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Diouchi J, Marinković J, Nemoda M, El Rhaffari L, Toure B, Ghoul S. In Vitro Methods for Assessing the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Essential Oils as Potential Root Canal Irrigants-A Simplified Description of the Technical Steps. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:50. [PMID: 39051264 PMCID: PMC11270344 DOI: 10.3390/mps7040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils have gained in significance due to their various biological activities, and there is a growing demand for them in many industries. The present article focuses on the technical steps for an in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of essential oils for potential use as root canal irrigant in dentistry. METHODS The bioactivities of the essential oil were investigated through in vitro assays. The gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis was used as a micro-organism model. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was assessed using the microdilution method, and resazurin staining to determine the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The antibiofilm effect was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 570 nm using the microplate cultivation technique and crystal violet staining. CONCLUSIONS This article features a detailed in vitro protocol to facilitate the preparation of the essential oil samples, the bacterial suspension, and the methods used for assessment of the antibiofilm and antibacterial activities of the essential oil. The advantages of these approaches are presented in relation to the limits linked to the choice of the bacteria and the essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad Diouchi
- Health Sciences Research Center, International Faculty of Dental Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Technopolis Parc, Rocade of Rabat-Salé, Sala-Al Jadida 11100, Morocco; (B.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Jelena Marinković
- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, ‘VINCA’ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Milica Nemoda
- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, ‘VINCA’ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Lhoussaine El Rhaffari
- Laboratory of Bioactives, Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50050, Morocco;
| | - Babacar Toure
- Health Sciences Research Center, International Faculty of Dental Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Technopolis Parc, Rocade of Rabat-Salé, Sala-Al Jadida 11100, Morocco; (B.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Sonia Ghoul
- Health Sciences Research Center, International Faculty of Dental Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Technopolis Parc, Rocade of Rabat-Salé, Sala-Al Jadida 11100, Morocco; (B.T.); (S.G.)
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Javed D, Dixit AK, Anwar S, Rai A, Krishan K. Ayurvedic and herbal plaque control agents in gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:378. [PMID: 38144032 PMCID: PMC10744006 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_204_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the effectiveness of ayurvedic and herbal plaque control agents in reducing plaque in gingivitis is inconsistent across multiple trials, we conducted a study to evaluate their overall effect on dental plaque index (PI), gingival index, and bacterial colony counts (CC) of debris in gingivitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched major electronic biomedical databases (PubMed/Medline, CAM-QUEST®, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from August 2004 to August 2021 for randomized control trials on gingivitis using ayurvedic, herbal plaque control agents, and oil pulling therapy as interventions. We grouped comparable outcome parameters of similar products and estimated the standard mean difference (SMD) for pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Risk-of-bias (ROB) assessment followed the Cochrane Collaboration's recommended approach. RESULTS We found 554 articles of 2,806 patients after searching of which 41 randomized clinical trials were considered for meta-analysis. Ayurvedic plaque control agents (Plaque index (PI): SMD = -0.52, 95% CI (-0.94, -0.11); CC: SMD = -1.70, 95% CI (-5.06, 1.67)), (Oil pulling therapy: PI: SMD = -0.38, 95% CI (-1.45, 0.68); CC: SMD = -1.04, 95% CI (-2.20, 0.11)), (Herbal plaque control agents: PI: SMD = -0.58, 95% CI (-1.55, 0.39)), (Triphala: PI: SMD = -0.65, 95% CI (-1.32, 0.03)) were found as good as control. Significant reduction in the gingival index and bacterial colony count was also seen. CONCLUSIONS In addition to conventional dental care, ayurvedic and herbal plaque control agents may help in plaque reduction, gingival inflammation, and bacterial growth. They are safe and may be recommended in community dentistry practices.(PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021274656).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Javed
- Department of AYUSH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Dixit
- Department of AYUSH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Sana Anwar
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Anshul Rai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Kawal Krishan
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, MP, India
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Mosaddad SA, Hussain A, Tebyaniyan H. Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1269. [PMCID: PMC10220622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Science and Research Branch, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 14878-92855, Iran
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Camilo CJ, Leite DOD, da S. Mendes JW, Dantas AR, de Carvalho NKG, Castro JWG, Salazar GJT, Ferreira MKA, de Meneses JEA, da Silva AW, dos Santos HS, Tavares JF, Silva JPRE, Rodrigues FFG, Cheon C, Kim B, da Costa JGM. Analysis toxicity by different methods and anxiolytic effect of the aqueous extract Lippia sidoides Cham. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20626. [PMID: 36450779 PMCID: PMC9712538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) is a species often mentioned in traditional medicine due to the medicinal properties attributed to its leaves, which include antibacterial, antifungal, acaricidal and antioxidant. Several of these actions have been scientifically proven, according to reports in the literature; however, little is known about toxicological aspects of this plant. This work included studies to determine the chemical composition and toxicity tests, using several methods aiming to evaluate the safety for use of the aqueous extract of L. sidoides leaves, in addition, the anxiolytic effect on adult zebrafish was investigated, thus contributing to the pharmacological knowledge and traditional medicine concerning the specie under study. The chemical profile was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-HPLC/MS with electrospray ionization. Toxicity was evaluated by zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, blood cells, and Artemia salina models. 12 compounds belonging to the flavonoid class were identified. In the toxicity assays, the observed results showed low toxicity of the aqueous extract in all tests performed. In the analysis with zebrafish, the highest doses of the extract were anxiolytic, neuromodulating the GABAa receptor. The obtained results support the safe use of the aqueous extract of L. sidoides leaves for the development of new drugs and for the use by populations in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cicera J. Camilo
