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Haque I, Thapa P, Burns DM, Zhou J, Sharma M, Sharma R, Singh V. NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors for Antiepileptogenic Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6078. [PMID: 38892264 PMCID: PMC11172514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent and serious brain disorders and affects over 70 million people globally. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) relieve symptoms and prevent the occurrence of future seizures in epileptic patients but have a limited effect on epileptogenesis. Addressing the multifaceted nature of epileptogenesis and its association with the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these medications for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antiseizure treatments. Several types of NLRP3 inhibitors have been developed and their effect has been validated both in in vitro and in vivo models of epileptogenesis. In this review, we discuss the advances in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of NLRP3 activation as well as progress made, and challenges faced in the development of NLRP3 inhibitors for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamul Haque
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (P.T.); (D.M.B.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Math, Science and Business Technology, Kansas City Kansas Community College, Kansas City, KS 66112, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Pritam Thapa
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (P.T.); (D.M.B.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Douglas M. Burns
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (P.T.); (D.M.B.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA;
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (P.T.); (D.M.B.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA;
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (P.T.); (D.M.B.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Vikas Singh
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (P.T.); (D.M.B.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Drug Discovery Program, Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, KCVA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
- Division of Neurology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
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Garodia P, Hegde M, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin, inflammation, and neurological disorders: How are they linked? Integr Med Res 2023; 12:100968. [PMID: 37664456 PMCID: PMC10469086 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the extensive research in recent years, the current treatment modalities for neurological disorders are suboptimal. Curcumin, a polyphenol found in Curcuma genus, has been shown to mitigate the pathophysiology and clinical sequalae involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods We searched PubMed database for relevant publications on curcumin and its uses in treating neurological diseases. We also reviewed relevant clinical trials which appeared on searching PubMed database using 'Curcumin and clinical trials'. Results This review details the pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions and neuroprotective properties of curcumin, its derivatives and formulations in various preclinical and clinical investigations. The effects of curcumin on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumors, epilepsy, Huntington's disorder (HD), ischemia, Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a major focus on associated signalling pathways have been thoroughly discussed. Conclusion This review demonstrates curcumin can suppress spinal neuroinflammation by modulating diverse astroglia mediated cascades, ensuring the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
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Benameur T, Giacomucci G, Panaro MA, Ruggiero M, Trotta T, Monda V, Pizzolorusso I, Lofrumento DD, Porro C, Messina G. New Promising Therapeutic Avenues of Curcumin in Brain Diseases. Molecules 2021; 27:236. [PMID: 35011468 PMCID: PMC8746812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, the dietary polyphenol isolated from Curcuma longa (turmeric), is commonly used as an herb and spice worldwide. Because of its bio-pharmacological effects curcumin is also called "spice of life", in fact it is recognized that curcumin possesses important proprieties such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antiproliferative, anti-tumoral, and anti-aging. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Diseases, Parkinson's Diseases, and Multiple Sclerosis are a group of diseases characterized by a progressive loss of brain structure and function due to neuronal death; at present there is no effective treatment to cure these diseases. The protective effect of curcumin against some neurodegenerative diseases has been proven by in vivo and in vitro studies. The current review highlights the latest findings on the neuroprotective effects of curcumin, its bioavailability, its mechanism of action and its possible application for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Benameur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giulia Giacomucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Biosciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Melania Ruggiero
- Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Biosciences, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (T.T.); (V.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (T.T.); (V.M.); (G.M.)
- Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, 81100 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pizzolorusso
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Mental Health, ASL Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (T.T.); (V.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (T.T.); (V.M.); (G.M.)
