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Prischich D, Sortino R, Gomila-Juaneda A, Matera C, Guardiola S, Nepomuceno D, Varese M, Bonaventure P, de Lecea L, Giralt E, Gorostiza P. In vivo photocontrol of orexin receptors with a nanomolar light-regulated analogue of orexin-B. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:288. [PMID: 38970689 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Orexinergic neurons are critically involved in regulating arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. Their dysfunction has been associated with sleeping disorders, and non-peptide drugs are currently being developed to treat insomnia and narcolepsy. Yet, no light-regulated agents are available to reversibly control their activity. To meet this need, a photoswitchable peptide analogue of the endogenous neuroexcitatory peptide orexin-B was designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro and in vivo. This compound - photorexin - is the first photo-reversible ligand reported for orexin receptors. It allows dynamic control of activity in vitro (including almost the same efficacy as orexin-B, high nanomolar potency, and subtype selectivity to human OX2 receptors) and in vivo in zebrafish larvae by direct application in water. Photorexin induces dose- and light-dependent changes in locomotion and a reduction in the successive induction reflex that is associated with sleep behavior. Molecular dynamics calculations indicate that trans and cis photorexin adopt similar bent conformations and that the only discriminant between their structures and activities is the positioning of the N-terminus. This, in the case of the more active trans isomer, points towards the OX2 N-terminus and extra-cellular loop 2, a region of the receptor known to be involved in ligand binding and recognition consistent with a "message-address" system. Thus, our approach could be extended to several important families of endogenous peptides, such as endothelins, nociceptin, and dynorphins among others, that bind to their cognate receptors through a similar mechanism: a "message" domain involved in receptor activation and signal transduction, and an "address" sequence for receptor occupation and improved binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davia Prischich
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosalba Sortino
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Gomila-Juaneda
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvador Guardiola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- ONA Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Monica Varese
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- OMAKASE Consulting, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Zhu Y, Zhou T, Zhang H, He J, Li H, Lang M, Wang J, Peng S. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Aryl-β-Aminocyclopropane Carboxylic Acid Derivatives via Rh(II)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Vinylsulfonamides with α-Aryldiazoesters. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1074-1085. [PMID: 35057627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of vinylsulfonamides with donor-acceptor carbenes derived from α-aryldiazoesters, catalyzed by the tert-butyl glycine-derived dirhodium complex Rh2(S-4-Br-NTTL)4, has been reported. This method provides a variety of α-aryl-β-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives bearing one quaternary carbon stereogenic center vicinal to the amino-substituted carbon in high yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Vinylsulfonamides showed complementary advantages over the well-developed vinylamides or vinylcarbamates for this Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclopropanation strategy. Moreover, these conformationally restricted α-aryl-β-aminocyclopropyl carboxylic acid derivatives can be readily incorporated into dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyin He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
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3
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Fu J, Wurzer N, Lehner V, Reiser O, Davies HML. Rh(II)-Catalyzed Monocyclopropanation of Pyrroles and Its Application to the Synthesis Pharmaceutically Relevant Compounds. Org Lett 2019; 21:6102-6106. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nikolai Wurzer
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Lehner
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Boddaert T, Taylor JE, Bull SD, Aitken DJ. A Selective Deprotection Strategy for the Construction of trans-2-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic Acid Derived Peptides. Org Lett 2019; 21:100-103. [PMID: 30556696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A procedure allowing access to unprecedented tripeptides containing a trans-2-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid residue in their central position has been established. The key features of the strategy are the use of a masked trans-2-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid monomer equivalent for C-terminal coupling and full N-Boc protection of all amide groups until the final step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boddaert
- ICMMO, CNRS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 15 rue Georges Clemenceau , 91405 Orsay Cedex , France
| | - James E Taylor
- ICMMO, CNRS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 15 rue Georges Clemenceau , 91405 Orsay Cedex , France.,Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Steven D Bull
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath , BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - David J Aitken
- ICMMO, CNRS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 15 rue Georges Clemenceau , 91405 Orsay Cedex , France
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Kotagal S. Treatment of narcolepsy and other organic hypersomnias in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2018; 25:19-24. [PMID: 28735675 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive management of chronic disorders such as hypersomnias of childhood requires combining life-style changes with rational pharmacotherapy that is based on treating the symptoms that are most bothersome, the age, comorbidities, and metabolic and endocrine status of the patient. The excessive sleepiness of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia is best treated with dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate preparations or modafinil/armodafinil. Cataplexy treatment requires sodium oxybate, tricyclic agents, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Sodium oxybate is approved only for adults, thus its use in children is only on an off-label basis. Dual therapy, with both anti-cataplectic and stimulant medications may be required, as is close monitoring for treatment-emergent side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kotagal
