [PMID: 25306964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptaibiotics, non-ribosomally synthetized peptides from various ascomycetes, are uniquely characterized by dialkylated a-amino acids, a rigid heli cal conformation, and membrane permeation properties. Although generally considered as antimicrobial peptides, peptaibiotics may display other toxicological properties, and their function is in many cases unknown. With the goal to define the biological activity and selectivity of the peptaibiotictrichogin GA IV from the human opportunist Trichodenna longibrachiatum we analyzed its membrane interaction,cytotoxic activity and antibacterial effect. Trichogin GA IV effectively killed several types of healthy and neoplastic human cells at doses (EC 50%= 4-6 ~) lacking antibiotic effects on both Gram- and Gram+ bacteria(MIC > 64 ~ ). The peptaibiotic distinctive (-terminal primary alcohol was found to cooperate with theN-terminal n-octanoyl group to permeate the membrane phospholipid bilayer and to mediate effective binding and active endocytosis of trichogin GA IV in eukaryotic cells, two steps essential for cell death induction.Replacement of one Gly with Lys plus the simultaneous esterification of the (-terminus, strongly increased trichogin GA IV anti-Gram+ activity (MIC 1-4 ~ ). but further mitigated its cytotoxicity on human cells.
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24
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Tumminakatti S, Reddy DN, Prabhakaran EN. Exploring the consequences of a representative "disallowed" conformation of Aib on a 3₁₀-helical fold. Biopolymers 2014; 104:21-36. [PMID: 25488434 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The structural effects of a representative "disallowed" conformation of Aib on the 3(10)-helical fold of an octapeptidomimetic are explored. The 1D ((1)H, (13)C) & 2D NMR, FT-IR and CD data reveal that the octapeptide 1, adopts a 3(10)-helical conformation in solution, as it does in its crystal structure. The C-terminal methyl carboxylate (CO2Me) of 1 was modified into an 1,3-oxazine (Oxa) functional group in the peptidomimetic 2. This modification results in the stabilization of the backbone of the C-terminal Aib (Aib*-Oxa) of 2, in a conformation (ϕ, ψ = 180, 0) that is natively disallowed to Aib. Consequent to the presence of this natively disallowed conformation, the 3(10)-helical fold is not disrupted in the body of the peptidomimetic 2. But the structural distortions that do occur in 2 are primarily in residues in the immediate vicinity of the natively disallowed conformation, rather than in the whole peptide body. Non-native electronic effects resulting from modifications in backbone functional groups can be at the origin of stabilizing residues in natively disallowed conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Tumminakatti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
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25
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Smetanin M, Sek S, Maran F, Lipkowski J. Molecular resolution visualization of a pore formed by trichogin, an antimicrobial peptide, in a phospholipid matrix. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:3130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Becucci L, Guidelli R, Polo F, Maran F. Interaction of mixed-ligand monolayer-protected Au₁₄₄ clusters with biomimetic membranes as a function of the transmembrane potential. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8141-8151. [PMID: 24949655 DOI: 10.1021/la500909j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction of nanoparticles with cell membranes is a high-priority research area for possible biomedical applications. We describe our findings concerning the interaction of Au144 monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) with biomimetic membranes and their permeabilizing effect as a function of the transmembrane potential. We synthesized Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60 and modified the capping monolayer with 8-mercaptooctanoic acid (Au144OctA) or thiolated trichogin (Au144TCG), a channel-forming peptide. The interactions of these MPCs with mercury-supported lipid mono- and bilayers were studied with a combination of electrochemical techniques specifically sensitive to changes in the properties of biomimetic membranes and/or charge-transfer phenomena. Permeabilization effects were evaluated through the influence of MPC uptake on the reduction of cadmium(II) ions. The nature and properties of the Au144 capping molecules play a crucial role in controlling how MPCs interact with membranes. The native MPC causes a small effect, whereas both Au144OctA and Au144TCG interact significantly with the lipid monolayer and show electroactivity. Whereas Au144OctA penetrates the membrane, Au144TCG pierces the membrane with its peptide appendage while remaining outside of it. Both clusters promote Cd(2+) reduction but with apparently different mechanisms. Because of the different way that they interact with the membrane, Au144OctA is more effective in Cd(2+) reduction when interacting with the lipid bilayer and Au144TCG performs particularly well when piercing the lipid monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Becucci
- Department of Chemistry, Florence University , via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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27
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Orlandin A, Formaggio F, Toffoletti A, Peggion C. Cotton functionalized with peptides: characterization and synthetic methods. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:547-53. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orlandin
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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28
