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Fodil S, De Zotti M, Tundo S, Gabbatore L, Vettorazzo I, Luti S, Musetti R, Sella L, Favaron F, Baccelli I. Multiple lysine substitutions in the peptaibol trichogin GA IV enhance the antibiotic activity against plant pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 201:105901. [PMID: 38685232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae are essentially controlled in the field with the use of copper-based products and antibiotics, raising environmental and safety concerns. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from fungi may represent a sustainable alternative to those chemicals. Trichogin GA IV, a non-ribosomal, 11-residue long AMP naturally produced by the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum has the ability to insert into phospholipidic membranes and form water-filled pores, thereby perturbing membrane integrity and permeability. In previous studies, peptide analogs modified at the level of specific residues were designed to be water-soluble and active against plant pathogens. Here, we studied the role of glycine-to-lysine substitutions and of the presence of a C-terminal leucine amide on bioactivity against Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. P. syringae diseases affect a wide range of crops worldwide, including tomato and kiwifruit. Our results show that trichogin GA IV analogs containing two or three Gly-to-Lys substitutions are highly effective in vitro against P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst), displaying minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations in the low micromolar range. The same analogs are also able to inhibit in vitro the kiwifruit pathogen P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) biovar 3. When sprayed on tomato plants 24 h before Pst inoculation, only tri-lysine containing analogs were able to significantly reduce bacterial titers and symptom development in infected plants. Our results point to a positive correlation between the number of lysine substitutions and the antibacterial activity. This correlation was supported by microscopy analyses performed with mono-, di- and tri-Lys containing analogs that showed a different degree of interaction with Pst cells and ultrastructural changes that culminated in cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Fodil
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Gabbatore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Vettorazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale Dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Dainelli M, Pignattelli S, Bazihizina N, Falsini S, Papini A, Baccelli I, Mancuso S, Coppi A, Castellani MB, Colzi I, Gonnelli C. Can microplastics threaten plant productivity and fruit quality? Insights from Micro-Tom and Micro-PET/PVC. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165119. [PMID: 37364840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Solanum lycopersicum L., a crop grown worldwide with a high nutritional value for the human diet, was used to test the impact of microplastics on plant growth, productivity, and fruit quality. Two of the most represented microplastics in soils, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were tested. Plants were grown in pots with an environmentally realistic concentration of microplastics and, during the whole crop life cycle, photosynthetic parameters, number of flowers and fruits were monitored. At the end of the cultivation, plant biometry and ionome were evaluated, along with fruit production and quality. Both pollutants had negligible effects on shoot traits, with only PVC causing a significant reduction in shoot fresh weight. Despite an apparent low or no toxicity during the vegetative stage, both microplastics decreased the number of fruits and, in the case of PVC, also their fresh weights. The plastic polymer-induced decline in fruit production was coupled with wide variations in fruit ionome, with marked increases in Ni and Cd. By contrast there was a decline in the nutritionally valuable lycopene, total soluble solids, and total phenols. Altogether, our results reveal that microplastics can not only limit crop productivity but also negatively impact fruit quality and enhance the concentration of food safety hazards, thus raising concerns for their potential health risks for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dainelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Falsini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- CNR-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Fondazione per il Futuro delle Città, Via Boccaccio 50, 50133 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Raio A, Brilli F, Neri L, Baraldi R, Orlando F, Pugliesi C, Chen X, Baccelli I. Stenotrophomonas rhizophila Ep2.2 inhibits growth of Botrytis cinerea through the emission of volatile organic compounds, restricts leaf infection and primes defense genes. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1235669. [PMID: 37849842 PMCID: PMC10577304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1235669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Stenotrophomonas rhizophila is known to be beneficial for plants and has been frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of crops. In the present work, we isolated from the phyllosphere of an ornamental plant an epiphytic strain of S. rhizophila that we named Ep2.2 and investigated its possible application in crop protection. Compared to S. maltophilia LMG 958, a well-known plant beneficial species which behaves as opportunistic human pathogen, S. rhizophila Ep2.2 showed distinctive features, such as different motility, a generally reduced capacity to use carbon sources, a greater sensitivity to fusidic acid and potassium tellurite, and the inability to grow at the human body temperature. S. rhizophila Ep2.2 was able to inhibit in vitro growth of the plant pathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea through the emission of volatile compounds. Simultaneous PTR-MS and GC-MS analyses revealed the emission, by S. rhizophila Ep2.2, of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with well-documented antifungal activity, such as furans, sulphur-containing compounds and terpenes. When sprayed on tomato leaves and plants, S. rhizophila Ep2.2 was able to restrict B. cinerea infection and to prime the expression of Pti5, GluA and PR1 plant defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Raio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Neri
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Baraldi
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Orlando
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
