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Ding W, Yang X, Lai K, Jiang Y, Liu Y. The potential of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial biogenesis for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:219-248. [PMID: 38485900 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a persistent metabolic disorder marked by deficiencies in insulin secretion and/or function, affecting various tissues and organs and leading to numerous complications. Mitochondrial biogenesis, the process by which cells generate new mitochondria utilizing existing ones plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and lipid handling. Recent evidence suggests that promoting mitochondrial biogenesis can alleviate insulin resistance in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle while improving pancreatic β-cell function. Moreover, enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis has been shown to ameliorate T2DM symptoms and may contribute to therapeutic effects for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. This review summarizes the intricate connection between mitochondrial biogenesis and T2DM, highlighting the potential of novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial biogenesis for T2DM treatment and its associated complications. It also discusses several natural products that exhibit beneficial effects on T2DM by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Kaiyi Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Zhao XP, Zheng XL, Huang M, Xie YJ, Nie XW, Nasim AA, Yao XJ, Fan XX. DMU-212 against EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer via AMPK/PI3K/Erk signaling pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15812. [PMID: 37305501 PMCID: PMC10256861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some important advances have been achieved in clinical and diagnosis in the past few years, the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is ultimately dissatisfactory due to the low overall cure and survival rates. Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been recognized as a carcinogenic driver and is a crucial pharmacological target for NSCLC. DMU-212, an analog of resveratrol, has been reported to have significant inhibitory effects on several types of cancer. However, the effect of DMU-212 on lung cancer remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects and underlying mechanism of DMU-212 on EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells. The data found that the cytotoxicity of DMU-212 on three EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines was significantly higher than that of normal lung epithelial cell. Further study showed that DMU-212 can regulate the expression of cell cycle-related proteins including p21 and cyclin B1 to induce G2/M phase arrest in both H1975 and PC9 cells. Moreover, treatment with DMU-212 significantly promoted the activation of AMPK and simultaneously down-regulated the expression of EGFR and the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and ERK. In conclusion, our study suggested that DMU-212 inhibited the growth of NSCLCs via targeting of AMPK and EGFR.
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Chiappini E, Santamaria F, Marseglia GL, Marchisio P, Galli L, Cutrera R, de Martino M, Antonini S, Becherucci P, Biasci P, Bortone B, Bottero S, Caldarelli V, Cardinale F, Gattinara GC, Ciarcià M, Ciofi D, D'Elios S, Di Mauro G, Doria M, Indinnimeo L, Lo Vecchio A, Macrì F, Mattina R, Miniello VL, Del Giudice MM, Morbin G, Motisi MA, Novelli A, Palamara AT, Panatta ML, Pasinato A, Peroni D, Perruccio K, Piacentini G, Pifferi M, Pignataro L, Sitzia E, Tersigni C, Torretta S, Trambusti I, Trippella G, Valentini D, Valentini S, Varricchio A, Verga MC, Vicini C, Zecca M, Villani A. Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections : Inter-society Consensus. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:211. [PMID: 34696778 PMCID: PMC8543868 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are a common clinical condition in children, in fact about 25% of children under 1 year and 6% of children during the first 6 years of life have RRIs. In most cases, infections occur with mild clinical manifestations and the frequency of episodes tends to decrease over time with a complete resolution by 12 years of age. However, RRIs significantly reduce child and family quality of life and lead to significant medical and social costs.Despite the importance of this condition, there is currently no agreed definition of the term RRIs in the literature, especially concerning the frequency and type of infectious episodes to be considered. The aim of this consensus document is to propose an updated definition and provide recommendations with the intent of guiding the physician in the complex process of diagnosis, management and prevention of RRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesca Santamaria
- Departement of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia IRCCS San Matteo foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Cutrera
- Respiratory Unit, Academic Pediatric Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Antonini
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Becherucci
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Lastra a Signa, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Biasci
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Livorno, Italy
| | - Barbara Bortone
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Bottero
- Airway Surgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Caldarelli
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Pediatrics, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martina Ciarcià
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Ciofi
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia D'Elios
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Mauro
- Pediatric Primary Care, National Pediatric Health Care System, Caserta, Italy
| | - Mattia Doria
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Luciana Indinnimeo