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Hoda U, Jain S, Samim M, Jain GK, Agarwal NB. Embelin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and progression of kindling in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice by attenuating brain inflammation. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107788. [PMID: 33581600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of embelin (EMB) on various epileptic models and related brain inflammation. METHODS Male Swiss albino mice were administered EMB (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/p.o.) in acute and chronic study for 7 days and 35 days, respectively. Acute study included increasing current electroshock (ICES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure test. Step-down latency (SDL) and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate cognitive functions and depression-like behavior, respectively. Chronic study included PTZ-induced kindling. Levels of inflammatory biomarkers, namely interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were estimated in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled brains by ELISA technique. Further, neurotransmitters (NTs), namely gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and dopamine, were estimated by using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). RESULTS Embelin (EMB) treatment increased the seizure threshold to hind limb extension (HLE) in the ICES test and decreased the seizure scores in the kindling experiment. Significantly low levels of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, and TNF-α were observed in the hippocampus of PTZ + EMB (10 and 20 mg/kg)-treated groups compared with PTZ+ vehicle-treated group. Significantly lower levels of IL-1Ra, IL-6, and TNF-α compared with PTZ+ vehicle-treated group were observed in the cortex of PTZ + EMB (10 and 20 mg/kg)-treated groups, while IL-1β levels were found to be significantly lower only in the cortex of PTZ + EMB (20 mg/kg)-treated group. Increased levels of dopamine and GABA and decreased levels of glutamate in both hippocampus and cortex were observed in EMB + PTZ-treated groups compared with vehicle + PTZ-treated group. Latency of step down was found to be increased and immobility time in FST was decreased in EMB + PTZ groups compared with vehicle + PTZ group. CONCLUSION Embelin suppressed epileptogenesis in the kindled mice via neurochemical modulation of neurotransmitters and inhibiting the inflammatory pathway. Further, EMB was also observed to be protecting the kindled animals from cognition and depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedul Hoda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Seema Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Mohammed Samim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nidhi Bharal Agarwal
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Epilepsy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1291:363-373. [PMID: 34331701 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56153-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases pose an enormous healthcare burden, at both an individual and a societal level. Epilepsy has now become one of the most prevalent CNS disorders. Pharmaceutical drugs prescribed for epilepsy often have serious side effects and, for this reason, attention has turned to the use of medicinal plants. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a major component of Curcuma longa and exhibits various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory properties. Here, we have reviewed the literature relating specifically to the antiepileptic effects of curcumin. The evidence suggests a protective effect of curcumin in the control of epileptic seizures, together with a protective effect on the relief of memory impairment, which may stem from its influence on monoamine levels in the brain.
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Kumar V, Prakash C, Singh R, Sharma D. Curcumin's antiepileptic effect, and alterations in Na v1.1 and Na v1.6 expression in iron-induced epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2018; 150:7-16. [PMID: 30605865 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate: the antiepileptic effect of dietary curcumin, and the effect of epileptic state and curcumin on the molecular expression of voltage-activated Na+ channel subtypes Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 in the iron-induced experimental epilepsy in the rat. Rats were divided into four groups; Group I (control rats), Group II (epileptic rats), Group III (curcumin-fed epileptic rats), and Group IV (curcumin-fed rats). Curcumin was fed chronically to rats approximately at the dose of 100 mg/kg body wt. The animals were made epileptic by intracortical injection of FeCl3. The mRNA and protein expressions of Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 were examined by RT-PCR analysis and immuno-histochemistry. Results showed a significant increase (upregulation) in the expression of both Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 with seizure activity in the cortex and hippocampus of epileptic rats. Epileptic rats fed with curcumin showed a marked decrease in epileptiform activity, and reduced mRNA and protein levels of Nav1.1. It appears that the antiepileptic action of curcumin may be associated with the downregulation of Nav1.1 in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rameshwar Singh
