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Menezes TM, de Souza Franco E, de Almeida Sousa Lima LC, de Souza Pereira ÁM, de Santos Lima LW, Quixabeira CMT, da Silva JF, Cahu TB, de Souza Bezerra R, Lira EC, Militão GCG, de Sousa Maia MB. Non-clinical repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity, reproductive toxicity and cytotoxicity studies of the polar fraction of Parkinsonia aculeata aerial parts extract. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:792-799. [PMID: 34484670 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate toxicity in repeated doses for 28 days, reproductive toxicity and cytotoxicity of a polar fraction obtained from the hydroethanolic extract of Parkinsonia aculeata (PfrHEPA) in experimental models. To perform the toxicity test in repeated doses for 28 days, male and female Wistar rats were treated via orogastric for 28 days with PfrHEPA (35, 70 or 140 mg/kg) according to the guidelines established by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) number 407 (1995). For assessment, the impact of PfrHEPA on the reproductive output various parameters were measured, including maternal weight, no. of pregnant females, female fertility index (%), gestation lengthtime, implantation sites, litter size and placental index of test animals. The cytotoxicity of PfrHEPA was performed on the tumor lines NCI-H292 (human lung carcinoma), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) and HCT-116 (colorectal cancer). In the repeated dose toxicity test for 28 days, no mortality was observed in the male and female rats treated with PfrHEPA as well as morphological changes and biochemical and hematological parameters. In the reproductive toxicity test, no abnormalities were observed related to the toxicological parameters in both mothers and offspring. Regarding the cytotoxicity assay, the PfrHEPA fraction did not demonstrate significant cytotoxic effect on the cell lines analyzed. The present results suggest the use of PfrHEPA is safe and well tolerated in rats. Further studies are planned to identify and purify the active compounds for subsequent in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Meira Menezes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Eryvelton de Souza Franco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Brazilian University Center, (UNIBRA), R. Padre Inglês, 257 Boa Vista - Recife/PE - CEP: 50050-230 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Larissa Caroline de Almeida Sousa Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Áurea Marcela de Souza Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Laísa Wanessa de Santos Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Carla Mirele Tabósa Quixabeira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Janilson Felix da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barbosa Cahu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Ranilson de Souza Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carvalho Lira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Gardênia Carmen Gadelha Militão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete de Sousa Maia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235; Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife - PE, Brazil
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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Pickler TB, Lopes KP, Magalhães SA, Krueger CMA, Martins MM, Filho VC, Jozala AF, Grotto D, Gerenutti M. Effect of Libidibia ferrea bark and seed in maternal reproductive and biochemical outcomes and fetal anomaly in rats. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:863-871. [PMID: 31115177 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy pregnant women living in underdeveloped regions are usually treated by traditional healers, inadvertent of the potential toxic effects of plant-derivative substances. Thus, we investigated whether exposure to a hydroalcoholic extract of bark and seed of Libidibia ferrea during pregnancy results in fetotoxicity and maternal toxicity. The main constituents of both extracts were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). METHODS Pregnant rats were divided into three groups: control (C), group exposed to extract of bark (Lfb-1.0 g/kg/day), and group exposed to extract of the seed (Lfs-1.0 g/kg/day). Biochemical parameters, reproductive capacity, morphological effects in the offspring were analyzed. RESULTS HPLC fingerprint confirmed the presence of ellagic in both bark and seed extracts, and the absence of detectable concentrations of gallic and catechin. Fetuses exposed to L. ferrea extracts presented shorter mean lengths for head and body sections when compared to those in C and exhibited visceral and skeletal anomalies. Pregnant rats exposed to Lfs extracts show alterations in serum creatinine levels and yield amniotic fluid with abnormal biochemical composition. CONCLUSION Bark or seed extracts of L. ferrea do not exhibit safety level compatible to be used in the gestational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa B Pickler
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina P Lopes
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Stefani A Magalhães
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M A Krueger
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico Farmacêuticas, University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI_NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Milene M Martins
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico Farmacêuticas, University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI_NIQFAR), Itajaí, SC, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, University of Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Angela F Jozala
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Gerenutti
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research (LAPETOX), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Kaunda JS, Zhang YJ. The Genus Solanum: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Biological Properties Review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:77-137. [PMID: 30868423 PMCID: PMC6426945 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies. Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae, comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, e.g., China, India and Japan. Many of them are economically significant species. Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identification of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, phenolic comopunds, coumarins, amongst other compounds. Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to different tumors as breast cancer (4T1 and EMT), colorectal cancer (HCT116, HT29, and SW480), and prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines. The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phenols. This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018, fetched from SciFinder, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Wikipedia and Baidu, using "Solanum" and the species' names as search terms ("all fields").