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Pilsl LKA, Ertl T, Reiser O. Enantioselective Three-Step Synthesis of Homo-β-proline: A Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropane as Key Intermediate. Org Lett 2017; 19:2754-2757. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig K. A. Pilsl
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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7
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D'Angelo L, Castaldo L, de Girolamo P, Lucini C, Paolucci M, Pelagalli A, Varricchio E, Arcamone N. Orexins and receptor OX2R in the gastroenteric apparatus of two teleostean species:Dicentrarchus labraxandCarassius auratus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1121-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
| | - Luciana Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies; University of Sannio; Benevento Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages; National Research Council; Naples Italy
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies; University of Sannio; Benevento Italy
| | - Nadia Arcamone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions; University of Naples Federico II; Italy
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8
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Reiser O. Catalytic Conversion of Furans and Pyrroles to Natural Products and Analogues Utilizing Donor-Acceptor Substituted Cyclopropanes as Key Intermediates. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201500103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
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9
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Graebner AK, Iyer M, Carter ME. Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:111. [PMID: 26300745 PMCID: PMC4523943 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major question in systems neuroscience is how a single population of neurons can interact with the rest of the brain to orchestrate complex behavioral states. The hypothalamus contains many such discrete neuronal populations that individually regulate arousal, feeding, and drinking. For example, hypothalamic neurons that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides can sense homeostatic and metabolic factors affecting wakefulness and orchestrate organismal arousal. Neurons that express agouti-related protein (AgRP) can sense the metabolic needs of the body and orchestrate a state of hunger. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) can detect the hypertonicity of blood and orchestrate a state of thirst. Each hypothalamic population is sufficient to generate complicated behavioral states through the combined efforts of distinct efferent projections. The principal challenge to understanding these brain systems is therefore to determine the individual roles of each downstream projection for each behavioral state. In recent years, the development and application of temporally precise, genetically encoded tools has greatly improved our understanding of the structure and function of these neural systems. This review will survey recent advances in our understanding of how these individual hypothalamic populations can orchestrate complicated behavioral states due to the combined efforts of individual downstream projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Graebner
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Williams College Williamstown, MA, USA
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10
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Arcamone N, D’Angelo L, de Girolamo P, Lucini C, Pelagalli A, Castaldo L. Orexin and orexin receptor like peptides in the gastroenteric tract of Gallus domesticus: An immunohistochemical survey on presence and distribution. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Dong XS, Ma SF, Cao CW, Li J, An P, Zhao L, Liu NY, Yan H, Hu QT, Mignot E, Strohl KP, Gao ZC, Zeng C, Han F. Hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide precursor gene, HCRT, polymorphisms in early-onset narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep Med 2013; 14:482-7. [PMID: 23643651 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To test if the hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide precursor (HCRT) gene, HCRT, mutations are implicated in the development of narcolepsy with cataplexy deficiency in young children. METHODS The entire HCRT gene and ~2000 bp promoter region was first sequenced in 181 patients and 153 controls, and rare polymorphisms including three nonsynonymous amino acid changes were identified. Next the 557 bp region of exon 2 harboring the three nonsynonymous changes was sequenced in an additional 298 early-onset subjects and in 148 control samples. RESULTS A previously known common polymorphism (rs760282) and nine rare novel polymorphisms were identified in subjects and controls without significant differences. Two nonsynonymous exon 2 substitutions (+977 H54A, +979 G55R) were detected in two subjects with early onset at 7 and 6 years, respectively, but were not found in any controls. These substitutions are not likely to vastly change peptide binding to hypocretin receptors. One additional exon 2 substitution (+1019, K68R) was found in two patients and one control. Additional sequencing that focused on exon 2 showed additional subjects and controls with the +1019 K68R polymorphism and without significant differences between the subjects and the control. Segregation of two of these three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed from unaffected parents to offspring. CONCLUSIONS Sequencing of a large number of early-onset narcolepsy subjects revealed three novel nonsynonymous substitutions within the preprohypocretin protein, two of which were only found in patients with early-onset narcolepsy but are not likely to be functionally significant, especially in heterozygote subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Beijing University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Kukkonen JP. Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C2-32. [PMID: 23034387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexins and their G protein-coupled receptors, OX(1) and OX(2), were discovered in 1998, and since then, their role has been investigated in many functions mediated by the central nervous system, including sleep and wakefulness, appetite/metabolism, stress response, reward/addiction, and analgesia. Orexins also have peripheral actions of less clear physiological significance still. Cellular responses to the orexin receptor activity are highly diverse. The receptors couple to at least three families of heterotrimeric G proteins and other proteins that ultimately regulate entities such as phospholipases and kinases, which impact on neuronal excitation, synaptic plasticity, and cell death. This article is a 10-year update of my previous review on the physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system. I seek to provide a comprehensive update of orexin physiology that spans from the molecular players in orexin receptor signaling to the systemic responses yet emphasizing the cellular physiological aspects of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Rathmann D, Lindner D, DeLuca SH, Kaufmann KW, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Ligand-mimicking receptor variant discloses binding and activation mode of prolactin-releasing peptide. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32181-94. [PMID: 22778259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor and its bioactive RF-amide peptide (PrRP20) have been investigated to explore the ligand binding mode of peptide G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). By receptor mutagenesis, we identified the conserved aspartate in the upper transmembrane helix 6 (Asp(6.59)) of the receptor as the first position that directly interacts with arginine 19 of the ligand (Arg(19)). Replacement of Asp(6.59) with Arg(19) of PrRP20 led to D6.59R, which turned out to be a constitutively active receptor mutant (CAM). This suggests that the mutated residue at the top of transmembrane helix 6 mimics Arg(19) by interacting with additional binding partners in the receptor. Next, we generated an initial comparative model of this CAM because no ligand docking was required, and we selected the next set of receptor mutants to find the engaged partners of the binding pocket. In an iterative process, we identified two acidic residues and two hydrophobic residues that form the peptide ligand binding pocket. As all residues are localized on top or in the upper part of the transmembrane domains, we clearly can show that the extracellular surface of the receptor is sufficient for full signal transduction for prolactin-releasing peptide, rather than a deep, membrane-embedded binding pocket. This contributes to the knowledge of the binding of peptide ligands to GPCRs and might facilitate the development of GPCR ligands, but it also provides new targeting of CAMs involved in hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rathmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Putula J, Kukkonen JP. Mapping of the binding sites for the OX1 orexin receptor antagonist, SB-334867, using orexin/hypocretin receptor chimaeras. Neurosci Lett 2012; 506:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Gutiérrez-Abad R, Carbajo D, Nolis P, Acosta-Silva C, Cobos JA, Illa O, Royo M, Ortuño RM. Synthesis and structural study of highly constrained hybrid cyclobutane-proline γ,γ-peptides. Amino Acids 2011; 41:673-86. [PMID: 21541681 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two diastereomeric series of hybrid γ,γ-peptides derived from conveniently protected derivatives of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-3-amino-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid and cis-4-amino-L: -proline joined in alternation have efficiently been prepared through convergent synthesis. High-resolution NMR experiments show that these compounds present defined conformations in solution affording very compact structures as the result of intra and inter residue hydrogen-bonded ring formation. (R,S)-cyclobutane containing peptides adopt more twisted conformations than (S,R) diastereomers. In addition, all these γ-peptides have high tendency to aggregation providing vesicles of nanometric size, which were stable when allowed to stand for several days, as verified by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gutiérrez-Abad
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Pilsl LKA, Reiser O. α/β-Peptide foldamers: state of the art. Amino Acids 2011; 41:709-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Malherbe P, Roche O, Marcuz A, Kratzeisen C, Wettstein JG, Bissantz C. Mapping the Binding Pocket of Dual Antagonist Almorexant to Human Orexin 1 and Orexin 2 Receptors: Comparison with the Selective OX1 Antagonist SB-674042 and the Selective OX2 Antagonist N-Ethyl-2-[(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-(toluene-2-sulfonyl)-amino]-N-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-acetamide (EMPA). Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:81-93. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.064584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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18
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Carter ME, Schaich Borg J, de Lecea L. The brain hypocretins and their receptors: mediators of allostatic arousal. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:39-45. [PMID: 19185540 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretins (abbreviated 'Hcrts' - also called 'orexins') are two neuropeptides secreted exclusively by a small population of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. These peptides bind to two receptors located throughout the brain in nuclei associated with diverse cognitive and physiological functions. Initially, the brain Hcrt system was found to have a major role in the regulation of sleep/wake transitions. More recent studies indicate Hcrts may play a role in other physiological functions, including food intake, addiction, and stress. Taken together, these studies suggest a general role for Hcrts in mediating arousal, especially when an organism must respond to unexpected stressors and challenges in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 701B Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
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Xu M, Volkoff H. Molecular characterization of prepro-orexin in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): cloning, localization, developmental profile and role in food intake regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 271:28-37. [PMID: 17434256 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding for prepro-orexin (prepro-OX) was cloned from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) hypothalamus using reverse transcription and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The 143 amino acids (aa) prepro-OX contains a 38 aa signal peptide, a 50 aa orexin-A peptide and a 29 aa orexin-B peptide. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR shows that prepro-OX mRNA is present in brain and pituitary and in peripheral tissues, including gill, spleen, stomach and gut. Within the brain, high expression levels are seen in the hypothalamus. During development, prepro-OX is expressed from the cleavage stage up to the hatched larvae. Slot blot analysis shows that prepro-OX expression levels are higher in fish fed low (0.2% BW) and medium (0.8% BW) rations than in fish fed high rations (1.5% BW). Fish fed low and medium rations also display periprandial changes in prepro-OX expression, with higher expression levels at meal time (0 h) compared to 2h before and 2h after feeding. Our results suggest that orexins might be involved in development and feeding regulation in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Xu
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld A1B 3X9, Canada
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