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Arbabi Jahan A, Rad A, Ghanbarabadi M, Amin B, Mohammad-Zadeh M. The role of serotonin and its receptors on the anticonvulsant effect of curcumin in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Life Sci 2018; 211:252-260. [PMID: 30243647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Curcumin, derived from turmeric, has been demonstrated to be effective in controlling seizures, although the exact mechanism is yet unknown. In this study, the role of serotonin and its receptors in the anticonvulsant effect of curcumin was evaluated in mice. MAIN METHODS Total 110 mice were randomly divided into 11 groups (n = 10). In the first to the fourth groups, the role of curcumin (150 mg/kg, i.p) and serotonin (PCPA (100 mg/kg); was used to deplete the brain serotonin levels) was investigated. The fifth group first received NAD-299 (4 mg/kg, sc), RS-102221 (5 mg/kg, i.p), SDZ205-557 Hydrochloride (1 mg/kg, i.p), and SB 26997 (10 mg/kg, i.p), then curcumin. The sixth group received NAD-299, curcumin. The animals in the seventh to ninth groups received 5-HT2C, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 antagonists, respectively, with curcumin. The tenth group received HTR2C antagonist and the eleventh group received HTR4 antagonist. In all animals 25 min after curcumin PTZ (80 mg/kg; i.p) was injected. KEY FINDINGS PCPA not only inhibited the anticonvulsant action of curcumin, but also reversed some of its anticonvulsant effect. The 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT4 antagonists diminished but 5-HT7 antagonist strengthened the anticonvulsant effect of curcumin. Evaluation of gene expression using real-time PCR confirmed that only 5-HT7 gene expression was reduced after curcumin injection. SIGNIFICANCE According to these results, it may be suggested that curcumin exerts anticonvulsive effects by increasing the serotonin levels in the brain that influence receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT4 and likely through the reduction of 5-HT7 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Arbabi Jahan
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanbarabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Bahareh Amin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammad-Zadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177948564, Mashhad, Iran.
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Dhir A. Curcumin in epilepsy disorders. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1865-1875. [PMID: 29917276 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a principal curcuminoid present in turmeric, has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Preclinical studies have indicated its beneficial effect for the treatment of epilepsy disorders. The molecule has an anti-seizure potential in preclinical studies, including chemical and electrical models of acute and chronic epilepsy. Curcumin also possesses an anti-epileptogenic activity as it reduces spontaneous recurrent seizures severity in a kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nature of curcumin might be responsible for its observed anti-seizure effects; nevertheless, the exact mechanism is not yet clear. The poor availability of curcumin to the brain limits its use in clinics. The application of nanoliposome and liposome technologies has been tested to enhance its brain availability and penetrability. Unfortunately, there are no randomized, double-blinded controlled clinical trials validating the use of curcumin in epilepsy. The present article analyzes different preclinical evidence illustrating the effect of curcumin in seizure models. The review encourages carrying out clinical trials in this important area of research. In conclusion, curcumin might be beneficial in patients with epilepsy disorders, if its bioavailability issues are resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95817
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Khadrawy YA, Sawie HG, Hosny EN. Neuroprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles against rat model of status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 15:jcim-2017-0117. [PMID: 29570450 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The present study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-NP) on the rat model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine.
Methods
In the present study, animals were divided into three groups: control animals, rat model of SE induced by a single dose of pilocarpine (380 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally, and rat model of SE that received a daily intraperitoneal injection of Cur-NP (50 mg/kg) for four consecutive days prior to pilocarpine administration.
Results
The present results revealed a state of oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of rat model of SE as compared to control. This was evident from the significant increase in lipid peroxidation and the significant decrease in reduced glutathione and nitric oxide. In addition, a significant increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 was detected in the two studied brain regions of rat model of SE. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and Na+/K+-ATPase decreased significantly in the cortex and hippocampus of rat model of SE. Protection with Cur-NP prevented oxidative stress and improved the elevated level of caspase-3 in the hippocampus and cortex and the hippocampal TNF-α to nonsignificant changes. Although Cur-NP prevented the decrease in AchE activity in the two studied brain regions, it failed to return Na+/K+-ATPase activity to its normal value.