- Pediatric Department "Sapienza", University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Departement of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Department of Pediatrics "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Odontoiatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman and Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Morbin
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Antonio Motisi
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Novelli
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Panatta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Pasinato
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Torri di Quartesolo, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Diego Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katia Perruccio
- Pediatric Oncology Hematology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Piacentini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Clinic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Pifferi
- Department of Pediatrics Pulmonology and Allergology Section University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pignataro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sitzia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tersigni
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Torretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Trambusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Trippella
- Meyer University Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Department of Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Valentini
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit, Colle Val d'Elsa, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Maria Carmen Verga
- Family Pediatrician, Local Health Unit Salerno, Vietri sul Mare, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Vicini
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Department of Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Yammine A, Namsi A, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Mackrill JJ, Lizard G, Latruffe N. Polyphenols of the Mediterranean Diet and Their Metabolites in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:3483. [PMID: 34201125 PMCID: PMC8227701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is a central element of a healthy lifestyle, where polyphenols play a key role due to their anti-oxidant properties, and for some of them, as nutripharmacological compounds capable of preventing a number of diseases, including cancer. Due to the high prevalence of intestinal cancer (ranking second in causing morbidity and mortality), this review is focused on the beneficial effects of selected dietary phytophenols, largely present in Mediterranean cooking: apigenin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin-rutine, and resveratrol. The role of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of colorectal cancer and future perspectives are discussed in terms of food polyphenol content, the effectiveness, the plasma level, and the importance of other factors, such as the polyphenol metabolites and the influence of the microbiome. Perspectives are discussed in terms of microbiome-dependency of the brain-second brain axis. The emergence of polyphenol formulations may strengthen the efficiency of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Yammine
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (A.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Amira Namsi
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (A.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Dominique Vervandier-Fasseur
- Team OCS, Institute of Molecular Chemistry of University of Burgundy (ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - John J. Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioScience Institute, College Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (A.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (A.N.); (G.L.)
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Kra G, Daddam JR, Gabay H, Yosefi S, Zachut M. Antioxidant Resveratrol Increases Lipolytic and Reduces Lipogenic Gene Expression under In Vitro Heat Stress Conditions in Dedifferentiated Adipocyte-Derived Progeny Cells from Dairy Cows. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:905. [PMID: 34205039 PMCID: PMC8230285 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) induces oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to have antioxidant properties by reducing ROS. Hence, we aimed to examine the effects of RSV, HS and their interaction on bovine adipocytes. We generated bovine dedifferentiated adipocyte-derived progeny (DFAT) cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue and examined the effects of RSV (100 µM), heat conditions: isothermal (ISO-37 °C), short heat (SH-41.2 °C for 1 h) and long HS (LH-41.2 °C for 16 h), and their interaction on gene expression in DFAT-cells. In medium of DFAT-cells treated with RSV, malondialdehyde levels were reduced and oxygen-radical absorbance-capacity levels were increased compared to control. Treating DFAT-cells with RSV increased the relative mRNA expression of stress-induced-phosphoprotein-1 (STIP1) and the expression of hormone-sensitive-lipase (LIPE) and perilipin-1 (PLIN1), whereas it reduced the expressions of fatty-acid-synthase (FASN) and of pro-inflammatory chemotactic-C-C-motif-chemokine-ligand-2 (CCL2) also under HS. Moreover, reduced protein abundance of FASN was found in RSV-treated DFAT-cells compared to controls. Molecular docking of RSV with FASN confirmed its possible binding to FASN active site. This work demonstrates that RSV has an antioxidant effect on bovine DFAT cells and may induce adipose lipolysis and reduce lipogenesis also under in vitro HS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitit Kra
- Volcani Center, Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (H.G.)
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jayasimha Rayalu Daddam
- Volcani Center, Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Hadar Gabay
- Volcani Center, Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (H.G.)
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sara Yosefi
- Volcani Center, Department of Poultry Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Maya Zachut
- Volcani Center, Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.K.); (J.R.D.); (H.G.)