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Bolzonello A, Morbiato L, Tundo S, Sella L, Baccelli I, Echeverrigaray S, Musetti R, De Zotti M, Favaron F. Peptide Analogs of a Trichoderma Peptaibol Effectively Control Downy Mildew in the Vineyard. Plant Dis 2023; 107:2643-2652. [PMID: 36724095 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-22-2064-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the agent of grapevine downy mildew, causes enormous economic damage, and its control is primarily based on the use of synthetic fungicides. The European Union policies promote reducing reliance on synthetic plant protection products. Biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma spp. constitute a resource for the development of biopesticides. Trichoderma spp. produce secondary metabolites such as peptaibols, but the poor water solubility of peptaibols limits their practical use as agrochemicals. To identify new potential bio-inspired molecules effective against P. viticola, various water-soluble peptide analogs of the peptaibol trichogin were synthesized. In grapevine leaf disk assays, the peptides analogs at a concentration of 50 μM completely prevented P. viticola infection after zoosporangia inoculation. Microscopic observations of one of the most effective peptides showed that it causes membrane lysis and cytoplasmic granulation in both zoosporangia and zoospores. Among the effective peptides, 4r was selected for a 2-year field trial experiment. In the vineyard, the peptide administered at 100 μM (equivalent to 129.3 g/ha) significantly reduced the disease incidence and severity on both leaves and bunches, with protection levels similar to those obtained using a cupric fungicide. In the second-year field trial, reduced dosages of the peptide were also tested, and even at the peptide concentration reduced by 50 or 75%, a significant decrease in the disease incidence and severity was obtained at the end of the trial. The peptide did not show any phytotoxic effect. Previously, peptide 4r had been demonstrated to be active against other fungal pathogens, including the grapevine fungus Botrytis cinerea. Thus, this peptide may be a candidate for a broad-spectrum fungicide whose biological properties deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bolzonello
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy
| | - Laura Morbiato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Sergio Echeverrigaray
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy
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Gallo M, Luti S, Baroni F, Baccelli I, Cilli EM, Cicchi C, Leri M, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA, Pazzagli L. Plant Defense Elicitation by the Hydrophobin Cerato-Ulmin and Correlation with Its Structural Features. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2251. [PMID: 36768573 PMCID: PMC9916430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerato-ulmin (CU) is a 75-amino-acid-long protein that belongs to the hydrophobin family. It self-assembles at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces, forming films that reverse the wettability properties of the bound surface: a capability that may confer selective advantages to the fungus in colonizing and infecting elm trees. Here, we show for the first time that CU can elicit a defense reaction (induction of phytoalexin synthesis and ROS production) in non-host plants (Arabidopsis) and exerts its eliciting capacity more efficiently when in its soluble monomeric form. We identified two hydrophobic clusters on the protein's loops endowed with dynamical and physical properties compatible with the possibility of reversibly interconverting between a disordered conformation and a β-strand-rich conformation when interacting with hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces. We propose that the plasticity of those loops may be part of the molecular mechanism that governs the protein defense elicitation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabio Baroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-901, Brazil
| | - Costanza Cicchi
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Manuela Leri
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Wang J, Qin S, Fan R, Peng Q, Hu X, Yang L, Liu Z, Baccelli I, Migheli Q, Berg G, Chen X, Cernava T. Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol of Leaf Blight Caused by Nigrospora sphaerica on Passion Fruit by Endophytic Bacillus subtilis Strain GUCC4. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020132. [PMID: 36836247 PMCID: PMC9966402 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is widely cultivated in tropic and sub-tropic regions for the production of fruit, flowers, cosmetics, and for pharmacological applications. Its high economic, nutritional, and medical values elicit the market demand, and the growing areas are rapidly increasing. Leaf blight caused by Nigrospora sphaerica is a new and emerging disease of passion fruit in Guizhou, in southwest China, where the unique karst mountainous landscape and climate conditions are considered potential areas of expansion for passion fruit production. Bacillus species are the most common biocontrol and plant-growth-promotion bacteria (PGPB) resources in agricultural systems. However, little is known about the endophytic existence of Bacillus spp. in the passion fruit phyllosphere as well as their potential as biocontrol agents and PGPB. In this study, 44 endophytic strains were isolated from 15 healthy passion fruit leaves, obtained from Guangxi province, China. Through purification and molecular identification, 42 of the isolates were ascribed to Bacillus species. Their inhibitory activity against N. sphaerica was tested in vitro. Eleven endophytic Bacillus spp. strains inhibited the pathogen by >65%. All of them produced biocontrol- and plant-growth-promotion-related metabolites, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), protease, cellulase, phosphatase, and solubilized phosphate. Furthermore, the plant growth promotion traits of the above 11 endophytic Bacillus strains were tested on passion fruit seedlings. One isolate, coded B. subtilis GUCC4, significantly increased passion fruit stem diameter, plant height, leaf length, leaf surface, fresh weight, and dry weight. In addition, B. subtilis GUCC4 reduced the proline content, which indicated its potential to positively regulate passion fruit biochemical properties and resulted in plant growth promotion effects. Finally, the biocontrol efficiencies of B. subtilis GUCC4 against N. sphaerica were determined in vivo under greenhouse conditions. Similarly to the fungicide mancozeb and to a commercial B. subtilis-based biofungicide, B. subtilis GUCC4 significantly reduced disease severity. These results suggest that B. subtilis GUCC4 has great potential as a biological control agent and as PGPB on passion fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Wang
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, China
| | - Shun Qin
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ruidong Fan
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaojing Hu
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement Biotechnology Laboratory, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zengliang Liu
- Microbiology Research Institute, Guangxi Agricultural Science Academy, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria and NRD–Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (T.C.)