Conclusions
It is clear from the present findings that Cur-NP could prevent the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and cell death that were induced during SE. This in turn may help in ameliorating the subsequent cascades of events that follow SE and its development into epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
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Mirza N, Sills GJ, Pirmohamed M, Marson AG. Identifying new antiepileptic drugs through genomics-based drug repurposing. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:527-537. [PMID: 28053048 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) fail to control seizures in 30% of patients. Genomics-based drug repurposing (GBR) offers the potential of savings in the time and cost of developing new AEDs. In the current study, we used published data and software to identify the transcriptomic signature of chornic temporal lobe epilepsy and the drugs that reverse it. After filtering out compounds based on exclusion criteria, such as toxicity, 36 drugs were retained. 11 of the 36 drugs identified (>30%) have published evidence of the antiepileptic efficacy (for example, curcumin) or antiepileptogenic affect (for example, atorvastatin) in recognised rodent models or patients. By objectively annotating all ∼20,000 compounds in the LINCS database as either having published evidence of antiepileptic efficacy or lacking such evidence, we demonstrated that our set of repurposable drugs is ∼6-fold more enriched with drugs having published evidence of antiepileptic efficacy in animal models than expected by chance (P-value <0.006). Further, we showed that another of our GBR-identified drugs, the commonly-used well-tolerated antihyperglycemic sitagliptin, produces a dose-dependent reduction in seizures in a mouse model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. In conclusion, GBR successfully identifies compounds with antiepileptic efficacy in animal models and, hence, it is an appealing methodology for the discovery of potential AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Mirza
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Greame J Sills
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Anthony G Marson
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
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11
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Khatri DK, Juvekar AR. Neuroprotective effect of curcumin as evinced by abrogation of rotenone-induced motor deficits, oxidative and mitochondrial dysfunctions in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:39-47. [PMID: 27619637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric), a plant in the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) has been used worldwide and extensively in Southeast Asia. Curcumin exhibited numerous biological and pharmacological activities including potent antioxidant, cardiovascular disease, anticancer, anti-inflammatory effects and neurodegenerative disorders in cell cultures and animal models. Hence, the present study was designed in order to explore the possible neuroprotective role of curcumin against rotenone induced cognitive impairment, oxidative and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. Chronic administration of rotenone (1mg/kg i.p.) for a period of three weeks significantly impaired cognitive function (actophotometer, rotarod and open field test), oxidative defense (increased lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration and decreased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione level) and mitochondrial complex (II and III) enzymes activities as compared to normal control group. Three weeks of curcumin (50, 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o.) treatment significantly improved behavioral alterations, oxidative damage and mitochondrial enzyme complex activities as compared to negative control (rotenone treated) group. Curcumin treated mice also mitigated enhanced acetylcholine esterase enzyme level as compared to negative control group. We found that curcumin restored motor deficits and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes suggesting its antioxidant potential in vivo. The findings of the present study conclude neuroprotective role of curcumin against rotenone induced Parkinson's in mice and offer strong justification for the therapeutic prospective of this compound in the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K Khatri
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory-I, Dept. of Pharm. Sci. & Tech, Institute of Chemical Technology, (University under Section 3 of UGC Act- 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence -Govt. of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II Funded), India
| | - Archana R Juvekar
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory-I, Dept. of Pharm. Sci. & Tech, Institute of Chemical Technology, (University under Section 3 of UGC Act- 1956, Elite Status & Centre of Excellence -Govt. of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II Funded), India.
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Sriranjini SJ, Sandhya K, Mamta VS. Ayurveda and botanical drugs for epilepsy: Current evidence and future prospects. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:290-6. [PMID: 26141933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of epilepsy has progressed since its earliest impression as a disease associated with paranormal and superstitious beliefs. Landmark advances have been made in deciphering the pathophysiological substrates involved in the disease process, and treatment advances have contributed significantly to ameliorating the seizures. However, disease-modifying agents are yet to be discovered. Ayurveda is a system of medicine that stresses a holistic approach to disease, and treatment is focused on disease modification and symptom management. Herbs form the core of Ayurveda medicine; though many of them have been studied for their anticonvulsant activity, very few actually mention the reference of these herbs in Ayurveda literature. Other therapeutic interventions used in Ayurveda are relatively unexplored, and future research will need to focus on this. The current manuscript briefly discusses the understanding of epilepsy as per Ayurveda and reviews herbs that have been studied for their anticonvulsant activity mentioned in Ayurveda literature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Jaideep Sriranjini
- MS Ramaiah Indic Center for Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru 560054, India.
