1
|
Tang S, Ma X, Lu J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Wang X. Preclinical toxicology and toxicokinetic evaluation of ailanthone, a natural product against castration-resistant prostate cancer, in mice. Fitoterapia 2019; 136:104161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
2
|
Daga M, Pizzimenti S, Dianzani C, Cucci MA, Cavalli R, Grattarola M, Ferrara B, Scariot V, Trotta F, Barrera G. Ailanthone inhibits cell growth and migration of cisplatin resistant bladder cancer cells through down-regulation of Nrf2, YAP, and c-Myc expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 56:156-164. [PMID: 30668336 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ailanthone (Aila) is a natural active compound isolated from the Ailanthus altissima, which has been shown to possess an "in vitro" growth-inhibitory effect against several cancer cell lines. Advanced bladder cancer is a common disease characterized by a frequent onset of resistance to cisplatin-based therapy. The cisplatin (CDDP) resistance is accompanied by an increase in Nrf2 protein expression which contributes to conferring resistance. Recently, we demonstrated a cross-talk between Nrf2 and YAP. YAP has also been demonstrated to play an important role in chemoresistance of bladder cancer. PURPOSE We analyzed the antitumor effect of Aila in sensitive and CDDP-resistant bladder cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms involved in Aila activity. STUDY DESIGN Sensitive and CDDP-resistant 253J B-V and 253J bladder cancer cells, intrinsically CDDP-resistant T24 bladder cancer cells and HK-2 human renal cortex cells were used. Cells were treated with diverse concentrations of Aila and proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and gene expressions were determined. METHODS Aila toxicity and proliferation were determined by MTT and colony forming methods, respectively. Cell cycle was determined by cytofluorimetric analysis through PI staining method. Apoptosis was detected using Annexin V and PI double staining followed by quantitative flow cytometry. Expressions of Nrf2, Yap, c-Myc, and house-keeping genes were determined by western blot with specific antibodies. Cell migration was detected by wound healing and Boyden chamber analysis. RESULTS Aila inhibited the growth of sensitive and CDDP-resistant bladder cancer cells with the same effectiveness. On the contrary, the growth of HK-2 cells was only slightly reduced by Aila. Cell cycle analysis revealed an accumulation of Aila-treated bladder cancer cells in the G0/G1 phase. Interestingly, Aila strongly reduced Nrf2 expression in these cell lines. Moreover, Aila significantly reduced YAP, and c-Myc protein expression. The random and the oriented migration of bladder cancer cells were strongly inhibited by Aila treatment, in particular in CDDP-resistant cells. CONCLUSION Aila inhibited proliferation and invasiveness of bladder cancer cells. Its high effectiveness in CDDP resistant cells could be related to the inhibition of Nrf2, YAP, and c-Myc expressions. Aila could represent a new tool to treating CDDP-resistant bladder cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Daga
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marie Angele Cucci
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Grattarola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ferrara
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Scariot
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang P, Sun D, Jiang F. Ailanthone Promotes Human Vestibular Schwannoma Cell Apoptosis and Autophagy by Downregulation of miR-21. Oncol Res 2018; 26:941-948. [PMID: 29298734 PMCID: PMC7844645 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15149775533331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ailanthone (AIL) is a quassinoid isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Ailanthus altissima. The antitumor activities of AIL have been reported in several cancers. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of AIL on vestibular schwannomas (VSs). Various concentrations of AIL (0–1 μM) were used to treat human primary VS cells, and then cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy were assessed. Expression of miR-21 in VS cells was altered by miRNA transfection. The functional actions of AIL on miR-21 dysregulated cells were also assessed. AIL significantly reduced the viability of VS cells, and the IC50 value was 0.48 ± 0.023 μM. In response to 0.6 μM AIL, BrdU+ cell rate and cyclin D1 expression were reduced, apoptotic cell rate was increased, caspase 3 and caspase 9 were cleaved, Beclin-1 and LC3-II were accumulated, and p62 was downregulated. miR-21 was lowly expressed in AIL-treated cells, and AIL-induced apoptosis and autophagy were attenuated by miR-21 overexpression. In addition, AIL downregulated Ras and Raf and deactivated MEK, ERK, mTOR, and p70S6K, while the downregulation and deactivation induced by AIL were reversed by miR-21 overexpression. To conclude, AIL inhibited VS cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy. The antitumor activities of AIL in VS cells were realized possibly via downregulation of miR-21 and blocking the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and mTOR pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Zhu L, Yang X, Wei C, Chen C, He Y, Ji Z. Ailanthone induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of SGC‑7901 human gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6821-6827. [PMID: 28901518 PMCID: PMC5865840 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ailanthone is a major quassinoid extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Ailanthus altissima, which has been reported to exert antiproliferative effects on various cancer cells. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of ailanthone on SGC-7901 cells, and to analyze its underlying molecular mechanisms. Following treatment with ailanthone, Cell Counting kit-8 was used to detect the cytotoxic effects of ailanthone on SGC-7901 cells in vitro. The typical apoptotic morphology of SGC-7901 cells was observed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) respectively, in SGC-7901 cells. The results of the present study indicated that ailanthone inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro, and also demonstrated that ailanthone induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells. Furthermore, analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that ailanthone downregulated the expression levels of Bcl-2, whereas the expression levels of Bax were upregulated at the protein and mRNA levels. In conclusion, ailanthone may inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells by inducing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via altering the protein and mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in SGC-7901 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oncology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wei