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Tang X, Yangjing G, Zhuoma G, Guo X, Cao P, Yi B, Wang W, Ji D, Pasquali M, Baccelli I, Migheli Q, Chen X, Cernava T. Biological characterization and in vitro fungicide screenings of a new causal agent of wheat Fusarium head blight in Tibet, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941734. [PMID: 35992662 PMCID: PMC9389214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop, widely grown throughout the temperate zones, and also suitable for cultivation at higher elevations. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a highly destructive disease of wheat throughout the globe. In July 2020, serious wheat FHB symptoms were observed in open fields located in Linzhi City, southeast of Tibet, China. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene, and RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB-2) gene, as well as by morphological characterization. Koch’s postulates were confirmed by a pathogenicity test on healthy spikes, including re-isolation and identification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. avenaceum causing FHB on wheat in Tibet, China. Moreover, to determine pathogen characteristics that may be useful for future disease management, the utilization of different carbon and nitrogen resources, temperature, light, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on mycelium growth and conidia germination were studied. Soluble starch and peptone were the best carbon, and nitrogen source for the pathogen respectively. The optimal temperatures for the pathogen’s mycelium growth and conidia germination were 15–20°C, matching the average temperature during the growing season in Linzhi (Tibet). Meanwhile, alternating 8-h light and 16-h dark was shown to be conducive to mycelia growth, and complete darkness facilitated conidia germination. In addition, UV Irradiation of 48 MJ/cm2, approximately 100 times of the local condition, did not inhibit the germination of conidia. Furthermore, in vitro screening of effective fungicides was conducted. Among the seven tested pesticides, carbendazim showed the best inhibition rate, with an EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) value of 2.1 mg/L. Propiconazole also showed sufficient inhibitory effects against F. avenaceum, with an EC50 value of 2.6 mg/L. The study provides insights into the newly identified causal agent of wheat FHB in Tibet, China, as well as first pathogen characteristics and promising candidate substances for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Gongsang Yangjing
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
| | - Gusang Zhuoma
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Pengxi Cao
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Benlin Yi
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
| | - Wumei Wang
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - De Ji
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Matias Pasquali
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento Di Agraria and NRD - Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyulong Chen,
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Tomislav Cernava,
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8
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Baccelli I, Luti S, Bernardi R, Favaron F, De Zotti M, Sella L. Water-Soluble Trichogin GA IV-Derived Peptaibols Protect Tomato Plants From Botrytis cinerea Infection With Limited Impact on Plant Defenses. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:881961. [PMID: 35665189 PMCID: PMC9161086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptaibols are non-ribosomal linear peptides naturally produced by a wide variety of fungi and represent the largest group of peptaibiotic molecules produced by Trichoderma species. Trichogin GA IV is an 11-residue lipopeptaibol naturally produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Peptaibols possess the ability to form pores in lipid membranes or perturb their surface, and have been studied as antibiotics or anticancer drugs in human medicine, or as antimicrobial molecules against plant pathogens. When applied to plants, peptaibols may also elicit defense responses. A major drawback to the exploitation and application of peptaibols in agriculture is their poor water solubility. In a previous study, we designed water-soluble Lys-containing Trichogin GA IV analogs, which were able to inhibit the growth of several fungal plant pathogens in vitro. In the present study, we shed light on the mechanism underpinning their efficacy on plants, focusing on six Trichogin GA IV analogs. Our results highlighted peptide hydrophilicity, rather than helix stability, as the major determinant of their activity against B. cinerea infection in tomato leaves. The peptides showed preventive but not curative efficacy against infection, and lack of translaminar activity, with results reproducible on two tomato cultivars, Marmande and Micro-Tom. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection analysis in tomato and Arabidopsis, and expression of defense genes in tomato, highlighted a transient and limited impact of the peptides on the plant defense system. The treatment did not result in significant modulation of defense genes or defense priming. The antimicrobial effect thus emerges as the only mechanism behind the plant protection ability exerted by water-soluble Trichogin GA IV analogs, and limited effects on the plant metabolism are expected to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Proietti S, Bertini L, Falconieri GS, Baccelli I, Timperio AM, Caruso C. A Metabolic Profiling Analysis Revealed a Primary Metabolism Reprogramming in Arabidopsis glyI4 Loss-of-Function Mutant. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112464. [PMID: 34834827 PMCID: PMC8624978 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a cytotoxic compound often produced as a side product of metabolic processes such as glycolysis, lipid peroxidation, and photosynthesis. MG is mainly scavenged by the glyoxalase system, a two-step pathway, in which the coordinate activity of GLYI and GLYII transforms it into D-lactate, releasing GSH. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of the GLYI family named GLYI4 has been recently characterized. In glyI4 mutant plants, a general stress phenotype characterized by compromised MG scavenging, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stomatal closure, and reduced fitness was observed. In order to shed some light on the impact of gly4 loss-of-function on plant metabolism, we applied a high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach to Arabidopsis Col-8 wild type and glyI4 mutant plants. A compound library containing a total of 70 metabolites, differentially synthesized in glyI4 compared to Col-8, was obtained. Pathway analysis of the identified compounds showed that the upregulated pathways are mainly involved in redox reactions and cellular energy maintenance, and those downregulated in plant defense and growth. These results improved our understanding of the impacts of glyI4 loss-of-function on the general reprogramming of the plant's metabolic landscape as a strategy for surviving under adverse physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.B.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.B.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Gaia Salvatore Falconieri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.B.); (G.S.F.)