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Bortolus M, Dalzini A, Toniolo C, Hahm KS, Maniero AL. Interaction of hydrophobic and amphipathic antimicrobial peptides with lipid bicelles. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:517-25. [PMID: 24863176 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bicelles are model membrane systems that can be macroscopically oriented in a magnetic field at physiological temperature. The macroscopic orientation of bicelles allows to detect, by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopies, small changes in the order of the bilayer caused by solutes interacting with the membrane. These changes would be hardly detectable in isotropic systems such as vesicles or micelles. The aim of this work is to show that bicelles represent a convenient tool to investigate the behavior of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) interacting with membranes, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We performed the EPR experiments on spin-labeled bicelles using various AMPs of different length, charge, and amphipathicity: alamethicin, trichogin GA IV, magainin 2, HP(2-20), and HPA3. We evaluated the changes in the order parameter of the spin-labeled lipids as a function of the peptide-to-lipid ratio. We show that bicelles labeled at position 5 of the lipid chains are very sensitive to the perturbation induced by the AMPs even at low peptide concentrations. Our study indicates that peptides that are known to disrupt the membrane by different mechanisms (i.e., alamethicin vs magainin 2) show very distinct trends of the order parameter as a function of peptide concentration. Therefore, spin-labeled bicelles proved to be a good system to evaluate the membrane disruption mechanism of new AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
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29
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Milov AD, Tsvetkov YD, Bortolus M, Maniero AL, Gobbo M, Toniolo C, Formaggio F. Synthesis and conformational properties of a TOAC doubly spin-labeled analog of the medium-length, membrane active peptaibiotic ampullosporin a as revealed by cd, fluorescence, and EPR spectroscopies. Biopolymers 2014; 102:40-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Milov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Yuri D. Tsvetkov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion; Novosibirsk 630090 Russian Federation
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Maniero
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry; Padova Unit, CNR 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry; Padova Unit, CNR 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; 35131 Padova Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry; Padova Unit, CNR 35131 Padova Italy
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30
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Hayouka Z, Mortenson DE, Kreitler DF, Weisblum B, Forest KT, Gellman SH. Evidence for phenylalanine zipper-mediated dimerization in the X-ray crystal structure of a magainin 2 analogue. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15738-15741. [PMID: 24102563 PMCID: PMC3928869 DOI: 10.1021/ja409082w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution structure elucidation has been challenging for the large group of host-defense peptides that form helices on or within membranes but do not manifest a strong folding propensity in aqueous solution. Here we report the crystal structure of an analogue of the widely studied host-defense peptide magainin 2. Magainin 2 (S8A, G13A, G18A) is a designed variant that displays enhanced antibacterial activity relative to the natural peptide. The crystal structure of magainin 2 (S8A, G13A, G18A), obtained for the racemic form, features a dimerization mode that has previously been proposed to play a role in the antibacterial activity of magainin 2 and related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Hayouka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - David E. Mortenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dale F. Kreitler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Bernard Weisblum
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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31
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Milov AD, Tsvetkov YD, De Zotti M, Prinzivalli C, Biondi B, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Gobbo M. Aggregation modes of the spin mono-labeled tylopeptin B and heptaibin peptaibiotics in frozen solutions of weak polarity as studied by PELDOR spectroscopy. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476613070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Dzuba SA, Raap J. Spin-Echo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy of a Pore-Forming (Lipo)Peptaibol in Model and Bacterial Membranes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:864-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Peggion C, Biondi B, Battistella C, De Zotti M, Oancea S, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Spectroscopically Labeled Peptaibiotics. Synthesis and Properties of Selected Trichogin GA IV Analogs Bearing a Side-Chain-Monofluorinated Aromatic Amino Acid for19F-NMR Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:904-19. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Röhrich CR, Iversen A, Jaklitsch WM, Voglmayr H, Vilcinskas A, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, von Döhren H, Brückner H, Degenkolb T. Screening the biosphere: the fungicolous fungus Trichoderma phellinicola, a prolific source of hypophellins, new 17-, 18-, 19-, and 20-residue peptaibiotics. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:787-812. [PMID: 23681726 PMCID: PMC3734673 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the significance of antibiotics for the producing organism(s) in the natural habitat, we screened a specimen of the fungicolous fungus Trichoderma phellinicola (syn. Hypocrea phellinicola) growing on its natural host Phellinus ferruginosus. Results revealed that a particular group of non-ribosomal antibiotic polypeptides, peptaibiotics, which contain the non-proteinogenic marker amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, was biosynthesized in the natural habitat by the fungicolous producer and, consequently, released into the host. By means of liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we detected ten 20-residue peptaibols in the specimen. Sequences of peptaibiotics found in vivo were independently confirmed by analyzing the peptaibiome of an agar plate culture of T. phellinicola CBS 119283 (ex-type) grown under laboratory conditions. Notably, this strain could be identified as a potent producer of 39 new 17-, 18-, and 19-residue peptaibiotics, which display the same building scheme as the 20-residue peptaibols found in the specimen. Two of the 19-residue peptaibols are tentatively assigned to carry tyrosinol, a novel C-terminal residue, as deduced from high-resolution tandem mass-spectrometry data. For the new peptaibiotics produced by T. phellinicola, the name 'hypophellin(s)', based on the teleomorph name, is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian René Röhrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project GroupWinchesterstrasse 2, D-35394 Giessen (C. R. R.: phone: +49-641-99-37617, e-mail: ; A. V.: phone: +49-641-99-39500, fax: +49-641-4808-581, e-mail: )