- grid.411177.50000 0001 2111 0565Postgraduate Program in Ethnobiology and Nature Conservation, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, R. Dr. Miguel, Parnamirim, PE 56163-000 Brazil
| | - Débora O. D. Leite
- grid.412327.10000 0000 9141 3257Northeast Biotechnology Network-RENORBIO, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60714-903 Brazil
| | - Johnatan W. da S. Mendes
- grid.412405.60000 0000 9823 4235Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63105-00 Brazil
| | - Alexandro R. Dantas
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63105-00 Brazil
| | | | - José W. G. Castro
- Graduate Program in Biological Diversity and Natural Resources, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Gerson J. T. Salazar
- grid.411177.50000 0001 2111 0565Postgraduate Program in Ethnobiology and Nature Conservation, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, R. Dr. Miguel, Parnamirim, PE 56163-000 Brazil
| | | | - Jane Eire Alencar de Meneses
- grid.412327.10000 0000 9141 3257Postgraduate Program in Natural Sciences-PPGCN, State University of Cear, Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Antonio Wlisses da Silva
- grid.412327.10000 0000 9141 3257Northeast Biotechnology Network-RENORBIO, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60714-903 Brazil
| | - Helcio S. dos Santos
- grid.412405.60000 0000 9823 4235Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63105-00 Brazil
| | - Josean F. Tavares
- grid.411216.10000 0004 0397 5145Multiuser Laboratory of Characterization and Analysis, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Joanda P. R. e Silva
- grid.411216.10000 0004 0397 5145Multiuser Laboratory of Characterization and Analysis, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Fabiola F. G. Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biological Diversity and Natural Resources, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Chunhoo Cheon
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-Ro 26 Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 05254 South Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-Ro 26 Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 05254 South Korea
| | - José Galberto Martins da Costa
- grid.412327.10000 0000 9141 3257Northeast Biotechnology Network-RENORBIO, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60714-903 Brazil ,grid.412405.60000 0000 9823 4235Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63105-00 Brazil ,Natural Products Research Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63105-00 Brazil
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de Assis EL, Silveira FD, da Ponte AVA, Regis RR. A Systematic Review of the Potential Effects of Lippia sidoides on Dental Plaque and Periodontal Diseases. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:341-355. [PMID: 34598290 DOI: 10.1055/a-1554-6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lippia sidoides is a typical shrub from Brazil that has been used in traditional medicine. This is a systematic review on the effect of L. sidoides for controlling dental plaque, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A database search through May 2021 in Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, BVS, and Web of Science identified 711 reports of which 17 met our inclusion criteria. Five randomized controlled trials and three animal studies were included that compared L. sidoides-based products (toothpaste, mouthrinse, and gel) to cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, and placebo products. Among the human studies, a significant antiplaque effect after treatment with L. sidoides-based products was observed in three studies and an antigingivitis effect in two studies, similar to chlorhexidine-based products. One study found superior dental plaque reduction compared to cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse. Only one study testing a L. sidoides gel found no antiplaque effect. Among the animal studies, an L. sidoides mouthrinse significantly reduced calculus in two studies, inflammatory infiltrate in one study, and plaque bacteria and gingivitis in one study. An L. sidoides gel significantly reduced alveolar bone loss and inflammatory response in one study in which mice were submitted to ligature-induced periodontal disease. In general, L. sidoides-based products were effective in reducing dental plaque and calculus formation, as well as clinical signs of gingivitis. As most studies present methodological limitations, these results should be interpreted carefully. Further clinical trials with greater methodological accuracy and control of biases are necessary for the use of L. sidoides-based products in humans to be viable in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Lima de Assis
- Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dantas Silveira
- Post-graduation Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Alan Victor Araújo da Ponte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Rocha Regis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Can Plant Materials Be Valuable in the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases? Practical Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122185. [PMID: 34959467 PMCID: PMC8705740 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are one of the most significant challenges in dental health. It is estimated that only a few percent of the worldwide population have entirely healthy teeth, and according to WHO, oral diseases may affect up to 3.5 billion people worldwide. One of the most serious oral diseases is periodontitis, an inflammatory disease affecting periodontal tissues, caused by pathogenic bacteria and environmental factors such as the ageing population, abuse of tobacco products, and lack of adequate oral hygiene due low public awareness. Plant materials are widely and successfully used in the management of many conditions, including periodontitis. Plant materials for periodontitis exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and affect the periodontium structure. Numerous studies demonstrate the advantages of phytotherapy for periodontitis relief and indicate the usefulness of Baikal skullcap root, Pomegranate fruit peel and root cortex, Tea leaves, Chamomile flowers, Magnolia bark, Blackberry leaves and fruits, Cranberry fruits and Lippia sidoides essential oil. This review aims to analyze the use and applicability of selected plant materials in periodontitis management since it is of paramount importance to evaluate the evidence of the traditionally used plant materials in light of continuously growing interest in phytotherapy and its adjuvant role in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Furquim Dos Santos Cardoso V, Amaral Roppa RH, Antunes C, Silva Moraes AN, Santi L, Konrath EL. Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts as dental and periodontal antibiofilm agents: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114541. [PMID: 34416298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The presence of biofilm in oral cavity is associated with dental plaque and related diseases, including gingivitis, periodontitis and inflammatory responses. Some medicinal plants traditionally used for biofilm-associated pathologies such as Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Punica granatum L. and Lippia sidoides Cham. are currently incorporated into dosage forms as antiplaque agents. AIMS OF THE STUDY To present the current application of medicinal plant extracts associated in drug dosages to control microbial biofilms, with emphasis on those present in the oral cavity, especially to treat dental plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PRISMA-compliant systematic search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases. After the abstract and full-text analysis, the Cochrane Collaboration's tools for clinical studies was applied to assess the methodological quality of randomized clinical trials. RESULTS Of 964 potentially eligible studies, 47 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Camellia sinensis was the most commonly used species (8 studies), with positive results in reducing both the PI and GI in the form of mouthwash, toothpaste and gel. The Melaleuca alternifolia oil (5 studies) demonstrated low reduction in PI but important effects on GI scores. Azadirachta indica (4 studies) extracts presented efficacy similar to CHX to improve the periodontal parameters, including PI and GI. Ricinus communis oil (3 studies), despite reducing microbiological counts and GI, did not prove to be better than the hypochlorite solution, used as an alternative treatment for dentures. The main bioactive compounds described for the plant species are polyphenols, essential oils and alkaloids, most of them with identified antibiofilm activities. CONCLUSIONS These active species could lead to future development of safer and newer treatments for oral biofilm-associated infections. However, more studies are needed to further understand the clinical relevance of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Haack Amaral Roppa
- Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Antunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Naiara Silva Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Barreto JO, do Nascimento FBSA, Fonseca SGDC, Serpa Sampaio L, da Silva CR, de Andrade Neto JB, Júnior HVN, Regis RR. Microbiological evaluation of an experimental denture cleanser containing essential oil of Lippia sidoides. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:117-130. [PMID: 33593175 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1885649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of an experimental solution containing essential oil of Lippia sidoides for denture cleaning was evaluated by (1) minimum inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) tests against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomona aeruginosa; (2) the metabolic activity of C. albicans biofilm formed on flat-bottom microplates and denture base specimens based on the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); and (3) scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate the fungal biofilm morphology. The solution showed antimicrobial action against the pathogens tested (C. albicans - MIC and MFC: 19.53 µg ml-1, S. aureus - MIC and MBC: 78.12 µg ml-1, P. aeruginosa - MIC: 625 µg ml-1, MBC: 2,500 µg ml-1), reduced the metabolic activity of C. albicans biofilm up to 97%, and caused cell wall damage at low concentrations (195.3-390.6 µg ml-1) and in short time periods (20 min). Therefore, the experimental solution has the potential to be used as an alternative in the prevention and treatment of denture-induced infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Oliveira Barreto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bruna Stefany Aires do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Serpa Sampaio
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Rocha Regis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Abdulkareem AA, Al Marah ZA, Abdulbaqi HR, Alshaeli AJ, Milward MR. A randomized double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of chlorhexidine, antioxidant, and hyaluronic acid mouthwashes in the management of biofilm-induced gingivitis. Int J Dent Hyg 2020; 18:268-277. [PMID: 32100933 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy in addition to evaluating side effects and subjects' perceptions of three commercially available mouthwashes. METHODS This study was a double-blind, parallel, and short-term trial. A total of 75 dental students with biofilm-induced gingivitis were included in the final analysis of the current study. Clinical parameters (plaque index and bleeding on probing) and the staining effect were measured at baseline and after 7 days. In addition, a VAS-based assessment questionnaire was completed by the participants. RESULTS All interventions significantly reduced plaque scores, but chlorhexidine (CHX) had a significantly higher effect than the hyaluronic acid (HA) and antioxidant mouthwashes. However, all mouthwashes significantly reduced the total bleeding scores to <10% in 53% of the patients, compared to the baseline record. Additionally, teeth underwent shade changes in association with all interventions by the end of the study. Analysis of feedback about the mouthwashes showed that the participants seemed to prefer the HA mouthwash over the other mouthwashes. CONCLUSIONS CHX remains the most effective antiplaque mouthwash although HA and antioxidants are as effective as CHX in reducing bleeding. In addition, based on its better acceptance by the participants, HA is potentially a good alternative to CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaid A Al Marah
- Faculty of Dentistry, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Ali J Alshaeli
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mike R Milward