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Timperio
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.B.); (G.S.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.T.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-0761-357330 (C.C.)
| | - Carla Caruso
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.P.); (L.B.); (G.S.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.T.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-0761-357330 (C.C.)
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Wang Y, Cernava T, Zhou X, Yang L, Baccelli I, Wang J, Gou Y, Sang W, Chen X. First report of passion fruit leaf blight caused by Nigrospora sphaerica in China. Plant Dis 2021; 106:323. [PMID: 34213963 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-0900-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is a widely cultivated dicotyledonous perennial plant with woody vines (Asande et al. 2020). In November 2020, leaf blight was observed on leaves of P. edulis (cultivar: 'Panama Red') newly planted in Wangyou, Huishui county, Guizhou province, China (25°82'57" N, 106°50'49" E). The leaf blight occurred on both young and old leaves, starting from the margins, and then extended to the entire leaves. The color of the affected tissue was brown with a yellow hallo in the early period, and then gradually turned to grey. The disease incidence was 60%-70% on a 0.08-ha field. Following isolation of the potential pathogen from 12 diseased leaves, nine isolates were obtained. The colonies were white with a regular round shape at the early stage and became black with fluffy hyphae after eight days on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, incubated at 25°C in the dark for 10 days. The single cell conidia were solitary, spherical or slightly ellipsoidal, black, shiny, smooth, aseptate, spherical, and 8.1-13.5 μm (n=50) in diameter. Conidiophores (5.2-9.9 × 4.4-7.2 μm) were mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells and aggregated in clusters on hyphae. Conidiogenous cells were hyaline to pale brown or black, globose to ampulliform or clavate. Morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description of the genus Nigrospora Mei Wang & L. Cai (Wang et al. 2017). For molecular identification, DNA was extracted, and PCRs were performed with primers ITS1/ITS4 for the ITS region (White et al. 1990), primers Bt2a/Bt2b for the β-tubulin gene (TUB) (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and primers EF1-728F/EF1-986R for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EF1-α) (Carbone and Kohn 1999). Representative sequences of the ITS region, EF1-α, and TUB sequences (from isolate WYR007) were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: MW561355; MZ053463; MZ032030) and are included in the supplementary materials. BLAST analysis against sequences from previously published studies showed 99.58% (ITS region), 99.54% (EF1-α), and 99.45% (TUB) identity to Nigrospora sphaerica sequences (accession numbers: MN215808.1; MN864137.1; KY019606.1). In addition, homology was confirmed with a phylogenetic tree using concatenated sequences from ITS, EF1-α and TUB constructed with MEGA 7 for which the maximum likelihood method was used with 1,000 bootstrapping iterations. To complete Koch's postulates, conidia suspensions of isolate WYR007 (prepared from 1-month-old colonies in 0.05% Tween 20 buffer and adjusted to a concentration of 1 × 103 conidia/mL) were sprayed on 15 leaves (200 μL per leaf) of 5 one-year-old healthy P. edulis plants (cultivar: 'Panama Red'). The same number of leaves from control group plants was only treated with 0.05% Tween buffer. All plants were incubated at 26°C ± 2°C under a 16 h/8 h photoperiod and 70%-75% relative humidity (RH) after inoculation. After 14 days, symptomatic blight appeared on all inoculated leaves. In contrast, no symptoms appeared on leaves in the control group. The disease assays were repeated three times. Pure cultures were re-isolated from diseased leaves and confirmed to be N. sphaerica based on the morphological and molecular methods mentioned above (ITS region, the TUB, and the EF1-α sequences). To our knowledge, this study is the first report of N. sphaerica as a pathogen on P. edulis causing leaf blight. The identification of the pathogen could provide relevant background for its future management.s Sims) is a widely cultivated dicotyledonous perennial plant with woody vines (Asande et al. 2020). In November 2020, leaf blight was observed on leaves of P. edulis (cultivar: 'Panama Red') newly planted in Wangyou, Huishui county, Guizhou province, China (25°82'57" N, 106°50'49" E). The leaf blight occurred on both young and old leaves, starting from the margins, and then extended to the entire leaves. The color of the affected tissue was brown with a yellow hallo in the early period, and then gradually turned to grey. The disease incidence was 60%-70% on a 0.08-ha field. Following isolation of the potential pathogen from 12 diseased leaves, nine isolates were obtained. The colonies were white with a regular round shape at the early stage and became black with fluffy hyphae after eight days on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, incubated at 25°C in the dark for 10 days. The single cell conidia were solitary, spherical or slightly ellipsoidal, black, shiny, smooth, aseptate, spherical, and 8.1-13.5 μm (n=50) in diameter. Conidiophores (5.2-9.9 × 4.4-7.2 μm) were mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells and aggregated in clusters on hyphae. Conidiogenous cells were hyaline to pale brown or black, globose to ampulliform or clavate. Morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description of the genus Nigrospora Mei Wang & L. Cai (Wang et al. 2017). For molecular identification, DNA was extracted, and PCRs were performed with primers ITS1/ITS4 for the ITS region (White et al. 1990), primers Bt2a/Bt2b for the β-tubulin gene (TUB) (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and primers EF1-728F/EF1-986R for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EF1-α) (Carbone and Kohn 1999). Representative sequences of the ITS region, EF1-α, and TUB sequences (from isolate WYR007) were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: MW561355; MZ053463; MZ032030) and are included in the supplementary materials. BLAST analysis against sequences from previously published studies showed 99.58% (ITS region), 99.54% (EF1-α), and 99.45% (TUB) identity to Nigrospora sphaerica sequences (accession numbers: MN215808.1; MN864137.1; KY019606.1). In addition, homology was confirmed with a phylogenetic tree using concatenated sequences from ITS, EF1-α and TUB constructed with MEGA 7 for which the maximum likelihood method was used with 1,000 bootstrapping iterations. To complete Koch's postulates, conidia suspensions of isolate WYR007 (prepared from 1-month-old colonies in 0.05% Tween 20 buffer and adjusted to a concentration of 1 × 103 conidia/mL) were sprayed on 15 leaves (200 μL per leaf) of 5 one-year-old healthy P. edulis plants (cultivar: 'Panama Red'). The same number of leaves from control group plants was only treated with 0.05% Tween buffer. All plants were incubated at 26°C ± 2°C under a 16 h/8 h photoperiod and 70%-75% relative humidity (RH) after inoculation. After 14 days, symptomatic blight appeared on all inoculated leaves. In contrast, no symptoms appeared on leaves in the control group. The disease assays were repeated three times. Pure cultures were re-isolated from diseased leaves and confirmed to be N. sphaerica based on the morphological and molecular methods mentioned above (ITS region, the TUB, and the EF1-α sequences). To our knowledge, this study is the first report of N. sphaerica as a pathogen on P. edulis causing leaf blight. The identification of the pathogen could provide relevant background for its future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Petersgasse 12/I, Graz, Austria, 8010;