| | - Kumar Sandhya
- Ramakrishna Ayurvedic Medical College, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Vernekar Sanjeeva Mamta
- MS Ramaiah Indic Center for Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru 560054, India
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Kaur H, Patro I, Tikoo K, Sandhir R. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory response and cognitive deficits in experimental model of chronic epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. Antioxidants as a preventive treatment for epileptic process: a review of the current status. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:527-50. [PMID: 25977679 PMCID: PMC4428026 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140923205715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is known as one of the most frequent neurological diseases, characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures. Oxidative stress is believed to directly participate in pathways leading to neurodegeneration, which serves as the most important propagating factor, leading to the epileptic condition and cognitive decline. Moreover, there is also a growing body of evidence showing the disturbance of antioxidant system balance and consequently increased production of reactive species in patients with epilepsy. A meta-analysis, conducted in the present review confirms an association between epilepsy and increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it was also shown that some of the antiepileptic drugs could potentially be responsible for additionally increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that during the epileptic process neuroprotective treatment with antioxidants could lead to less sever structural damages, reduced epileptogenesis and milder cognitive deterioration. To evaluate this hypothesis studies investigating the neuroprotective therapeutic potential of various antioxidants in cells, animal seizure models and patients with epilepsy have been reviewed. Numerous beneficial effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress markers and in some cases also neuroprotective effects were observed in animal seizure models. However, despite these encouraging results, till now only a few antioxidants have been further applied to patients with epilepsy as an add-on therapy. Based on the several positive findings in animal models, a strong need for more carefully planned, randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled clinical trials for the evaluation of antioxidants efficacy in patients with epilepsy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomaž Vovk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Relevance of the glutathione system in temporal lobe epilepsy: evidence in human and experimental models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:759293. [PMID: 25538816 PMCID: PMC4265701 DOI: 10.1155/2014/759293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which is a state of imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen, is induced by a wide variety of factors. This biochemical state is associated with diseases that are systemic as well as diseases that affect the central nervous system. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, and temporal lobe epilepsy represents an estimated 40% of all epilepsy cases. Currently, evidence from human and experimental models supports the involvement of oxidative stress during seizures and in the epileptogenesis process. Hence, the aim of this review was to provide information that facilitates the processing of this evidence and investigate the therapeutic impact of the biochemical status for this specific pathology.
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Haggag BS, Hasanin AH, Raafat MH, Abdel Kawy HS. Lamotrigine decreased hippocampal damage and improved vascular risk markers in a rat model of pentylenetetrazole induced kindling seizure. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:269-78. [PMID: 24976768 PMCID: PMC4071181 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) especially enzyme-inducing AEDs might be associated with increased vascular risk, through impairment of the endogenous antioxidative ability which may trigger oxygen-dependent tissue injury. Lamotrigine (LTG) a non-enzyme-inducing AED has scarce information regarding its effects on oxidative stress. The present study aimed to study the possible modulation of vascular risk factors of epileptogenesis by LTG, in a rat model of kindling seizure induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Four groups of male Wister rats were used; vehicle control group, PTZ group (alternate day PTZ, 30 mg/kg, i.p), LTG/PTZ group (LTG 20 mg/kg/day p.o and alternate day PTZ) and LTG group. The study period was 5 weeks. Lipoproteins and total homocysteine (tHcy), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. Aortic endothelial function study and histopathological examination of the rats' brains, aortas and coronaries were conducted. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), tHcy, MDA, GSH levels were significantly higher in epileptic rats than normal controls rats. A decrease in HDL-cholesterol with high atherosclerotic index was also demonstrated. The administration of LTG improved the PTZ-kindled seizures. It produced a significant decrease in TC, TG and LDL-cholesterol, MDA, aortic GSH and increase in HDL-cholesterol with no significant effect on serum GSH and tHcy levels. LTG improved endothelium-dependent relaxation, decreased hippocampal neurodegenerative changes and atherosclerotic changes of aortas and coronaries. LTG decreased seizures severity, hippocampal damage and improved vascular risk markers in this rat model of kindling seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma S Haggag