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6
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Heiat M, Hashemi-Aghdam MR, Heiat F, Rastegar Shariat Panahi M, Aghamollaei H, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Sathyapalan T, Ranjbar R, Sahebkar A. Integrative role of traditional and modern technologies to combat COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:23-33. [PMID: 32703036 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1799784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the development of various branches of sciences, we will be able to resolve different clinical aspects of various diseases better. The convergence of these sciences can potentially tackle the new corona crisis. AREAS COVERED In this review, we attempted to explore and describe various scientific branches studying COVID-19. We have reviewed the literature focusing on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. The primary databases targeted were Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed. The most relevant reports from the recent two decades were collected utilizing keywords including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, COVID-19, epidemiology, therapeutics and diagnosis. EXPERT OPINION Based on this literature review, both traditional and emerging approaches are vital for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. The traditional sciences play an essential role in the preventive and supportive care of corona infection, and modern technologies appear to be useful in the development of precise diagnosis and powerful treatment approaches for this disease. Indeed, the integration of these sciences will help us to fight COVID-19 disease more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hashemi-Aghdam
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heiat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University , Fasa Branch, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA , Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad,Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI) , Lodz, Poland
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Gianchecchi E, Fierabracci A. Insights on the Effects of Resveratrol and Some of Its Derivatives in Cancer and Autoimmunity: A Molecule with a Dual Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020091. [PMID: 31978952 PMCID: PMC7070243 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in natural compounds exerting immunoregulatory effects has enormously increased. Among these, the polyphenol resveratrol, found in a variety of foods and beverages, including red grapes and red wine, has been demonstrated to exert both in vitro and in vivo biological activities. More specifically, it has antiaging, cardioprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities. Due to its anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and immunoregulatory effects, resveratrol has gained substantial attention for the treatment of cancer or autoimmunity, which represent frequently diagnosed diseases with important consequences for the health of the patients affected. The aim of the present review is to focus on the role of resveratrol in the modulation of cancer as well as of several organ-specific or systemic autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children’s Hospital Bambino Gesù, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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8
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Influence of Resveratrol on the Immune Response. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050946. [PMID: 31035454 PMCID: PMC6566902 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is the most well-known polyphenolic stilbenoid, present in grapes, mulberries, peanuts, rhubarb, and in several other plants. Resveratrol can play a beneficial role in the prevention and in the progression of chronic diseases related to inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancers among other conditions. Moreover, resveratrol regulates immunity by interfering with immune cell regulation, proinflammatory cytokines’ synthesis, and gene expression. At the molecular level, it targets sirtuin, adenosine monophosphate kinase, nuclear factor-κB, inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidant enzymes along with cellular processes such as gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Resveratrol can suppress the toll-like receptor (TLR) and pro-inflammatory genes’ expression. The antioxidant activity of resveratrol and the ability to inhibit enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids contribute to its anti-inflammation properties. The effects of this biologically active compound on the immune system are associated with widespread health benefits for different autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. This review offers a systematic understanding of how resveratrol targets multiple inflammatory components and exerts immune-regulatory effects on immune cells.
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Szkudelski T, Szkudelska K. Potential of resveratrol in mitigating metabolic disturbances induced by ethanol. Biomed Pharmacother 2018. [PMID: 29514131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is associated with numerous health problems, including metabolic disturbances and liver damage. Therefore, different compounds are continuously being tested to evaluate their potential effectiveness in reducing these harmful changes. Animal studies clearly show that resveratrol is capable of ameliorating some consequences of ethanol ingestion. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring diphenolic compound having pleiotropic, health-promoting properties. Its beneficial action have been also demonstrated in animal models with ethanol-induced metabolic disturbances and liver injury. In ethanol treated animals, resveratrol effectively reduced liver lipid accumulation. Moreover, this compound diminished necrosis of hepatocytes, and also reduced liver fibrosis. The hepatoprotective action of resveratrol is largely associated with its ant-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and also covers changes in activities of some enzymes. It is known that this compound upregulates the adiponectin-SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway in the liver. Resveratrol was also found to positively affect blood lipids in animals exposed to ethanol. Moreover, administration of resveratrol to animals with ethanol-induced hypoinsulinemia and insulin resistance was shown to alleviate these disturbances. These outcomes clearly indicate that resveratrol holds great potential to reduce some consequences of ethanol ingestion. However, human studies are required to fully assess its therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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10