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Guizhou Zhong Ao Ecosystem Service Center, Science Park, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China;
| | - Liu Yang
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement Biotechnology Laboratory, Nanning, China;
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection National Research Council, 111214, Florence, Florence, Italy;
| | - Junrong Wang
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Yongning Gou
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Tobacco Science , Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Weijun Sang
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Tobacco Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- Guizhou University, 71206, College of Tobacco Sciences, 2nd floor of Congde Building, West Campus of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China, 550025;
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11
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Baccelli I, Bertini L, Hickman R, Leon-Reyes A, Proietti S. Editorial: Novel Plant Molecules Regulating the Interaction With Pathogenic and Beneficial Fungi. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:644546. [PMID: 33584781 PMCID: PMC7873959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Richard Hickman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Leon-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos-Ingeniería en Agronomía, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías El Politécnico, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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12
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Baroni F, Gallo M, Pazzagli L, Luti S, Baccelli I, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA. A mechanistic model may explain the dissimilar biological efficiency of the fungal elicitors cerato-platanin and cerato-populin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129843. [PMID: 33444726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among their various functions, the members of the cerato-platanin family can stimulate plants' defense responses and induce resistance against microbial pathogens. Recent results suggest that conserved loops, also involved in chitin binding, might be a structural motif central for their eliciting activity. Here, we focus on cerato-platanin and its orthologous cerato-populin, searching for a rationale of their diverse efficiency to elicit plants' defense and to interact with oligosaccharides. A 3D model of cerato-populin has been generated by homology modeling using the NMR-derived cerato-platanin structure as template, and it has been validated by fitting with residual dipolar couplings. Loops β1-β2 and β2-β3 have been indicated as important for some CPPs members to express their biological function. When compared to cerato-platanin, in cerato-populin they present two mutations and an insertion that significantly modify their electrostatic surface. NMR relaxation experiments point to a reduced conformational plasticity of cerato-populin loops with respect to the ones of cerato-platanin. The different electrostatic surface of the loops combined with a distinct network of intra-molecular interactions are expected to be factors that, by leading to a diverse spatial organization and dissimilar collective motions, can regulate the eliciting efficacy of the two proteins and their affinity for oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Baroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mariana Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Luti S, Bemporad F, Vivoli Vega M, Leri M, Musiani F, Baccelli I, Pazzagli L. Partitioning the structural features that underlie expansin-like and elicitor activities of cerato-platanin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2845-2854. [PMID: 33736287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerato-platanin family (CPF) proteins are produced by fungi and elicit defences when applied to plants, behaving as PAMPs/MAMPs. CPF proteins share structural similarity to plant and bacterial expansins, and have been demonstrated, in some cases, to possess expansin-like loosening activity on cellulose. This is the case of cerato-platanin (CP), the founder of the CPF, which shows both eliciting and cellulose-loosening activities, raising the question as to whether the expansin-like activity may be responsible for defence activation. To pinpoint structural and thermodynamic features underlying eliciting and expansin-like activity of CP, we carried out site-directed mutagenesis targeting separately net charge (N84D mutation), conformational stability (V63A mutation), or conserved position previously shown to affect expansin-like activity in CP (D77A mutation), and characterized wild-type protein and its variants. Removing or adding negative charges on the protein surface led to reducing or increasing, respectively, the expansin-like activity. The activity was instead not affected by mutations affecting protein fold and stability. In contrast, all the mutants showed reduced capacity to elicit defences in plants. We conclude that the expansin-like activity of CP depends on net charge and ability to (weakly) bind cellulose, whereas the eliciting activity on plants does not depend on the cellulose-loosening activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - F Bemporad
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - M Vivoli Vega