- Department of Oncology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanrong Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Centre, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoning Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Centre, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhuo Z, Hu J, Yang X, Chen M, Lei X, Deng L, Yao N, Peng Q, Chen Z, Ye W, Zhang D. Ailanthone Inhibits Huh7 Cancer Cell Growth via Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16185. [PMID: 26525771 PMCID: PMC4630794 DOI: 10.1038/srep16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While searching for natural anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) components in Ailanthus altissima, we discovered that ailanthone had potent antineoplastic activity against HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effect of ailanthone on HCC have not been examined. In this study, the antitumor activity and the underlying mechanisms of ailanthone were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that ailanthone induced G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest, as indicated by decreased expression of cyclins and CDKs and increased expression of p21 and p27. Our results demonstrated that ailanthone triggered DNA damage characterized by activation of the ATM/ATR pathway. Moreover, ailanthone-induced cell death was associated with apoptosis, as evidenced by an increased ratio of cells in the subG1 phase and by PARP cleavage and caspase activation. Ailanthone-induced apoptosis was mitochondrion-mediated and involved the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Huh7 cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that ailanthone inhibited the growth and angiogenesis of tumor xenografts without significant secondary adverse effects, indicating its safety for treating HCC. In conclusion, our study is the first to report the efficacy of ailanthone against Huh7 cells and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings suggest that ailanthone is a potential agent for the treatment of liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjian Zhuo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianyang Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minfen Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xueping Lei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qunlong Peng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhesheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, United States
| | - Wencai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen A, Qin X, Lu J, Yi Z, Liu M, Wang X. Development of a validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of ailanthone in rat plasma with application to pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
From Bench to Bedside: Natural Products and Analogs for the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63460-3.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
8
|
Misra P, Pal NL, Guru PY, Katiyar JC, Srivastava V, Tandon JS. Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) against Plasmodium berghei NK 65 in Mastomys natalensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/13880209209054010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Misra
- Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - N. L. Pal
- Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - P. Y. Guru
- Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - J. C. Katiyar
- Parasitology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Vandita Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - J. S. Tandon
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Post Box No. 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Parapini S, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Said A, Rashed K, Bosisio E. Anti-plasmodial activity of Ailanthus excelsa. Fitoterapia 2008; 79:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
10
|
Muhammad I, Samoylenko V. Antimalarial quassinoids: past, present and future. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:1065-84. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.8.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Muhammad
- The University of Mississippi, NCNPR, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Volodymyr Samoylenko
- The University of Mississippi, NCNPR, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Joshi BC, Sharma RP, Khare A. AilanthusQuassinoids and Their Biological Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ailanthus is an important genus of the Simaroubaceae family that is widely distributed in Asia and north Australia, and which is used in folk medicines. The plants of this genus have numerous therapeutic applications and have, therefore, been the subject of extensive chemical examination. The genus is a rich source of quassinoids, and more than 60 have been identified so far from this genus. Those reported to date have been compiled in this review, together with bioactivity data in an effort to show the rapid development in the phytochemistry and therapeutic applications of the Ailanthus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anakshi Khare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Feo V, Martino LD, Santoro A, Leone A, Pizza C, Franceschelli S, Pascale M. Antiproliferative effects of tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle). Phytother Res 2005; 19:226-30. [PMID: 15934030 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle) was evaluated for its cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities by a bioassay-oriented study. Cytotoxicity observed in HeLa cells was time-dependent; the treatment with 10 microg/mL of the root chloroform extract reduced cell viability by 56% at 24 h and 29% at 48 h of exposure, whereas no effect was recorded in the controls. Significant effects were observed also for chromatographic fractions and the pure isolated alkaloid 1-methoxy-canthin-6-one. After 72 h of incubation cell viability was less than 10% for all treatments. A possible apoptotic effect was evaluated by monitoring the presence of hypodiploid elements in HeLa cells as well as in SAOS, U87MG and U-937 tumor cell lines. The cells incubated for different times with the active extract, fraction and pure alkaloid isolated from A. altissima showed a remarkable increase in the apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Feo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano Salerno, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Okunade AL, Bikoff RE, Casper SJ, Oksman A, Goldberg DE, Lewis WH. Antiplasmodial activity of extracts and quassinoids isolated from seedlings of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). Phytother Res 2003; 17:675-7. [PMID: 12820239 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracts and isolated compounds from seedlings of Ailanthus altissima, were assessed for antiplasmodial activity in vitro. Two quassinoids, ailanthone and 6alpha-tigloyloxychaparrinone, isolated from the active extracts showed activity against both chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Only ailanthone demonstrated low toxicity against the Vero cell line (kidney cells from the African green monkey). This is the first report of the isolation and antiplasmodial activity of 6alpha-tigloyloxychaparrinone from this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adewole L Okunade
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tona L, Ngimbi NP, Tsakala M, Mesia K, Cimanga K, Apers S, De Bruyne T, Pieters L, Totté J, Vlietinck AJ. Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 68:193-203. [PMID: 10624878 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty extracts including ten EtOH and ten CH2Cl2 from different parts of nine African medicinal plants used in Congolese traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria, were submitted to a pharmacological test in order to evaluate their effect on P. falciparum growth in vitro. Of these plant species, 14 (70%) extracts including EtOH and CH2Cl2 from Cassia occidentalis leaves, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta root bark, Euphorbia hirta whole plant, Garcinia kola stem bark and seeds, Morinda lucida leaves and Phyllanthus niruri whole plant produced more than 60% inhibition of the parasite growth in vitro at a test concentration of 6 microg/ml. Extracts from E. hirta, C. sanguinolenta and M. morindoides showed a significant chemosuppression of parasitaemia in mice infected with P. berghei berghei at orally given doses of 100-400 mg/kg per day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
El Tahir A, Satti GM, Khalid SA. Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 64:227-233. [PMID: 10363837 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts related to four families was tested on chloroquine sensitive strain 3D7 and chloroquine resistant strain Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum. The methanolic extract of Harrisonia abyssinica (Simaroubaceae) inhibited Dd2 with IC50 value of 4.7 microg/ml, while in 3D7, the IC50 value was 10 microg/ml. Most of the plants from the family Meliaceae showed highly potent antiplasmodial activity against the two tested strains. Khaya senegalensis, Azadirachta indica and Trichilia emetica showed IC50 values less than 5 microg/ml. The methanolic extract of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) leaves showed high antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 2 and 30 microg/ml on 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. While stem bark showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 8.5 and 120 microg/ml on Dd2. Maytenus senegalensis (Celastraceae) possessed IC50 values of 3.9 on 3D7, 10 microg/ml on Dd2 and had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation even at the highest tested concentration; the IC50 was greater than 100 microg/ml. Liquid-liquid separation of the methanolic extract of M. senegalensis revealed that the dichloromethane extract possessed an IC50 value of only 2.1 microg/ml. Column fractionation of dichloromethane extract gave four fractions and fraction two showed an IC50 value of 0.5 microg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of dichloromethane fraction revealed terpenoids and traces of phenolic principles but no alkaloid, tannins or flavonoids were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A El Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Abstract
The development of sensitive chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for the isolation and structure determination of natural products has greatly facilitated phytochemical investigations. Chemical investigations of herbarium material have resulted in the isolation of indole, quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids from a wide number of plants. Examples of novel natural products from higher plants are given and include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics and quinones. Some plants investigated have not yielded the types of constituents which would have been predicted from them. Plant tissue cultures provide alternative sources of biologically active compounds and examples investigated include Cinchona, Ailanthus, Brucea and Artemisia for antiprotozoal compounds and Datura for tropane alkaloids. Biological tests are useful for bioassay-guided fractionation of plant extracts and examples of the isolation of a series of natural products with antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities are given. Chemical and biological investigations into the traditional medicine Dragon's blood (Croton lechleri) from S. America and a Chinese prescription for the treatment of atopic eczema are described. The use of radio-ligand binding assays for the detection of a wide range of biological activities is discussed. Sensitivity of chemical and biological techniques has greatly improved prospects for finding new drug entities from plants and for investigating traditional medicines. Basic phytochemical investigations should continue to be encouraged especially in view of the rapid loss of plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Phillipson