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Sahin A, Arici MA, Yilmaz Y, Kalkan S, Durmus N, Ergur BU, Yakut Aksu I, Atabey N, Tuncok Y. A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Silibinin and Resveratrol in Preventing Alpha-Amanitin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:633-642. [PMID: 29285878 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amanita phalloides species mushrooms containing alpha-amanitin (α-AMA) are responsible for the majority of fatal mushroom intoxications and can lead to severe poisonings resulting in hepatotoxicity and acute hepatic failure. Existing antidotes, such as silibinin, are not sufficiently effective in the prevention and/or resolution of α-AMA-induced hepatotoxicity. We investigated the effects of resveratrol on α-AMA-induced hepatotoxicity and compared with silibinin, a known antidote using in vivo and in vitro toxicity models. In the in vivo protocol, resveratrol (30 mg/kg) was given simultaneously with α-AMA (α-AMA + SR) or 12 (α-AMA + 12R) or 24 (α-AMA + 24R) hr after α-AMA administration. Silibinin (5 mg/kg) (α-AMA + Sil) and normal saline (α-AMA + NS) were given simultaneously with α-AMA. We found that liver transaminase levels in α-AMA + SR and α-AMA + 12R groups and histomorphologic injury score in the α-AMA + SR, α-AMA + 12R, α-AMA + 24R and α-AMA + Sil groups were significantly lower than that of the α-AMA + NS group. Resveratrol decreased mononuclear cell infiltration, necrosis and active caspase-3 immunopositivity in the liver. In the in vitro protocol, the effects of resveratrol and silibinin were evaluated in a reduction in cell viability induced by α-AMA in THLE-2 and THLE-3 hepatocytes. Neither resveratrol nor silibinin was found to be effective in increasing cell viability decreased by α-AMA + NS. As a conclusion, resveratrol was found to be effective in α-AMA-induced hepatotoxicity with its anti-inflammatory properties in in vivo conditions. It is a promising compound with the potential for use in the treatment of hepatotoxicity associated with Amanita phalloides type mushroom poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Sahin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mualla Aylin Arici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey.,Dokuz Eylul University Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sule Kalkan
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nergiz Durmus
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bekir Ugur Ergur
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Yakut Aksu
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neşe Atabey
- Dokuz Eylul University Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yesim Tuncok
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Ganesan K, Jayachandran M, Xu B. A critical review on hepatoprotective effects of bioactive food components. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1165-1229. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1244154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Muthukumaran Jayachandran
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
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Wu WJ, Yan R, Li T, Li YP, Zhou RN, Wang YT. Pharmacokinetic alterations of rhubarb anthraquinones in experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in the rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:600-607. [PMID: 28214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhubarb (Rhei Rhizoma et Radix) is used for the treatment of digestive diseases in traditional medicinal practice in China. Recent studies also support its beneficial activities in alleviating ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to characterize the oral pharmacokinetics of rhubarb anthraquinones, the main bioactive components of this herb, in the experimental chronic colitis rat model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and to identify the factors causing the pharmacokinetic alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received drinking water (normal group) or 5% DSS for the first 7 days and 3% DSS for additional 14 days (UC group). On day 21 both groups received an oral dose of the rhubarb extract (equivalent to 5.0g crude drug/kg body weight). Plasma anthraquinone aglycones levels were determined directly by an LC-MS/MS method and the total of each anthraquinone (aglycone+conjugates) was quantified after β-glucuronidases hydrolysis. RESULTS Rhubarb anthraquinones predominantly existed as conjugates in plasma samples from both groups and only free aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin were detected. Compared to the normal rats, both Cmax and AUC of the three free anthraquinones were increased, while the systemic exposure (AUC) of the total (aglycone+conjugates) of most anthraquinones decreased by UC accompanied by the disappearance of multiple-peak phenomenon in the plasma concentration-time profiles. Gut bacteria from UC rats exhibited a decreased activity in hydrolyzing anthraquinone glycosides to form respective aglycone and there were significant decreases in microbial β-glucosidases and β-glucuronidases activities. Moreover, the intestinal microsomes from UC rats catalyzed glucuronidation of free anthraquinones with higher activities, while the activities of hepatic microsomes were comparable to normal rats. CONCLUSIONS The decreases of β-glucuronidases activity in DSS-induced chronic rat colitis should mainly account for the decreases in systemic exposure and abrogation of enterohepatic recirculation of most rhubarb anthraquinones after oral intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Rui-Na Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Rousova J, Kusler K, Liyanage D, Leadbetter M, Dongari N, Zhang KK, Novikov A, Sauter ER, Kubátová A. Determination of trans-resveratrol and its metabolites in rat serum using liquid chromatography with high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1039:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dietary supplementation in patients with alcoholic liver disease: a review on current evidence. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:348-60. [PMID: 27498574 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the main causes of liver disease worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of ALD has not yet been well elucidated, the oxidative metabolites of ethanol such as acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in the clinical and pathological spectrum of the disease. This review summarizes the existing evidences on dietary supplements considered to have antioxidant, and/or anti-inflammatory properties, and their role in the management of ALD and the proposed mechanisms. DATA SOURCES The present study reviewed all studies published in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus, from 1959 to 2015, indicating the role of different dietary supplementation in attenuation of many pathophysiological processes involved in development and progression of ALD. Full-texts of citations were used except for those that were published in languages other than English. RESULTS Significant progress has been made to understand the key events and molecular players for the onset and progression of ALD from both experimental and clinical studies; however, there is no successful treatment currently available. The present review discussed the role of a variety of dietary supplements (e.g. vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamins B3, C and E, in addition to antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents) in treating ALD. It has been shown that supplementation with some carotenoids, vitamin B3, vitamin C, silymarin, curcumin, probiotics, zinc, S-adenosylmethionine and garlic may have potential beneficial effects in animal models of ALD; however, the number of clinical studies is very limited. In addition, supplementation should be accompanied with alcohol cessation. CONCLUSIONS Since oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of ALD, dietary supplements that can modulate these pathologies could be useful in the treatment of ALD. In addition to alcohol cessation, these supplements have shown beneficial effects on animal models of ALD. Clinical trials are needed to validate the beneficiary role of these supplements in patients with ALD.
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Neyrinck AM, Etxeberria U, Jouret A, Delzenne NM. Supplementation with crude rhubarb extract lessens liver inflammation and hepatic lipid accumulation in a model of acute alcohol-induced steato-hepatitis. Arch Public Health 2014. [PMCID: PMC4094305 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-s1-p6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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He Y, Lv H, Wang X, Suo Y, Wang H. Isolation and Purification of Six Bioactive Compounds from the Seeds ofTrigonella foenum-graecumL. using High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.836229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wu W, Yan R, Yao M, Zhan Y, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of a rhubarb extract. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:564-72. [PMID: 24136708 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion and their conjugates in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantitation of each anthraquinone was 0.020-0.040 µm. Intra-day and inter-day accuracies were 90.1-114.3% and the precisions were <14.6%. The matrix effects were 104.0-113.2%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats receiving a rhubarb extract orally. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-t ) and peak concentration (Cmax ) of free aloe-emodin and emodin in rat plasma were much lower than those of rhein. The amounts of chrysophanol and physcion were too low to be continuously detected. After treating the plasma samples with β-glucuronidases, each anthraquinone was detectable throughout the experimental period (36 h) and showed much higher plasma concentrations and AUC0-t . The free/total ratios of aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin were 6.5, 49.0 and 1.7% for Cmax and 3.7, 32.5 and 1.1% for AUC0-t , respectively. The dose-normalized AUC0-t and Cmax of the total of each anthraquinone were in the same descending order: rhein > emodin > chrysophanol > physcion > aloe-emodin. These findings reveal phase II conjugates as the dominant in vivo existing forms of rhubarb antharquinones and warrant a further study to evaluate their contribution to the herbal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Silveira JPS, Seito LN, Eberlin S, Dieamant GC, Nogueira C, Pereda MCV, Di Stasi LC. Photoprotective and antioxidant effects of Rhubarb: inhibitory action on tyrosinase and tyrosine kinase activities and TNF-α, IL-1α and α-MSH production in human melanocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:49. [PMID: 23445687 PMCID: PMC3598645 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes various forms of acute and chronic skin damage, including immunosuppression, inflammation, premature aging and photodamage. Furthermore, it induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, produces proinflammatory cytokines and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and increases tyrosinase activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential photoprotective effects of Rheum rhaponticum L. rhizome extract on human UV-stimulated melanocytes. METHODS The effects of Rheum rhaponticum rhizome extract on tyrosine kinase activity, and on interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and α-MSH production in human epidermal melanocytes were evaluated under UV-stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by lipid peroxidation and 1,1-dyphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assays, while anti-tyrosinase activity was evaluated by the mushroom tyrosinase method. RESULTS Rheum rhaponticum L. rhizome extract showed in vitro antioxidant properties against lipid peroxidation, free radical scavenging and anti-tyrosinase activities, and inhibited the production of IL-1α, TNF-α, α-MSH, and tyrosine kinase activity in melanocytes subjected to UV radiation. CONCLUSIONS These results support the inclusion of Rheum rhaponticum L. rhizome extract into cosmetic, sunscreen and skin care products for the prevention or reduction of photodamage.