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - M Leri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - F Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, via Madonna del piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - L Pazzagli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Luti S, Sella L, Quarantin A, Pazzagli L, Baccelli I. Twenty years of research on cerato-platanin family proteins: clues, conclusions, and unsolved issues. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Proietti S, Falconieri GS, Bertini L, Baccelli I, Paccosi E, Belardo A, Timperio AM, Caruso C. GLYI4 Plays A Role in Methylglyoxal Detoxification and Jasmonate-Mediated Stress Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100635. [PMID: 31652571 PMCID: PMC6843518 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones play a central role in various physiological functions and in mediating defense responses against (a)biotic stresses. In response to primary metabolism alteration, plants can produce also small molecules such as methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic aldehyde. MG is mostly detoxified by the combined actions of the enzymes glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII) that make up the glyoxalase system. Recently, by a genome-wide association study performed in Arabidopsis, we identified GLYI4 as a novel player in the crosstalk between jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) hormone pathways. Here, we investigated the impact of GLYI4 knock-down on MG scavenging and on JA pathway. In glyI4 mutant plants, we observed a general stress phenotype, characterized by compromised MG scavenging, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stomatal closure, and reduced fitness. Accumulation of MG in glyI4 plants led to lower efficiency of the JA pathway, as highlighted by the increased susceptibility of the plants to the pathogenic fungus Plectospherella cucumerina. Moreover, MG accumulation brought about a localization of GLYI4 to the plasma membrane, while MeJA stimulus induced a translocation of the protein into the cytoplasmic compartment. Collectively, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that GLYI4 is a hub in the MG and JA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elena Paccosi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Antonio Belardo
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Timperio
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Carla Caruso
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Balmer A, Glauser G, Mauch-Mani B, Baccelli I. Accumulation patterns of endogenous β-aminobutyric acid during plant development and defence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:318-325. [PMID: 30449064 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently discovered that β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a molecule known for its ability to prime defences in plants, is a natural plant metabolite. However, the role played by endogenous BABA in plants is currently unknown. In this study we investigated the systemic accumulation of BABA during pathogen infection, levels of BABA during plant growth and development and analysed mutants possibly involved in BABA transport or regulation. BABA was quantified by LC-MS using an improved method adapted from a previously published protocol. Systemic accumulation of BABA was determined by analysing non-infected leaves and roots after localised infections with Plectosphaerella cucumerina or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 avrRpt2. The levels of BABA were also quantified in different plant tissues and organs during normal plant growth, and in leaves during senescence. Mutants affecting amino acid transport (aap6, aap3, prot1 and gat1), γ-aminobutyric acid levels (pop2) and senescence/defence (cpr5-2) were analysed. BABA was found to accumulate only locally after bacterial or fungal infection, with no detectable increase in non-infected systemic plant parts. In leaves, BABA content increased during natural and induced senescence. Reproductive organs had the highest levels of BABA, and the mutant cpr5-2 produced constitutively high levels of BABA. Synthetic BABA is highly mobile in the receiving plant, whereas endogenous BABA appears to be produced and accumulated locally in a tissue-specific way. We discuss a possible role for BABA in age-related resistance and propose a comprehensive model for endogenous and synthetic BABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balmer
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - B Mauch-Mani
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - I Baccelli
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Brilli F, Loreto F, Baccelli I. Exploiting Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Agriculture to Improve Sustainable Defense Strategies and Productivity of Crops. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:264. [PMID: 30941152 PMCID: PMC6434774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new sustainable solutions to support agriculture in facing current environmental challenges. In particular, intensification of productivity and food security needs require sustainable exploitation of natural resources and metabolites. Here, we bring the attention to the agronomic potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from leaves, as a natural and eco-friendly solution to defend plants from stresses and to enhance crop production. To date, application of VOCs is often limited to fight herbivores. Here we argue that potential applications of VOCs are much wider, as they can also protect from pathogens and environmental stresses. VOCs prime plant's defense mechanisms for an enhanced resistance/tolerance to the upcoming stress, quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), have potent antimicrobial as well as allelopathic effects, and might be important in regulating plant growth, development, and senescence through interactions with plant hormones. Current limits and drawbacks that may hamper the use of VOCs in open field are analyzed, and solutions for a better exploitation of VOCs in future sustainable agriculture are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federico Brilli,
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
- Ivan Baccelli,
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Baccelli I, Glauser G, Mauch-Mani B. The accumulation of β-aminobutyric acid is controlled by the plant's immune system. Planta 2017; 246:791-796. [PMID: 28762076 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous levels of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) increase after the molecular recognition of pathogen presence. BABA is accumulated differently during resistance or susceptibility to disease. The priming molecule β-aminobutyric acid has been recently shown to be a natural product of plants, and this has provided significance to the previous discovery of a perception mechanism in Arabidopsis. BABA levels were found to increase after abiotic stress or infection with virulent pathogens, but the role of endogenous BABA in defence has remained to be established. To investigate the biological significance of endogenous BABA variations during plant-pathogen interactions, we investigated how infections with virulent, avirulent (AvrRpt2), and non-pathogenic (hrpA) strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), as well as treatment with defence elicitors (Flg22 and AtPep2), affect the accumulation of BABA in Arabidopsis plants. We found that BABA levels increased more rapidly during resistance than susceptibility to Pst DC3000. In addition, BABA was accumulated during PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) after infection with the non-pathogenic Pst DC3000 hrpA mutant, or treatment with elicitors. Importantly, treatment with Flg22 induced BABA rise in Columbia-0 plants but not in Wassilewskija-0 plants, which naturally possess a non-functional flagellin receptor. These results indicate that BABA levels are controlled by the plant's immune system, thus advancing the understanding of the biological role of plant produced BABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves the defensive capacity of plants. This phenomenon is marked by an enhanced activation of induced defense mechanisms. Stimuli from pathogens, beneficial microbes, or arthropods, as well as chemicals and abiotic cues, can trigger the establishment of priming by acting as warning signals. Upon stimulus perception, changes may occur in the plant at the physiological, transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic levels. This phase is called the priming phase. Upon subsequent challenge, the plant effectively mounts a faster and/or stronger defense response that defines the postchallenge primed state and results in increased resistance and/or stress tolerance. Priming can be durable and maintained throughout the plant's life cycle and can even be transmitted to subsequent generations, therefore representing a type of plant immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; ,