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
| | - Amany H Hasanin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
| | - Mona H Raafat
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
| | - Hala S Abdel Kawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
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17
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Nam SM, Choi JH, Yoo DY, Kim W, Jung HY, Kim JW, Yoo M, Lee S, Kim CJ, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Effects of curcumin (Curcuma longa) on learning and spatial memory as well as cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in adult and aged mice by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and CREB signaling. J Med Food 2014; 17:641-9. [PMID: 24712702 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a progressive process, and it may lead to the initiation of neurological diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of wild Indian Curcuma longa using a Morris water maze paradigm on learning and spatial memory in adult and D-galactose-induced aged mice. In addition, the effects on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation were assessed by immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) respectively. The aging model in mice was induced through the subcutaneous administration of D-galactose (100 mg/kg) for 10 weeks. C. longa (300 mg/kg) or its vehicle (physiological saline) was administered orally to adult and D-galactose-treated mice for the last three weeks before sacrifice. The administration of C. longa significantly shortened the escape latency in both adult and D-galactose-induced aged mice and significantly ameliorated D-galactose-induced reduction of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus. In addition, the administration of C. longa significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated CREB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus. These results indicate that C. longa mitigates D-galactose-induced cognitive impairment, associated with decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, by activating CREB signaling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Akula KK, Kulkarni SK. Effect of curcumin against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure threshold in mice: possible involvement of adenosine A1 receptors. Phytother Res 2013; 28:714-21. [PMID: 23893477 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, obtained from Curcuma longa, has been in use for manifold human disorders. The present study explores the effect of curcumin against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold in mice. The possible involvement of adenosine receptor(s) mechanism was also investigated. Minimal dose of PTZ (i.v., mg/kg) needed to induce different phases of convulsions were recorded as an index of seizure threshold. Curcumin (20-120 mg/kg, p.o.) produced an increase in seizure threshold for convulsions induced by PTZ i.v. infusion. The anticonvulsant effect of curcumin (80 mg/kg) was prevented by 8-phenyltheophylline (0.5 mg/kg, i.p., non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist) and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (5 mg/kg, i.p., adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) but not by 8-(3-cholorostryl)caffeine (4 mg/kg, i.p., adenosine A2A receptor antagonist). Further, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (0.005 mg/kg, i.p., non-selective A1 /A2 receptor agonist), or N(6) -cyclohexyladenosine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p., adenosine A1 receptor agonist), was able to potentiate the anticonvulsant action of curcumin. In contrast, 5'-(N-cyclopropyl) carboxamidoadenosine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p., adenosine A2A receptor agonist) failed to potentiate the effect of curcumin. This study demonstrated the anticonvulsant effect of curcumin against PTZ i.v. seizure threshold via a direct or indirect activation of adenosine A1 but not A2A receptors in mice. Thus, curcumin may prove to be an effective adjunct in treatment of convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Akula
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Choudhary KM, Mishra A, Poroikov VV, Goel RK. Ameliorative effect of Curcumin on seizure severity, depression like behavior, learning and memory deficit in post-pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 704:33-40. [PMID: 23461849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder and generally associated with certain psychiatric comorbidities. Among several comorbidities depressive behavior and cognitive impairment has been reported to be most debilitating comorbidity associated with epilepsy. This study was envisaged to evaluate the ameliorative effect of Curcumin on depression like behavior and cognitive impairment observed in pentylenetetrazole kindled animals. Male Swiss Albino mice were kindled with subconvulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Successfully kindled animals were used in the study to observe the effect of different treatments. Treatment groups received phenytoin (30 mg/kg) and Curcumin (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) for 15 days. The animals were challenged with pentylenetetrazole (35 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 5, 10 and 15 and seizure severity score, immobility period, number of mistakes and step down latency were recorded. On 15th day, all the animals were sacrificed after behavioral evaluations and their brain was isolated and homogenized to estimate brain norepinephrine, serotonin, total nitrite level and acetylcholinesterase activity. Phenytoin treatment significantly improved the depressive like behavior along with its anticonvulsant effect, however was unable to improve memory impairment. Curcumin significantly attenuated seizure severity, depression like behavior and memory impairment in kindled animals, in dose dependent manner. These results were supported by the biochemical modulation of brain monoamine, nitrosative stress level and acetylcholinesterase activity. Thus present study concluded that Curcumin has the ameliorative effect on seizure severity, depression like behavior and memory impairment in pentylenetetrazole kindled mice, possibly via central monoaminergic modulation and inhibitory effect on nitrosative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash M Choudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