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Tartaglia GM, Tadakamadla SK, Connelly ST, Sforza C, Martín C. Adverse events associated with home use of mouthrinses: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2019; 10:2042098619854881. [PMID: 31579502 PMCID: PMC6759706 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619854881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor oral hygiene is strongly associated with oral and systemic diseases. Alongside mechanical tooth cleaning, the adjunctive use of mouthrinses has been widely advocated. Although research on the efficacy of various mouthrinse formulations is very active, there are a lack of conclusive data regarding their adverse effects. Methods We undertook a systematic review in accordance wih PRISMA guidelines of electronic databases of clinical trials of any duration with daily home use of mouthwashes, presenting clinical and subjective side effects (PROSPERO registration: CRD42016054037). Results After evaluating 614 titles and abstracts, 154 studies were selected for full-text analysis; 85 final papers were included. Based on the active ingredient in the test product, nine categories were created: cetyl pyridinium chloride, essential oils, chlorhexidine, triclosan, natural products, diclofenac, fluorides, delmopinol, and miscellaneous active substances. Most of the studies were of short duration (less than 6 months) with a defective 'methods' description; the reporting of adverse events often being overlooked. Both local morphological (oral mucosa and dental-crown staining, mucosal lesions) and functional (taste modifications, abnormal oral sensation) alterations were reported. Tooth staining was the most commonly listed adverse event, but it was quantitatively assessed only in a very small number of papers; most studies relied on patient reports. Staining was time associated; the longer the study, the higher its reported incidence and severity. Conclusions The reduced report of side effects may partly be due to a lack of an objective measure and lack of general guidelines that demand studies report their adverse events. The most frequently reported adverse effect was teeth staining. As in most studies, the effect was associated with trial duration; clinical trials should be of sufficient duration. New investigations meeting the suggested criteria of a minimal duration of 6 months should be planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca M Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, Milano, MI 20133, Italy Private Practice, SST Dental Clinic, Via Martiri della Libertà 58, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | | | - Stephen Thaddeus Connelly
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health System, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Conchita Martín
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kamath NP, Tandon S, Nayak R, Naidu S, Anand PS, Kamath YS. The effect of aloe vera and tea tree oil mouthwashes on the oral health of school children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2019; 21:61-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s40368-019-00445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Ribeiro VP, Arruda C, da Silva JJM, Aldana Mejia JA, Furtado NAJC, Bastos JK. Use of spinning band distillation equipment for fractionation of volatile compounds of Copaifera
oleoresins for developing a validated gas chromatographic method and evaluating antimicrobial activity. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4412. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pena Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Caroline Arruda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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13
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Dutra RC, Campos MM, Santos AR, Calixto JB. Medicinal plants in Brazil: Pharmacological studies, drug discovery, challenges and perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:4-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mitra DK, Shah PM, Shah HH, Rodrigues SV, Mehta CJ. The antiplaque efficacy of white tea extract mouthrinse. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:514-517. [PMID: 29242687 PMCID: PMC5676333 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.201697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to assess the antiplaque efficacy of a mouthwash containing white tea. It also assessed the antibacterial properties of white tea against Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in vitro. Materials and Methods: Forty-five subjects with healthy periodontium were randomly chosen and were divided into three groups and advised to use mouthwashes A, B, and C (Group A, white tea; Group B, distilled water [placebo]; Group C, chlorhexidine) for 4 days. They were advised to refrain from any kind of mechanical oral hygiene techniques. Plaque index (PI) was checked on day 1 and 5. In vitro testing for against Pi, Pg, and Aa against white tea extract was undertaken. Results: PI significantly increased from day 1 to day 5 (P < 0.01) in Groups A, B, and C. In inter-group comparison, there was a statistical significant difference between white tea mouthrinse group and placebo group, chlorhexidine group and placebo group and also chlorhexidine group and white tea mouthrinse group. However, chlohexidine showed superior antiplaque activity. In vitro test, white tea showed effective inhibition against all three bacterial strains Pi, Pg, and Aa at 1% concentration. Conclusion: White tea mouthrinse potently inhibits plaque formation although not as comparable to chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Hence, for those preferring herbal products, white tea mouthrinse is a good option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Kalyan Mitra
- Department of Periodontology, TPCT's Terna Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Palak Mahendra Shah
- Department of Periodontology, TPCT's Terna Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hemang Harshad Shah
- Department of Periodontology, TPCT's Terna Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Yoshikawa K, Sekino J, Imamura K, Ota K, Kita D, Saito A. In vitro Effect of Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Proliferation and Migration of Gingival Epithelial Cells. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1113-8. [PMID: 27059802 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate in vitro the effects of mouthrinses containing essential oils (EOs) on proliferation and migration of gingival epithelial cells. Human gingival epithelial cells were treated with predetermined dilutions of commercially available EO mouthrinses with or without ethanol and a mouthrinse containing cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) for 60 s. Cell proliferation was evaluated using WST-1 assay. Cell migration was assessed using a wound closure model. Within 10 s of exposure to EO mouthrinse without ethanol, the epithelial cells became aberrant and shrank. No statistically significant difference in cell migration or proliferation was observed among cells pretreated by the EO mouthrinse with ethanol, CPC mouthrinse and control (phosphate buffered saline). In contrast, the EO mouthrinse without ethanol significantly reduced cell proliferation (p < 0.001) to approximately 20% relative to control. As for the EO mouthrinse without ethanol, it was not possible to assess its effect on cell migration using this model, because treated cells could be easily detached from the culture plate upon scratch, possibly because of the surfactant ingredient in the formulation. Within the limitations of the study, the EO mouthrinse with ethanol exerted no inhibitory effect on proliferation and migration of the gingival epithelial cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Yoshikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Sekino
