A Kampo formula Juzen-taiho-to induces expression of metallothioneins in mice

Garlic (Allium sativum) and Fu-ling (Poria cocos) mitigate lead toxicity by improving antioxidant defense mechanisms and chelating ability in the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The heavy metal lead (Pb) is a contaminant widely distributed in the food chain. In this study, eight weeks of feeding containing Garlic (Allium sativum) or Fu-ling (Poria cocos) or both, markedly increased the growth index, enzyme activity, and serum index and significantly decreased muscle Pb level in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Upon Pb exposure, the feeding Garlic or Fu-ling or both possessed the similar effects on improving the function of the antioxidant system and chelating ability. Further, the gene expressions of metal binding proteins (TF and MT-2) in the liver of the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group, which were all highly up-regulated after Pb exposure. At the same time, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and the content of non-enzymatic substance (GSH) in the liver of the Garlic group, Fu-ling group and mixed group were stable compared to the control group after Pb exposure. Moreover, the reduction of Pb toxicity was manifested by the decrease of Pb content in the muscle, and the stable expression of heat stress proteins (HSP30 and HSP60) and immune-related genes (TNF-α and IL-1β). Taken together, the study preliminarily shows that the Garlic and Fu-ling play a role in mitigating the toxicity of Pb in grass carp.

Preventive effect of Ninjin-yoei-to, a Kampo medicine, on amyloid β1-42-induced neurodegeneration via intracellular Zn2+ toxicity in the dentate gyrus

Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT), a Kampo medicine, has ameliorative effects on cognitive dysfunction via enhancing cholinergic neuron activity. To explore an efficacy of NYT administration for prevention and cure of Alzheimer’s disease, here we examined the effect of NYT on amyloid β_1-42 (Aβ_1-42)-induced neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus. A diet containing 3% NYT was administered to mice for 2 weeks and human Aβ_1-42 was intracerebroventricularly injected. Neurodegeneration in the dentate granule cell layer of the hippocampus, which was determined 2 weeks after the injection, was rescued by administration of the diet for 4 weeks. Aβ staining (uptake) was not modified in the dentate granule cell layer by pre-administration of the diet for 2 weeks, while Aβ_1-42-induced increase in intracellular Zn²⁺ was reduced, suggesting that pre-administration of NYT prior to Aβ injection is effective for reducing Aβ_1-42-induced Zn²⁺ toxicity in the dentate gyrus. As a matter of fact, Aβ_1-42-induced neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus was rescued by pre-administration of NYT. Interestingly, the level of metallothioneins, intracellular Zn²⁺-binding proteins, which can capture Zn²⁺ from Zn-Aβ_1-42 complexes, was elevated in the dentate granule cell layer by pre-administration of NYT. The present study suggests that pre-administration of NYT prevents Aβ_1-42-mediated neurodegeneration in the dentate gyurs by induced synthesis of metallothioneins, which reduces intracellular Zn²⁺ toxicity induced by Aβ_1-42.

Suppressive Effect of Kampo Formula "Juzen-taiho-to" on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether pretreatment with the Japanese herbal medicine, "Juzen-taiho-to" (JTX), had an ameliorative effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity through anorexia prevention. Mice injected with CCl4 exhibited severe anorexia. Moreover, CCl4 increased the plasma levels of hepatic injury markers (i.e., alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), lipid peroxidation, and hepatic Ca(2+) levels. Pretreatment with JTX recovered the CCl4-induced anorexia. In addition, JTX pretreatment decreased CCl4-induced plasma levels of hepatic injury markers. Increased Ca(2+) is a known indicator of the final progression to hepatocyte death, and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity is mainly caused by oxidative stress. The present study indicated CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatic Ca(2+) content decreased with JTX pretreatment. Our results suggest that JTX has potential to protect of CCl4-induced anorexia, and the modulation of oxidative stress.