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20
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Gupta SC, Patchva S, Koh W, Aggarwal BB. Discovery of curcumin, a component of golden spice, and its miraculous biological activities. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:283-99. [PMID: 22118895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. Curcumin is the active ingredient of the dietary spice turmeric and has been consumed for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. Modern science has shown that curcumin modulates various signalling molecules, including inflammatory molecules, transcription factors, enzymes, protein kinases, protein reductases, carrier proteins, cell survival proteins, drug resistance proteins, adhesion molecules, growth factors, receptors, cell cycle regulatory proteins, chemokines, DNA, RNA and metal ions. 2. Because of this polyphenol's potential to modulate multiple signalling molecules, it has been reported to possess pleiotropic activities. First demonstrated to have antibacterial activity in 1949, curcumin has since been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, pro-apoptotic, chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, antiproliferative, wound healing, antinociceptive, antiparasitic and antimalarial properties as well. Animal studies have suggested that curcumin may be active against a wide range of human diseases, including diabetes, obesity, neurological and psychiatric disorders and cancer, as well as chronic illnesses affecting the eyes, lungs, liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. 3. Although many clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of curcumin against human ailments have already been completed, others are still ongoing. Moreover, curcumin is used as a supplement in several countries, including India, Japan, the US, Thailand, China, Korea, Turkey, South Africa, Nepal and Pakistan. Although inexpensive, apparently well tolerated and potentially active, curcumin has not been approved for the treatment of any human disease. 4. In the present article, we discuss the discovery and key biological activities of curcumin, with a particular emphasis on its activities at the molecular and cellular levels, as well as in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Noor NA, Aboul Ezz HS, Faraag AR, Khadrawy YA. Evaluation of the antiepileptic effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy in comparison with valproate. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 24:199-206. [PMID: 22575751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on amino acid neurotransmitter alterations and the histological changes induced by pilocarpine in the hippocampus and cortex of rats. Epilepsy was induced by i.p. injection of pilocarpine, and the animals were left for 22 days to establish spontaneous recurrent seizures. They were then treated with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 days. Pilocarpine induced a significant increase in hippocampal aspartate and a significant decrease in glycine and taurine levels. In the cortex, a significant increase in aspartate, glutamate, GABA, glycine, and taurine levels was obtained after pilocarpine injection. Treatment of pilocarpinized rats with curcumin and valproate ameliorated most of the changes in amino acid concentrations and reduced the histopathological abnormalities induced by pilocarpine. N. sativa oil failed to improve the pilocarpine-induced abnormalities. This may explain the antiepileptic effect of curcumin and suggest its use as an anticonvulsant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen A Noor
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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22
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Anticonvulsant activity of bisabolene sesquiterpenoids of Curcuma longa in zebrafish and mouse seizure models. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 24:14-22. [PMID: 22483646 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric, obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, is used in South Asia as a traditional medicine for the treatment of epilepsy. To date, in vivo studies on the anticonvulsant activity of turmeric have focused on its principal curcuminoid, curcumin. However, poor absorption and rapid metabolism have limited the therapeutic application of curcumin in humans. To explore the therapeutic potential of turmeric for epilepsy further, we analyzed its anticonvulsant activity in a larval zebrafish seizure assay. Initial experiments revealed that the anticonvulsant activity of turmeric in zebrafish larvae cannot be explained solely by the effects of curcumin. Zebrafish bioassay-guided fractionation of turmeric identified bisabolene sesquiterpenoids as additional anticonvulsants that inhibit PTZ-induced seizures in both zebrafish and mice. Here, we present the first report of the anticonvulsant properties of bisabolene sesquiterpenoids and provide evidence which warrants further investigation toward the mechanistic understanding of their neuromodulatory activity.