| | - Anita Iversen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
| | - Walter Michael Jaklitsch
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of ViennaRennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna (W. M. J.: phone: +43-1-4277-54055, e-mail: ; H. V.: phone: +43-4277-54050, e-mail: )
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of ViennaRennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna (W. M. J.: phone: +43-1-4277-54055, e-mail: ; H. V.: phone: +43-4277-54050, e-mail: )
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project GroupWinchesterstrasse 2, D-35394 Giessen (C. R. R.: phone: +49-641-99-37617, e-mail: ; A. V.: phone: +49-641-99-39500, fax: +49-641-4808-581, e-mail: )
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology (IPAZ), University of Giessen (JLU)Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen (phone: +49-641-99-37601; e-mail: )
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
| | - Hans von Döhren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology OE 2, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of BerlinFranklinstraße 29, D-10587 Berlin (phone: +49-30-314-22697; fax: +49-30-314-24783; e-mail: )
| | - Hans Brückner
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen (phone: +49-711-349919; e-mail: )
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby (A. I.: phone: +45-45252725, e-mail: ; K. F. N.: phone: +45-45252602, fax: +45-45884922, e-mail: ; U. T.: phone: +45-45252630, fax: 45-45884148, e-mail: )
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology (IPAZ), University of Giessen (JLU)Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen (phone: +49-641-99-37601; e-mail: )
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Peggion C, Biondi B, De Zotti M, Oancea S, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Spectroscopically labeled peptaibiotic analogs: the 4-nitrophenylalanine infrared absorption probe inserted at different positions into trichogin GA IV. J Pept Sci 2012; 19:246-56. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peggion
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Simona Oancea
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology; University ‘Lucian Blaga’; 550012 Sibiu Romania
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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36
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Bobone S, Gerelli Y, De Zotti M, Bocchinfuso G, Farrotti A, Orioni B, Sebastiani F, Latter E, Penfold J, Senesi R, Formaggio F, Palleschi A, Toniolo C, Fragneto G, Stella L. Membrane thickness and the mechanism of action of the short peptaibol trichogin GA IV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:1013-24. [PMID: 23220179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichogin GA IV (GAIV) is an antimicrobial peptide of the peptaibol family, like the extensively studied alamethicin (Alm). GAIV acts by perturbing membrane permeability. Previous data have shown that pore formation is related to GAIV aggregation and insertion in the hydrophobic core of the membrane. This behavior is similar to that of Alm and in agreement with a barrel-stave mechanism, in which transmembrane oriented peptides aggregate to form a channel. However, while the 19-amino acid long Alm has a length comparable to the membrane thickness, GAIV comprises only 10 amino acids, and its helix is about half the normal bilayer thickness. Here, we report the results of neutron reflectivity measurements, showing that GAIV inserts in the hydrophobic region of the membrane, causing a significant thinning of the bilayer. Molecular dynamics simulations of GAIV/membrane systems were also performed. For these studies we developed a novel approach for constructing the initial configuration, by embedding the short peptide in the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. These calculations indicated that in the transmembrane orientation GAIV interacts strongly with the polar phospholipid headgroups, drawing them towards its N- and C-termini, inducing membrane thinning and becoming able to span the bilayer. Finally, vesicle leakage experiments demonstrated that GAIV activity is significantly higher with thinner membranes, becoming similar to that of Alm when the bilayer thickness is comparable to its size. Overall, these data indicate that a barrel-stave mechanism of pore formation might be possible for GAIV and for similarly short peptaibols despite their relatively small size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bobone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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37