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Imamura
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Ota
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Japan
| | - Daichi Kita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Japan
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16
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Botelho MA, Barros G, Queiroz DB, Carvalho CF, Gouvea J, Patrus L, Bannet M, Patrus D, Rego A, Silva I, Campus G, Araújo-Filho I. Nanotechnology in Phytotherapy: Antiinflammatory Effect of a Nanostructured Thymol Gel from Lippia sidoides in Acute Periodontitis in Rats. Phytother Res 2015; 30:152-9. [PMID: 26553130 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lippia sidoides Cham (Verbenaceae) is largely distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil. It is popularly known as 'Alecrim-pimenta'. Recent studies have shown that some species of Lippia have interesting pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nanostructured thymol gel (TG) 1.2 mg/g on acute phase of ligature-induced periodontitis model [acute periodontal disease (APD)] in rats. APD was induced in 24 Wistar rats subjected to ligature placement on left molars in maxillae. Animals were treated with TG, immediately after APD induction. Saline-based gel was utilized as negative control and diethylammonium diclofenac gel 10 mg/g was used as positive control. Animals were randomly assigned into the groups. The periodontium and the surrounding gingiva were examined at histopathology, as well as the neutrophil influx into the gingiva was assayed using myeloperoxidase activity levels by ELISA method. TG treatment reduced tissue lesion at histopathology coupled to decreased myeloperoxidase activity production in gingival tissue when compared with the saline gel control group (p < 0.05). The TG gel was able to provide a significant myeloperoxidase decreasing in gingiva tissue confirming to be effective in reducing gingival inflammation in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Botelho
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gisele Barros
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Dinalva B Queiroz
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Gouvea
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lia Patrus
- School of Health, University Anhembi-Morumbi, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane Bannet
- School of Health, University Anhembi-Morumbi, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danile Patrus
- School of Health, University Anhembi-Morumbi, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amália Rego
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ivaldo Silva
- Departament of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Irami Araújo-Filho
- Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Guimarães LGDL, da Silva MLM, Reis PCJ, Costa MTR, Alves LL. General Characteristics, Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy of Lippia sidoides. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lippia sidoides Cham. is a plant that belongs to the family Verbenaceae and is commonly known as “alecrim-pimenta”. It was first found in northeastern Brazil, where it is extensively used in traditional medicine. Many studies have been made with the essential oil of L. sidoides, which has a high content of the isomeric compounds thymol and carvacrol. L. sidoides extracts, and particularly the essential oil extracted from its aerial parts, have shown many biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal. Given the great biological potentialities of L. sidoides and the amount of recent studies about this plant, the present study aimed to make a survey of its general attributes, cultivation methods, chemical characterization of its extracts and essential oil, as well as its different biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Laura M. da Silva
- Department of Natural Science, Federal University of São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Campos J. Reis
- Department of Natural Science, Federal University of São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza R. Costa
- Department of Natural Science, Federal University of São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia L. Alves
- Department of Natural Science, Federal University of São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
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Ravi Chandra PV, Kumar VH, Reddy SJ, Kiran DR, Krishna MN, Kumar GV. Biofilm forming capacity of Enterococcus faecalis on Gutta-percha points treated with four disinfectants using confocal scanning laser microscope: An in vitro study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:331-6. [PMID: 26288622 PMCID: PMC4533190 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.161446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro biofilm forming capacity of Enterococcus faecalis on Gutta-percha points disinfected with four disinfectants. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 Gutta-percha points used in this study were divided into four test groups based on disinfectant (5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 20% neem, 13% benzalkonium chloride [BAK]), and one control group. The Gutta-percha points were initially treated with corresponding disinfectants followed by anaerobic incubation in Brain Heart Infusion broth suspended with human serum and E. faecalis strain for 14 days. After incubation, these Gutta-percha points were stained with Acridine Orange (Sigma – Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) and 0.5 mm thick cross section samples were prepared. The biofilm thickness of E. faecalis was analyzed quantitatively using a confocal scanning laser microscope. Results statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Confocal scanning laser microscope showed reduced amount of E. faecalis biofilm on Gutta-percha points treated with BAK and sodium hypochlorite. Post-hoc (least square differences) test revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between BAK and sodium hypochlorite groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study illustrates that the Gutta-percha points disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and BAK showed minimal biofilm growth on its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vemisetty Hari Kumar
- Department of Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Dandolu Ram Kiran
- Department of Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Golla Vinay Kumar