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Wang X, Wang H, Ding C, Suo Y. One-step preparative separation of two polyhydroxystilbenes from Rheum likiangense Sam. by high-speed counter-current chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:684-8. [PMID: 22585637 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The official rhubarb species have frequently been investigated for their hydroxyanthraquinone components and associated pharmacological properties. However, other unofficial rhubarb species were rarely studied until polyhydroxystilbenes (PHS), which commonly occur in the unofficial rhubarb, revealed a range of potential bioactivities. Hence, there has been increasing interest in the efficient preparation of high-purity PHS for pharmacological and clinical trials. OBJECTIVE To develop a suitable method for large-scale preparative separation of PHS from the rhizome of Rheum likiangense Sam. by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). RESULTS Two PHS compounds were isolated successfully within 440 min using a solvent system consisting of methanol:n-butanol:chloroform:water (2:0.5:3:3, v/v/v/v). Eighty-four milligrams of desoxyrhaponticin with 98.2% purity and 148 mg of rhaponticin with 95.3% purity were respectively yielded from 1.5 g of crude extract in the single, one-step operation. CONCLUSION An optimised HSCCC method has been established for large-scale preparative separation of PHS compounds from Rheum likiangense Sam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, PR China
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Shivashankara AR, Azmidah A, Haniadka R, Rai MP, Arora R, Baliga MS. Dietary agents in the prevention of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicty: preclinical observations. Food Funct 2011; 3:101-9. [PMID: 22119904 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Long term alcohol consumption is one of the important causes for liver failure and death. To complicate the existing problem there are no dependable hepatoprotective drugs and a large number of patients prefer using complementary and alternative medicines for treating and managing hepatic complications. Almost 25 centuries ago, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, proclaimed "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." Exploring the association between diet and health continues even today. Preclinical studies carried out in the recent past have shown that the commonly used dietary agents like Allium sativum (garlic), Camellia sinensis (tea), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry), Ferula asafoetida (asafoetida), Garcinia cambogia (Malabar tamarind), Glycine max (soyabean), Murraya koenigii (curry leaves), Piper betle (beetle leaf), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and Vitis vinifera (grapes) protect against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Mechanistic studies have shown that the beneficial effects of these phytochemicals in preventing the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity are mediated by the antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. The present review for the first time collates the hepatoprotective effects of these agents and also emphasizes on aspects that need future research to establish their utility in humans.
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Assessment for the light-induced cis–trans isomerization of rhapontigenin and its glucoside rhaponticin by capillary electrophoresis and spectrometric methods. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5858-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Multifaceted approach to resveratrol bioactivity: Focus on antioxidant action, cell signaling and safety. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:86-100. [PMID: 20716933 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.2.11147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RVT) is a naturally occurring trihydroxy stilbene that displays a wide spectrum of physiological activity. Its ability to behave therapeutically as a component of red wine has attracted wide attention. The phenol acts as a protective agent involving various body constituents. Most attention has been given to beneficial effects in insults involving cancer, aging, cardiovascular system, inflammation and the central nervous system. One of the principal modes of action appears to be as antioxidant. Other mechanistic pathways entail cell signaling, apoptosis and gene expression. There is an intriguing dichotomy in relation to pro-oxidant property. Also discussed are metabolism, receptor binding, rationale for safety and suggestions for future work. This is the first comprehensive review of RVT based on a broad, unifying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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