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; ,
| | - Estrella Luna
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
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20
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Baccelli I, Mauch-Mani B. When the story proceeds backward: The discovery of endogenous β-aminobutyric acid as the missing link for a potential new plant hormone. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5398230 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1290019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) to induce resistance in plants against biotic and abiotic stresses has been known for more than 50 y. In the beginning reports were mainly descriptive of the phenomenon, but it became clear with the discovery of BABA insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis that there was definitely a genetic basis underlying BABA-induced resistance. The study of these mutants, along with the use of regular hormone mutants, allowed establishing the defense pathways activated upon defense induction. To date it is clear that BABA potentiates the defense pathway more appropriate to counteract the upcoming stress situation, through a phenomenon termed priming. Interestingly, plants possess a receptor for BABA, but up to recently there was a general consensus on the fact that BABA was a xenobiotic molecule. The development of an accurate non-destructive assay for measuring aminobutyric acid isomers in planta and the finding of plant-produced BABA, thus seems to represent the missing link for the discovery of a novel plant hormone. Differences and similarities with some of the classical plant hormones are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- University of Neuchâtel, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- University of Neuchâtel, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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21
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Baccelli I, Krosl J, Boucher G, Boivin I, Lavallée VP, Hébert J, Lemieux S, Marinier A, Sauvageau G. A novel approach for the identification of efficient combination therapies in primary human acute myeloid leukemia specimens. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e529. [PMID: 28211886 PMCID: PMC5386329 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate culture methods for the interrogation of primary leukemic samples were hitherto lacking and current assays for compound screening are not adapted for large-scale investigation of synergistic combinations. In this study, we report a novel approach that efficiently distills synthetic lethal interactions between small molecules active on primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) specimens. In single-dose experiments and under culture conditions preserving leukemia stem cell activity, our strategy considerably reduces the number of tests needed for the identification of promising compound combinations. Initially conducted with a selected library of 5000 small molecules and 20 primary AML specimens, it reveals 5 broad classes of sensitized therapeutic target pathways along with their synergistic patient-specific fingerprints. This novel method opens new avenues for the development of AML personalized therapeutics and may be generalized to other tumor types, for which in vitro cancer stem cell cultures have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Baccelli
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - J Krosl
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - G Boucher
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - I Boivin
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - V-P Lavallée
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - J Hébert
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Leukemia Cell Bank of Quebec, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - S Lemieux
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - A Marinier
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - G Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Leukemia Cell Bank of Quebec, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Thevenet D, Pastor V, Baccelli I, Balmer A, Vallat A, Neier R, Glauser G, Mauch-Mani B. The priming molecule β-aminobutyric acid is naturally present in plants and is induced by stress. New Phytol 2017; 213:552-559. [PMID: 27782340 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The defense system of a plant can be primed for increased defense, resulting in an augmented stress resistance and/or tolerance. Priming can be triggered by biotic and abiotic stimuli, as well as by chemicals such as β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a nonprotein amino acid considered so far a xenobiotic. Since the perception mechanism of BABA has been recently identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, in the present study we explored the possibility that plants do synthesize BABA. After developing a reliable method to detect and quantify BABA in plant tissues, and unequivocally separate it from its two isomers α- and γ-aminobutyric acid, we measured BABA levels in stressed and nonstressed A. thaliana plants, and in different plant species. We show that BABA is a natural product of plants and that the endogenous levels of BABA increase rapidly after infection with necrotrophic, biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, as well as after salt stress and submergence. Our results place the rise in endogenous BABA levels to a point of convergence in plant stress response and provide biological significance to the presence of a receptor in plants. These findings can explain the extremely widespread efficacy of BABA and open the way to unravel the early steps of priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thevenet
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Balmer
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Vallat
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Neier
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH-2000, Switzerland