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Phillipson JD, Wright CW. Can ethnopharmacology contribute to the development of antimalarial agents? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1991; 32:155-165. [PMID: 1881153 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(91)90113-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of tertian malaria, to synthetic antimalarials, together with the resistance of the vector mosquitoes to insecticides, has resulted in a resurgence in the use of quinine and a search for new antimalarial agents. In recent years, artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua which is used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria, has proved to be effective in the treatment of cerebral malaria due to chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum. The development of in vitro tests utilising P. falciparum obtained from malaria patients means that it is possible to use bioassay guided fractionation of active extracts in order to isolate active principles. A number of laboratories throughout the world are currently investigating plants used in traditional medicine for their active constituents. Some of their results will be described and in particular two aspects of our investigations with species of Simaroubaceae and Menispermaceae will be discussed. There is every possibility that such approaches which use leads from Ethnopharmacology will result in the development of new antimalarial agents. It is vitally important to those populations relying on traditional medicines for the treatment of malaria that the safety and efficacy of such medicines be established, their active principles determined and that reproducible dosage forms be prepared and made available for use.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ekong RM, Kirby GC, Patel G, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC. Comparison of the in vitro activities of quassinoids with activity against Plasmodium falciparum, anisomycin and some other inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40:297-301. [PMID: 2198027 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90691-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the inhibition of incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine as an index of viability of malaria parasites, it was shown that a chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (T9-96) and a chloroquine-resistant strain (K1) did not differ in their sensitivities to the quassinoids ailanthinone, bruceantin and chaparrin. Similarly, there were no differences between the strains in their sensitivities to the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin, deacetylanisomycin, cephalotaxine, homoharringtonine, cycloheximide, puromycin and puromycin aminonucleoside. The IC50 values derived for ailanthinone and bruceantin, cycloheximide, homoharringtonine and puromycin were in the nanomolar range, whereas those for the anisomycins, cephalotaxine and the aminonucleoside of puromycin were micromolar or greater. Those drugs tested which contain an ester moiety (ailanthinone, bruceantin, anisomycin, homoharringtonine) were more active than the related drugs (chaparrin, deacetylanisomycin, cephalotaxine) that do not. Cross-resistance to inhibitors of protein synthesis appeared not to accompany resistance to chloroquine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Ekong
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bray DH, Warhurst DC, Connolly JD, O'Neill MJ, Phillipson JD. Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs. Part 7. Activity of some species of meliaceae plants and their constituent limonoids. Phytother Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Chapter 3 Canthin-6-one Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
22
|
Kirby GC, O'Neill MJ, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC. In vitro studies on the mode of action of quassinoids with activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:4367-74. [PMID: 2690830 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using the incorporation of [3H]isoleucine or [3H]hypoxanthine into acid-insoluble products as indices of protein- and nucleic acid-synthetic activity, respectively, it was shown that seven plant-derived quassinoids with differing chemical substitutions all inhibited protein synthesis more rapidly than nucleic acid synthesis in human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum, in vitro. Five quassinoids (ailanthinone, bruceantin, bruceine B, glaucarubinone and holacanthone) were effective within 30 min at doses 10 times their 48 hr in vitro IC50 values. Chaparrin and glaucarubol differed in that they did not inhibit protein synthesis during the time course of these experiments when applied at 10 times their in vitro IC50 values. When these compounds were used at 209 and 114 times their respective IC50 values, their observed effects were identical to those of the other quassinoids studied. The time (t50) at which nucleic acid synthesis was reduced to 50% of control was directly proportional to the t50 for protein synthesis, suggesting that failure of nucleic acid synthesis is a consequence of inhibition of protein synthesis. It is concluded that in the malaria parasite, as in eukaryote models, quassinoids are rapid and potent inhibitors of protein synthesis, and that this is most likely due to effects upon the ribosome, rather than upon nucleic acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Kirby
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pavanandt K, Webster HK, Yongvanitchit K, Kun-anake A, Dechatiwongse T, Nutakul W, Bansiddhi J. Schizontocidal activity ofCelastrus paniculatus Willd. againstPlasmodium falciparum in vitro. Phytother Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|