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sakah Kaunda
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Martins GZ, Moreira RRD, Planeta CS, Almeida AE, Bastos JK, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, do Céu Sousa M. Effects of the extract and glycoalkaloids of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S161-5. [PMID: 26109762 PMCID: PMC4461956 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.157721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Solanum lycocarpum has great importance for food and medicinal traditional use. Recently, it was also evidenced that extracts of S. lycocarpum St. Hill (Solanaceae) and its glycoalkaloids, solamargine (Sg) and solasonine (Sn), are active against flagellated protozoa. Objective: The aim was to assess the effects of the extract of S. lycocarpum and its glycoalkaloids, Sn, and Sg, on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Materials and Methods: A crude extract (96%ethanol) (EB) of fruits of S. lycocarpum was prepared and fractionated by partition with 40%ethanol and n-hexane: Ethyl acetate. Glycoalkaloids, Sn, and Sg were recognized in the ethanol fraction (EF) and further isolated by column chromatography. EB, EF, the isolated Sn and Sg and a mixture (1:1) of both glycoalkaloids were tested on cultures of G. lamblia trophozoites and macrophages. Results: EB, EF and glycoalkaloids of S. lycocarpum showed activity against Giardia (95.0 < Inhibitory concentration 50 [IC50] ≤120.3 μg/mL). The mixture of glycoalkaloids (1:1) was more active (IC50 = 13.23 μg/mL) than each one individually, suggesting a synergic effect. Moreover, the mixture is nontoxic to macrophage cells. Conclusion: Results are optimistic concerning the anti-Giardia potential of the mixture Sn + Sg. Further studies, in vitro and in vivo, will be required to consolidate the usefulness of the mixture of Sn + Sg in view of a new therapeutic strategy for giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmarcio Z Martins
- UNIFEB, University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos, Avenida Professor Roberto Monte Frade, Barretos, São Paulo state, Brazil ; Department of Principles Natural Actives and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Raquel R D Moreira
- Department of Principles Natural Actives and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil ; Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cleopatra S Planeta
- Department of Principles Natural Actives and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Adélia E Almeida
- Departament of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Martins JLR, Rodrigues ORL, de Sousa FB, Fajemiroye JO, Galdino PM, Florentino IF, Costa EA. Medicinal species with gastroprotective activity found in the Brazilian Cerrado. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:238-51. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. R. Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
| | - Oscar R. L. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
| | - Fábio B. de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
| | - James O. Fajemiroye
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
| | - Pablinny M. Galdino
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
| | - Iziara F. Florentino
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
| | - Elson A. Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Goiás; Samambaia Campus 74001-970, 314 Goiania GO Brazil
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Immunomodulatory effect of the alkaloidic extract of Solanum lycocarpum fruits in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:396-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tiossi RFJ, Miranda MA, de Sousa JPB, Praça FSG, Bentley MVLB, McChesney JD, Bastos JK. A Validated Reverse Phase HPLC Analytical Method for Quantitation of Glycoalkaloids in Solanum lycocarpum and Its Extracts. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:947836. [PMID: 22567576 PMCID: PMC3335309 DOI: 10.1155/2012/947836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) is native to the Brazilian Cerrado. Fruits of this species contain the glycoalkaloids solasonine (SN) and solamargine (SM), which display antiparasitic and anticancer properties. A method has been developed for the extraction and HPLC-UV analysis of the SN and SM in different parts of S. lycocarpum, mainly comprising ripe and unripe fruits, leaf, and stem. This analytical method was validated and gave good detection response with linearity over a dynamic range of 0.77-1000.00 μg mL(-1) and recovery in the range of 80.92-91.71%, allowing a reliable quantitation of the target compounds. Unripe fruits displayed higher concentrations of glycoalkaloids (1.04% ± 0.01 of SN and 0.69% ± 0.00 of SM) than the ripe fruits (0.83% ± 0.02 of SN and 0.60% ± 0.01 of SM). Quantitation of glycoalkaloids in the alkaloidic extract gave 45.09% ± 1.14 of SN and 44.37% ± 0.60 of SM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fabiane Jorge Tiossi
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza Abreu Miranda
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Barreto de Sousa
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Silva Garcia Praça
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Miranda MA, Magalhães LG, Tiossi RFJ, Kuehn CC, Oliveira LGR, Rodrigues V, McChesney JD, Bastos JK. Evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity of the steroidal alkaloids from Solanum lycocarpum fruits. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:257-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Toxicological evaluation of 10% Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill fruit consumption in the diet of growing rats: hematological, biochemical and histopathological effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 62:549-53. [PMID: 19674878 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (Solanaceae) is a native shrub very common in the Brazilian savanna. The fruit of this plant contains steroidal glycoalkaloids that may disrupt the endocrine system. Because this plant is employed in folk medicine for the management of diabetes, obesity and decreasing cholesterol levels, the present study determined the possible toxic effects of exposure to S. lycocarpum fruit from weaning (21 days old) until adult age (8 weeks of treatment) in male and female rats. In male rats, the plant reduced weight gain, while few significant differences were observed in female animals. Slight significant differences were observed in food and water consumption and in hematological parameters in treated rats. Reductions in adrenal gland, spleen, heart, kidneys and thymus weights of treated males were observed, while increased relative weights were detected in the heart, epididymises, lungs, seminal vesicles, and testicles. In females, no differences were observed in organ weights and few differences were observed in relative weights of some organs. The histopathologic study showed no alteration between groups. Serum biochemical parameters showed triglyceride reductions in treated animals of both sexes; in females, an increase in albumin and alanine aminotransferase levels and a reduction in total protein levels were noted. The present data therefore demonstrate sex-related differences in S. lycocarpum toxicity.
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