- Department of Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Mohamed NS, El-Zehery RRA, Mourad MI, Grawish MEA. Impact of three different mouthwashes on the incidence of gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine-A: a randomized controlled experimental animal study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 120:346-56. [PMID: 26153120 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three different mouthwashes on the incidence of cyclosporine-A-induced gingival overgrowth. STUDY DESIGN One hundred albino rats were divided into five equal groups. Group I rats received no treatment. Group II rats were administered cyclosporine-A. Group III, IV, and V rats were handled as group II and concomitantly treated with chlorhexidine gluconate, cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oil mouthwashes, respectively. Ten rats from each group were euthanized after the first week of treatment, and the remaining rats were euthanized after the second week of treatment. The obtained specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) immunohistochemical stains. RESULTS The histologic findings at the end of the first and second weeks revealed marked increases in gingival overgrowth for groups II and IV in comparison with groups III and V. Increased epithelial thickness and collagen accumulation were prominent in groups II and IV compared with the other groups. Groups II and IV revealed the highest immunoreactivities for TGF-β and for IL-6. Groups I, III, and V revealed the highest level of MMP-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Essential oils and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes significantly reduced the incidence of gingival overgrowth compared with cetylpyridinium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed I Mourad
- Assistant Professor of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Plectranthus neochilus against Cariogenic Bacteria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:102317. [PMID: 26161115 PMCID: PMC4487696 DOI: 10.1155/2015/102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This work used the broth microdilution method to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthus neochilus (PN-EO) against a representative panel of oral pathogens. We assessed the antimicrobial activity of this oil in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). PN-EO displayed moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 250 μg/mL) and Streptococcus salivarus (MIC = 250 μg/mL), significant activity against Streptococcus sobrinus (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), Streptococcus sanguinis (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), Streptococcus mitis (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL), and Lactobacillus casei (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL), and interesting activity against Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 3.9 μg/mL). GC-FID and GC-MS helped to identify thirty-one compounds in PN-EO; α-pinene (1, 14.1%), β-pinene (2, 7.1%), trans-caryophyllene (3, 29.8%), and caryophyllene oxide (4, 12.8%) were the major chemical constituents of this essential oil. When tested alone, compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 were inactive (MIC > 4000 μg/mL) against all the microorganisms. These results suggested that the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Plectranthus neochilus displays promising activity against most of the evaluated cariogenic bacteria, especially S. mutans.
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Suffredini IB, Saraceni CHC, Díaz IEC. Can mouth washes containing chlorhexidine 0.12% be used as synonym of a water solution of chlorhexidine 0.12%? BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) is a gold standard drug in dentistry and is widely used as a reference in both <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic>experiments. Due to ease of access, mouth washes containing CHX 0.12% are used as a substitute for aqueous CHX 0.12% solution in laboratory experiments. Additionally, it is well known that for product flavor purposes, volatile compounds are added to mouth washes formulations. Volatiles added to CHX 0.12% may improve wash's antibacterial ability. Volatiles add potency to the mouth wash formulation. Compared with an aqueous CHX 0.12% solution, it is proposed that CHX solutions and Periogard<sup>®</sup> would have antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was assessed in the present study via disk diffusion assays against <italic>Streptococcus mutans</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic>and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>. Periogard<sup>®</sup> showed a significantly higher antibacterial activity in relation to CHX 0.12% (p<0.05) and a similar activity in relation to CHX 1% (p>0.05). Periogard<sup>(r)</sup> volatiles were analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) and the presence of antibacterial menthol, menthone, isomenthol, menthyl acetate, trans-anethol and eugenol was verified. Finally, the use of Periogard<sup>®</sup> as a synonym of CHX 0.12% must be avoided, because its antibacterial activity is closely related to CHX 1%.</p>
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de Oliveira MLM, Bezerra BMO, Leite LO, Girão VCC, Nunes-Pinheiro DCS. Topical continuous use of Lippia sidoides Cham. essential oil induces cutaneous inflammatory response, but does not delay wound healing process. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:283-289. [PMID: 24583105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The essential oil of Lippia sidoides (EOLS) has been used in Brazilian folk medicine as a topical antiseptic agent in skin for treatment of wounds and superficial infections of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EOLS on intact and damaged skin, including its action on expression of mediators, COX-2 and VEGF, involved in healing full-thickness cutaneous lesions in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS EOLS was analyzed chemically and used at different concentrations to dose-response experiments in skin mice. Skin irritation tests by one-dosage and multiple-dosages and irritation to damaged skin were assessed by macroscopy, morphometry and histological and immunohistochemical analyses. To evaluate the effects of EOLS on wound healing, excision wounds were surgically created on the dorsum of rats, and the ointments at 6% and 12% were applied daily to the wound area. Cutaneous lesions were assessed by planimetric (wound contraction) and macroscopic parameters. RESULTS Skin irritation tests showed that topical application of EOLS promoted cutaneous inflammation in varying degrees, which was demonstrated by increase of skin thickness and formation of cutaneous edema and erythema. Topical administration of EOLS in high concentrations presented an irritant response to skin, but this irritation is lighter when low concentrations this oil were used. Histological evaluation supported the outcome of these models, which revealed accentuated presence of inflammatory cells infiltration. In wound healing process, the lesions