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De Zotti M, Biondi B, Peggion C, De Poli M, Fathi H, Oancea S, Toniolo C, Formaggio F. Partial thioamide scan on the lipopeptaibiotic trichogin GA IV. Effects on folding and bioactivity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1161-71. [PMID: 23019444 PMCID: PMC3458734 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Backbone modification is a common chemical tool to control the conformation of linear peptides and to explore potentially useful effects on their biochemical and biophysical properties. The thioamide, ψ[CS-NH], group is a nearly isosteric structural mimic of the amide (peptide) functionality. In this paper, we describe the solution synthesis, chemical characterization, preferred conformation, and membrane and biological activities of three, carefully selected, peptide analogues of the lipopeptaibiotic [Leu11-OMe] trichogin GA IV. In each analogue, a single thioamide replacement was incorporated. Sequence positions near the N-terminus, at the center, and near the C-terminus were investigated. Our results indicate that (i) a thioamide linkage is well tolerated in the overall helical conformation of the [Leu11-OMe] lipopeptide analogue and (ii) this backbone modification is compatible with the preservation of its typical membrane leakage and antibiotic properties, although somewhat attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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38
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Becucci L, Maran F, Guidelli R. Probing membrane permeabilization by the antibiotic lipopeptaibol trichogin GA IV in a tethered bilayer lipid membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1656-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Syryamina VN, De Zotti M, Peggion C, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Raap J, Dzuba SA. A Molecular View on the Role of Cholesterol upon Membrane Insertion, Aggregation, and Water Accessibility of the Antibiotic Lipopeptide Trichogin GA IV As Revealed by EPR. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5653-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N. Syryamina
- Institute
of Chemical Kinetics
and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Jan Raap
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry,
Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sergei A. Dzuba
- Institute
of Chemical Kinetics
and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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40
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Fang P, Raj Chaulagain M, Aron ZD. Catalytic α-Allylation of Unprotected Amino Acid Esters. Org Lett 2012; 14:2130-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300665n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Mani Raj Chaulagain
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Zachary D. Aron
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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Antimicrobial lipopeptaibol trichogin GA IV: role of the three Aib residues on conformation and bioactivity. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1761-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Zotti M, Biondi B, Peggion C, Formaggio F, Park Y, Hahm KS, Toniolo C. Trichogin GA IV: a versatile template for the synthesis of novel peptaibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1285-99. [PMID: 22179201 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06178j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichogin GA IV, isolated from the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum, is the prototype of lipopeptaibols, the sub-class of short-length peptaibiotics exhibiting membrane-modifying properties. This peptaibol is predominantly folded in a mixed 3(10)-/α- helical conformation with a clear, albeit modest, amphiphilic character, which is likely to be responsible for its capability to perturb bacterial membranes and to induce cell death. In previous papers, we reported on the interesting biological properties of trichogin GA IV, namely its good activity against Gram positive bacteria, in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, its stability towards proteolytic degradation, and its low hemolytic activity. Aiming at broadening the antimicrobial activity spectrum by increasing the peptide helical amphiphilicity, in this work we synthesized, by solution and solid-phase methodologies, purified and fully characterized a set of trichogin GA IV analogs in which the four Gly residues at positions 2, 5, 6, 9, lying in the poorly hydrophilic face of the helical structure, are substituted by one (position 2, 5, 6 or 9), two (positions 5 and 6), three (positions 2, 5, and 9), and four (positions 2, 5, 6, and 9) Lys residues. The conformational preferences of the Lys-containing analogs were assessed by FT-IR absorption, CD and 2D-NMR techniques in aqueous, organic, and membrane-mimetic environments. Interestingly, it turns out that the presence of charged residues induces a transition of the helical conformation adopted by the peptaibols (from 3(10)- to α-helix) as a function of pH in a reversible process. The role played in the analogs by the markedly increased amphiphilicity was further tested by fluorescence leakage experiments in model membranes, protease resistance, antibacterial and antifungal activities, cytotoxicity, and hemolysis. Taken together, our biological results provide evidence that some of the least substituted among these analogs are good candidates for the development of new membrane-active antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
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Mangoni ML, Shai Y. Short native antimicrobial peptides and engineered ultrashort lipopeptides: similarities and differences in cell specificities and modes of action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2267-80. [PMID: 21573781 PMCID: PMC11114904 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the rapid emergence of resistant microbes to the currently available antibiotics, cationic antimicrobial peptides have attracted considerable interest as a possible new generation of anti-infective compounds. However, low cost development for therapeutic or industrial purposes requires, among other properties, that the peptides will be small and with simple structure. Therefore, considerable research has been devoted to optimizing peptide length combined with a simple design. This review focuses on the similarities and differences in the mode of action and target cell specificity of two families of small peptides: the naturally occurring temporins from the skin of amphibia and the engineered ultrashort lipopeptides. We will also discuss the finding that acylation of cationic peptides results in molecules with a more potent spectrum of activity and a higher resistance to proteolytic degradation. Conjugation of fatty acids to linear native peptide sequences is a powerful strategy to engineer novel successful anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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De Zotti M, Biondi B, Peggion C, Park Y, Hahm KS, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Synthesis, preferred conformation, protease stability, and membrane activity of heptaibin, a medium-length peptaibiotic. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:585-94. [PMID: 21495119 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The medium-length peptaibiotics are characterized by a primary structure of 14-16 amino acid residues. Despite the interesting antibiotic and antifungal properties exhibited by these membrane-active peptides, their exact mechanism of action is still unknown. Here, we present our results on heptaibin, a 14-amino acid peptaibiotic found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. We carried out the very challenging synthesis of heptaibin on solid phase and a detailed conformational analysis in solution. The peptaibiotic is folded in a mixed 3₁₀-/α-helix conformation which exhibits a remarkable amphiphilic character. We also find that it is highly stable toward degradation by proteolytic enzymes and nonhemolytic. Finally, fluorescence leakage experiments using small unilamellar vesicles of three different compositions revealed that heptaibin, although uncharged, is a selective compound for permeabilization of model membranes mimicking the overall negatively charged surface of Gram-positive bacteria. This latter finding is in agreement with the originally published antimicrobial activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Efficacy of antimicrobial peptoids against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3058-62. [PMID: 21464254 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01667-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Resistance of Mycobacterium to antibiotics can make treatments less effective in some cases. We tested selected oligopeptoids--previously reported as mimics of natural host defense peptides--for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and assessed their cytotoxicity. A tetrameric, alkylated, cationic peptoid (1-C13(4mer)) was most potent against M. tuberculosis and least cytotoxic, whereas an unalkylated analogue, peptoid 1(4mer), was inactive. Peptoid 1-C13(4mer) thus merits further study as a potential antituberculosis drug.
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Rippa S, Eid M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Béven L. Hypersensitive-like response to the pore-former peptaibol alamethicin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2042-9. [PMID: 20818637 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures, the peptaibol alamethicin induced a form of active cell death that was associated with cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation. The transfer of mature A. thaliana plants from a peptide-free medium to a medium containing a moderate concentration of alamethicin caused the development of lesions in leaves after a few days. These lesions were characterized by cell death, deposition of callose, production of autofluorescent phenolic compounds, and transcription of defense genes, just like in the hypersensitive response to a pathogen attack. The induction of defense-like responses in Arabidopsis by other membrane-disrupting peptides was also evaluated. The peptides selected for comparison included the natural antimicrobial melittin and the peptaibol ampullosporin A, as well as synthetic analogues of the peptaibols cervinin and trichogin. The response amplitude in A. thaliana increased with the peptaibol's ability to permeabilize biological membranes through a pore-forming mechanism and was strongly associated with their content in the helicogenic α-aminoisobutyric acid residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rippa
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 6022 Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Compiègne Cedex, France
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Abstract
We report the creation of alkylated poly-N-substituted glycine (peptoid) mimics of antimicrobial lipopeptides with alkyl tails ranging from 5 to 13 carbons. In several cases, alkylation significantly improved the selectivity of the peptoids with no loss in antimicrobial potency. Using this technique, we synthesized an antimicrobial peptoid only 5 monomers in length with selective, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity as potent as previously reported dodecameric peptoids and the antimicrobial peptide pexiganan.
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Syryamina VN, Isaev NP, Peggion C, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Raap J, Dzuba SA. Small-Amplitude Backbone Motions of the Spin-Labeled Lipopeptide Trichogin GA IV in a Lipid Membrane As Revealed by Electron Spin Echo. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:12277-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106769q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N. Syryamina
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolay P. Isaev
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Raap
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sergei A. Dzuba
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy, and Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gobbo M, Poloni C, De Zotti M, Peggion C, Biondi B, Ballano G, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Synthesis, Preferred Conformation, and Membrane Activity of Medium-Length Peptaibiotics: Tylopeptin B. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:169-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Different mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides: insights from fluorescence spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:550-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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