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Baccelli I, Mauch-Mani B. Beta-aminobutyric acid priming of plant defense: the role of ABA and other hormones. Plant Mol Biol 2016; 91:703-11. [PMID: 26584561 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to recurring biotic and abiotic stresses that can, in extreme situations, lead to substantial yield losses. With the changing environment, the stress pressure is likely to increase and sustainable measures to alleviate the effect on our crops are sought. Priming plants for better stress resistance is one of the sustainable possibilities to reach this goal. Here, we report on the effects of beta-aminobutyric acid, a priming agent with an exceptionally wide range of action and describe its way of preparing plants to defend themselves against various attacks, among others through the modulation of their hormonal defense signaling, and highlight the special role of abscisic acid in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Baccelli I, Gonthier P, Bernardi R. Gene expression analyses reveal a relationship between conidiation and cerato-platanin in homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains of the fungal plant pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baccelli I. Cerato-platanin family proteins: one function for multiple biological roles? Front Plant Sci 2015; 5:769. [PMID: 25610450 PMCID: PMC4284994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Baccelli I, Lombardi L, Luti S, Bernardi R, Picciarelli P, Scala A, Pazzagli L. Cerato-platanin induces resistance in Arabidopsis leaves through stomatal perception, overexpression of salicylic acid- and ethylene-signalling genes and camalexin biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100959. [PMID: 24968226 PMCID: PMC4072723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) lead to the activation of the first line of plant defence. Few fungal molecules are universally qualified as MAMPs, and proteins belonging to the cerato-platanin protein (CPP) family seem to possess these features. Cerato-platanin (CP) is the name-giving protein of the CPP family and is produced by Ceratocystis platani, the causal agent of the canker stain disease of plane trees (Platanus spp.). On plane tree leaves, the biological activity of CP has been widely studied. Once applied on the leaf surface, CP acts as an elicitor of defence responses. The molecular mechanism by which CP elicits leaves is still unknown, and the protective effect of CP against virulent pathogens has not been clearly demonstrated. In the present study, we tried to address these questions in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results suggest that stomata rapidly sense CP since they responded to the treatment with ROS signalling and stomatal closure, and that CP triggers salicylic acid (SA)- and ethylene (ET)-signalling pathways, but not the jasmonic acid (JA)-signalling pathway, as revealed by the expression pattern of 20 marker genes. Among these, EDS1, PAD4, NPR1, GRX480, WRKY70, ACS6, ERF1a/b, COI1, MYC2, PDF1.2a and the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes 1–5. CP rapidly induced MAPK phosphorylation and induced the biosynthesis of camalexin within 12 hours following treatment. The induction of localised resistance was shown by a reduced susceptibility of the leaves to the infection with Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. These results contribute to elucidate the key steps of the signalling process underlying the resistance induction in plants by CP and point out the central role played by the stomata in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara Lombardi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aniello Scala
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Lombardi L, Faoro F, Luti S, Baccelli I, Martellini F, Bernardi R, Picciarelli P, Scala A, Pazzagli L. Differential timing of defense-related responses induced by cerato-platanin and cerato-populin, two non-catalytic fungal elicitors. Physiol Plant 2013; 149:408-421. [PMID: 23438009 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerato-platanin (CP) family consists of fungal-secreted proteins involved in various stages of the host-fungus interaction and acting as phytotoxins and elicitors of defense responses. The founder member of this family is CP, a non-catalytic protein with a six-stranded double-ψβ-barrel fold. Cerato-populin (Pop1) is an ortholog showing low sequence identity with CP. CP is secreted by Ceratocystis platani, the causal agent of the canker stain of plane. Pop1 is secreted by Ceratocystis populicola, a pathogen of poplar. CP and Pop1 have been suggested to act as PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) because they induce phytoalexin synthesis, transcription of defense-related genes, restriction of conidia growth and cell death in various plants. Here, we treated plane leaves with CP or Pop1, and monitored defense responses to define the role of these elicitors in the plant interactions. Both CP and Pop1 were able to induce mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation, production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and overexpression of defense related genes. The characteristic DNA fragmentation and the cytological features indicate that CP and Pop1 induce cell death by a mechanism of programmed cell death. Therefore, CP and Pop1 can be considered as two novel, non-catalytic fungal PAMPs able to enhance primary defense. Of particular interest is the observation that CP showed faster activity compared to Pop1. The different timing in defense activation could potentially be due to the structural differences between CP and Pop1 (i.e. different hydrophobic index and different helix content) therefore constituting a starting point in unraveling their structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lombardi
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology Section, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Baccelli I, Riethdorf S, Wallwiener M, Klein C, Pantel K, Weichert W, Schneeweiss A, Trumpp A. 63 Circulating Metastasis-initiating Cells in Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baccelli I, Comparini C, Bettini PP, Martellini F, Ruocco M, Pazzagli L, Bernardi R, Scala A. The expression of the cerato-platanin gene is related to hyphal growth and chlamydospores formation in Ceratocystis platani. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 327:155-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie; Università di Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Cecilia Comparini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie; Università di Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Priscilla P. Bettini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica ‘Leo Pardi’; Università di Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | | | - Michelina Ruocco
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante; CNR; Portici (NA); Italy
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche; Università di Firenze; Florence; Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie; Università di Pisa; Pisa; Italy
| | - Aniello Scala
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie; Università di Firenze; Florence; Italy
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