treated with EOLS showed intense edema and exsudation up to day 5, but there were not significant differences in the wound contraction on days 14 and 21. No immunohistochemical staining was verified to COX-2 and VEGF mediators in skin treated with EOLS 12%. CONCLUSION The continuous application of EOLS in adequate concentrations on cutaneous wounds increases inflammatory response without delay the lesions closure. The association of these results with antimicrobial action previously related to EOLS allows its indication as an alternative therapeutic modality for topical treatment of infected cutaneous wound. Nevertheless, further studies need to be performed to determine the mechanism of action and support its application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Liduína Maia de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, CEP 60740-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Belise Maria Oliveira Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, CEP 60740-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luana Oliveira Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, CEP 60740-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Cláudia Carneiro Girão
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Porangabuçu, CEP 60430-170 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Diana Célia Sousa Nunes-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, CEP 60740-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Antimicrobial effect of Lippia sidoides and thymol on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm of the bacterium isolated from root canals. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:471580. [PMID: 24683344 PMCID: PMC3932718 DOI: 10.1155/2014/471580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The species Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) is utilized in popular medicine as a local antiseptic on the skin and mucosal tissues. Enterococcus faecalis is the bacterium isolated from root canals of teeth with persistent periapical lesions and has the ability to form biofilm, where it is responsible for the failure of endodontic treatments. Essential oil of L. sidoides (EOLS) and its major component, thymol, were evaluated for reducing the CFU in biofilms of E. faecalis in vitro. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and examined with respect to the chemical composition, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis has led to the identification of thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). EOLS and thymol reduced CFU in biofilms of E. faecalis in vitro (time of maturation, 72 h), with an exposure time of 30 and 60 min at concentrations of 2.5 and 10%. There was no statistical difference in effect between EOLS and thymol, demonstrating that this phenolic monoterpene was the possible compound responsible for the antimicrobial activity of EOLS. This study provides a basis for the possible utilization of EOLS as an adjuvant in the treatment of root canals that show colonization by E. faecalis.
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Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta RK, Karim B, Gupta V, Punia H, Batra M, Jain A, Agarwal A, Singh P. Effect ofTerminalia chebulaExtract and Chlorhexidine on Salivary pH and Periodontal Health: 2 Weeks Randomized Control Trial. Phytother Res 2013; 28:992-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devanand Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - D. J. Bhaskar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Bushra Karim
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vipul Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Himanshu Punia
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Manu Batra
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ankita Jain
- Department of Public Health Dentistry; Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of O.M.F.S; Seema Dental College and Hospital; Rishikesh Uttrakhand India
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy; Moradabad Uttar Pradesh India
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Chen Y, Wong RWK, McGrath C, Hagg U, Seneviratne CJ. Natural compounds containing mouthrinses in the management of dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Berry AM. A comparison of Listerine® and sodium bicarbonate oral cleansing solutions on dental plaque colonisation and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised control trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2013; 29:275-81. [PMID: 23692975 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective oral hygiene has been proposed as a key factor in the reduction of dental plaque colonisation and subsequent development of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Listerine(®) oral rinse, while used extensively in dental practice has rarely been tested in mechanically ventilated patients. Sodium bicarbonate as an oral rinse has been more commonly utilised in oral hygiene regimens in intensive care patients. AIM To test the efficacies of the essential oil mouth rinse, Listerine(®) (Pfizer) and sodium bicarbonate in the reduction of dental plaque colonisation with respiratory pathogens and the subsequent development of VAP. METHODS The study design was a prospective, single blind randomised comparative study of adult patients mechanically ventilated for at least 4 days. Patients were randomised to Listerine(®) (Pfizer) oral rinse twice daily, sodium bicarbonate oral rinse 2/24 or sterile water 2/24 (control group). All groups received tooth brushing 3 times a day. Dental plaque colonisation (primary outcome) and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (secondary outcome) were studied. RESULTS Three hundred and ninety-eight patients were randomised to either the Listerine group (127), sodium bicarbonate group (133) or the control group (138). Baseline characteristics were similar for all groups. There were no significant differences between the control and study groups in colonisation of dental plaque at Day 4 (p=0.243). Ventilator associated pneumonia was diagnosed in 18 patients. The incidence was, Listerine(®) group 4.7%, sodium bicarbonate group 4.5% and control 4.3% [OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.31 to 3.16; p=0.92]. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the control group, Listerine(®) or sodium bicarbonate oral rinses were not more effective in the reduction of colonisation of dental plaque or the incidence of VAP. Given the low incidence of VAP, the common factor of a small, soft toothbrush as part of an oral hygiene regimen suggests possible benefit in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Berry
- Intensive Care Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Bonjardim LR, Silva AM, Oliveira MGB, Guimarães AG, Antoniolli AR, Santana MF, Serafini MR, Santos RC, Araújo AAS, Estevam CS, Santos MRV, Lyra A, Carvalho R, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Azevedo EG, Botelho MA. Sida cordifolia