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Agarwal NB, Jain S, Nagpal D, Agarwal NK, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. Liposomal formulation of curcumin attenuates seizures in different experimental models of epilepsy in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27:169-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reeta K, Mehla J, Pahuja M, Gupta YK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of valproate, phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine with curcumin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:399-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. An overview of curcumin in neurological disorders. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 72:149-54. [PMID: 20838516 PMCID: PMC2929771 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.65012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid found in spice turmeric, has recently been studied for its active role in the treatment of various central nervous system disorders. Curcumin demonstrates neuroprotective action in Alzheimer's disease, tardive dyskinesia, major depression, epilepsy, and other related neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The mechanism of its neuroprotective action is not completely understood. However, it has been hypothesized to act majorly through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Also, it is a potent inhibitor of reactive astrocyte expression and thus prevents cell death. Curcumin also modulates various neurotransmitter levels in the brain. The present review attempts to discuss some of the potential protective role of curcumin in animal models of major depression, tardive dyskinesia and diabetic neuropathy. These studies call for well planned clinical studies on curcumin for its potential use in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kulkarni
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
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The neuroprotective effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil against oxidative stress in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy: a comparison with valproate. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2195-204. [PMID: 21751034 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role in epileptogenesis and pilocarpine-induced seizures. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effects of curcumin, Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and valproate on the levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione and the activities of catalase, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-treated rats. The animal model of epilepsy was induced by pilocarpine and left for 22 days to establish the chronic phase of epilepsy. These animals were then treated with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 days. The data revealed evidence of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of pilocarpinized rats as indicated by the increased nitric oxide levels and the decreased glutathione levels and catalase activity. Moreover, a decrease in Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity and an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity occurred in the hippocampus after pilocarpine. Treatment with curcumin, NSO or valproate ameliorated most of the changes induced by pilocarpine and restored Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the hippocampus to control levels. This study reflects the promising anticonvulsant and potent antioxidant effects of curcumin and NSO in reducing oxidative stress, excitability and the induction of seizures in epileptic animals and improving some of the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs.
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Agarwal NB, Jain S, Agarwal NK, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK. Modulation of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and oxidative stress by curcumin in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:756-759. [PMID: 21211953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting 1% population worldwide. A number of experimental studies have reported anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antioxidant activity of certain natural products like curcumin, an active ingredient of turmeric. The present study was designed to explore the effect of acute administration of curcumin at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, orally (p.o.) pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice. Further two oxidative stress markers viz., malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione were estimated in brain tissues of rodents. Curcumin (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) dose dependently suppressed the progression of kindling in mice. In addition, the increased levels of MDA and glutathione were also reduced by curcumin in kindled animals. These results suggest that curcumin appears to possess protective activity against kindling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Bharal Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India.
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Mehla J, Reeta K, Gupta P, Gupta YK. Protective effect of curcumin against seizures and cognitive impairment in a pentylenetetrazole-kindled epileptic rat model. Life Sci 2010; 87:596-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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