Leaf Extract Reduces the Orofacial Nociceptive Response in Mice. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1236-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Bonjardim
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - A. M. Silva
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - M. G. B. Oliveira
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - A. G. Guimarães
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - A. R. Antoniolli
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - M. F. Santana
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - M. R. Serafini
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - R. C. Santos
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - A. A. S. Araújo
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - C. S. Estevam
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - M. R. V. Santos
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - A. Lyra
- Post graduation Program in Odontology; School of Health, Universidade Potiguar-UNP, Av. Salgado Filho; 1610 - 59056000 Natal-RN Brazil
| | - R. Carvalho
- Post graduation Program in Odontology; School of Health, Universidade Potiguar-UNP, Av. Salgado Filho; 1610 - 59056000 Natal-RN Brazil
| | - L. J. Quintans-Júnior
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão-SE Brazil
| | - E. G. Azevedo
- Post graduation Program in Odontology; School of Health, Universidade Potiguar-UNP, Av. Salgado Filho; 1610 - 59056000 Natal-RN Brazil
| | - M. A. Botelho
- Post graduation Program in Odontology; School of Health, Universidade Potiguar-UNP, Av. Salgado Filho; 1610 - 59056000 Natal-RN Brazil
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Franco CRP, Antoniolli ÂR, Guimarães AG, Andrade DM, de Jesus HCR, Alves PB, Bannet LE, Patrus AH, Azevedo EG, Queiroz DB, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Botelho MA. Bioassay-guided Evaluation of Antinociceptive Properties and Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil ofHyptis fruticosa. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1693-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clóvis R. P. Franco
- Department of Biology; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão; SE; Brazil
| | - Ângelo R. Antoniolli
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão; SE; Brazil
| | - Adriana G. Guimarães
- Department of Physiology; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão; SE; Brazil
| | - Daniela M. Andrade
- Department of Biology; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão; SE; Brazil
| | - Hugo C. R. de Jesus
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão; SE; Brazil
| | - Péricles B. Alves
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Sergipe; São Cristóvão; SE; Brazil
| | | | - Ana Helena Patrus
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Santé Clinic; Sao Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - Eduardo G. Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research; Anna Aslan Institute for Health; Sao Paulo; SP; Brazil
| | - Dinalva B. Queiroz
- Department of Nanobiotechnology; Evidence Pharmaceutics; Fortaleza; CE; Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antonio Botelho
- Laboratory of Biotechnology; University Potiguar-UNP; School of Health; Post Graduation Program in Odontology; Natal; RN; Brazil
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Botelho MA, Martins JG, Ruela RS, Queiroz DB, Ruela WS. Nanotechnology in ligature-induced periodontitis: protective effect of a doxycycline gel with nanoparticules. J Appl Oral Sci 2010; 18:335-42. [PMID: 20835566 PMCID: PMC5349078 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a locally applied 8.5%
nanostructured doxycycline (DOX) gel in preventing alveolar bone loss in
experimental periodontal disease (ePD) in rats by using the tapping mode atomic
force microscopy (AFM). Material and Methods ePD was induced in 24 Wistar rats. Animals were treated with the doxycycline gel
topically, immediately after ePD induction, and 3 times a day during 11 days. Four
groups (n=6) were formed as follows: Naïve group (animals not subjected to
ePD nor treated); non-treated (NT) group (animals subjected to ePD, but not
treated); vehicle gel (VG) group (animals subjected to ePD and treated with
topical gel vehicle); and DOX group (test group): animals subjected to ePD and
treated with the 8.5% DOX gel. In order to investigate topographical changes in
histological sections, a novel simple method was used for sample preparation, by
etching sections from paraffin-embedded specimens with xylol. Results Comparing the AFM images, several grooves were observed on the surface of the
alveolar bone and other periodontal structures in the NT and VG groups, with
significantly greater depths when compared to the DOX group (p<0.05). Conclusions Periodontal structures were brought into high relief confirming to be a simple and
costeffective method for AFM imaging with ultrastructural resolution. The
doxycycline gel was able to afford periodontal surface preservation, with flatter
grooves.
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Van Leeuwen MPC, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. Essential oils compared to chlorhexidine with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. J Periodontol 2010; 82:174-94. [PMID: 21043801 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the effects of an essential-oil mouthwash (EOMW) compared to a chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for studies up to and including September 2010 to identify appropriate articles. A comprehensive search was designed, and the articles were independently screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Articles that evaluated the effects of the EOMW compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash were included. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was performed, and weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 390 unique articles were found, of which 19 articles met the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis of long-term studies (duration ≥ 4 weeks) showed that the chlorhexidine mouthwash provided significantly better effects regarding plaque control than EOMW (WMD: 0.19; P = 0.0009). No significant difference with respect to reduction of gingival inflammation was found between EOMW and chlorhexidine mouthwash (WMD: 0.03; P = 0.58). CONCLUSION In long-term use, the standardized formulation of EOMW appeared to be a reliable alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash with respect to parameters of gingival inflammation.
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Botelho MA, Martins JG, Ruela RS, I R, Santos JA, Soares JB, França MC, Montenegro D, Ruela WS, Barros LP, Queiroz DB, Araujo RS, Sampio FC. Protective effect of locally applied carvacrol gel on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats: a tapping mode AFM study. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1439-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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